旅游手册是介绍旅游目的地的游览景点、交通、住宿、餐饮、购物等信息,以指导旅游者进行旅游活动的一种信息型和描述型文体。另外,旅游手册还有一个很重要的作用,即宣传和推销旅游产品,吸引旅游者到所介绍的目的地旅游,或者诱导旅游者选择旅游产品的供应商,因此它有广告文体的特点。
4.1.2.1 用词特点
1.形容词
英语旅游手册文本在介绍旅游目的地或游览景点时,常常大量使用富有积极情感的形容词以及加强语气词。例如:
(12)Soaring, mist-enshroudedmountain peaks above dense, abundant,rainforests.Waterfalls and rivers cascade to an intricate coastline.Here,the villages lie scattered around lazy lagoons and sun soaked golden beaches bedecked with coconut palms,beckoning the likes of you and me.
As beautiful below as it is above,the warm sparkling clear waters hold a visual feast to delight the mostfastidious diving enthusiast.Here Mother Natureweaves her watery spell amongst the sunken relics ofWorld WarⅡ.On the surface,sport fishermen cannot believe their luck,boaties discover that this is trulyone of themostenchanting cruising grounds in theworld and locals use the sea as the highway between their villages and towns.
This is indeed an ecotourism destination,an unspoiled,unhurried and totallyunforgettable place to visit.Beyond Honiara with its comfortable hotels,a sprinkling of accommodation facilities of acceptable standards can be found throughout the islands.Located in the mostdesirable of locations they offer friendly helpful service and intimate knowledge of their surroundings and local attractions.The unique charm of the islands is bestexpressed in this environment of relaxation and goodwill.
Go exploring here amongst a willing and friendly people.Experience their fascinating way of life,discover their history,learn of head-hunters,of custom lands,of ancient traditions,marvel at their handicrafts and village life,be captivated by theirmusic.It is here,away from the trappings of the conventional tourist trail,that you will discover the real charm of these magic islands and perhaps discover a little of yourself aswell.
这是节选自所罗门群岛旅游宣传册中的文字,共有260 个单词,其中描述性形容词(斜体)就有29 个,另外还有一些加强语气的词语(下划线),共有6 个。这么高的形容词比例在英语语言中是很少见的。这些形容词和强调词的使用可以突出旅游景点的特点,激发旅游者的审美情趣,给旅游者以美的享受。再看下面一例:
(13)Carmarthenshire is in tune with the times.Today's travelers look for real,authentic experience.They want timeless landscapes not tired beaches,character not crowds...
卡马森郡是个紧扣时代脉搏的地方。今天的游客寻求的是真实的体验。他们需要的是永恒的风景,而不是累人的海滩;独具个性的人物,而不是人群……
但并不是所有的旅游手册文本都使用这么高比例的形容词,对于偏重给旅游者提供旅游信息的文本则没有这么多的形容词。这种旅游手册以提供客观的信息为主,但在关键词语选择上也会使用一些诱人的修饰语与之搭配。例如:
(14)Every Sunday our bus tour towards the Chianti region starts at 2 p.m.from Gramsci Square in Siena atan amazing price:C=30.00 per person.The tour includes a visit of two ancient villages called Castellina in Chianti and Radda in Chianti,a wine tasting and a visit of the wine cellars in Albola Castle.During your 5-hour tour you will have an English tour leader at your complete disposal,who will show you dream landscapes,villages,abbeys and castles.You will get in touch with the historical and eno-gastrnonmic traditions of our territory.
每个星期天下午2 点钟我们都有观光巴士从锡耶纳的葛兰西广场出发,到基安蒂地区。票价为每人30 欧元。这条游览路线包括参观两座古老的村庄——卡斯特利那和拉达,品尝葡萄酒,参观阿尔博拉城堡的酒窖。在5 个小时的游览过程中,将有一位英语导游全程陪伴您,带领您游览如诗如画的风景、古代村落、修道院和城堡。您将与我们的历史和烹饪传统有个亲密接触。
例(14)是选自Hotel Athena宣传手册上的一段文字,它主要介绍了酒店提供的游览服务,以提供实用的游览信息为主。但在关键词的选择上也使用了有些描述性的形容词,例如amazing,ancient,dream,historical,eno-gastronomic等。这些形容词的运用突出了旅游服务和游览景点的特点,具有诱导性。
2.名词
旅游手册文本的另一个词语方面的特点是大量单独使用名词短语,尤其表现在旅游信息的介绍以及每个部分的标题上。例如:
(15)The treatment includes:
Round trip transportation from your accommodation
Use of the Sauna,Jacuzzi,Hammam,Kneipp,Chromotherapy showers,
Relaxation Room/Chaise-lounge and complimentary herbal teas
Essential oil treatments or facial treatments available upon request
疗养服务内容:
全程接送
桑拿浴、极可意水流按摩浴、土耳其浴、克奈普水疗、色光疗淋浴、休闲室(有躺椅和凉茶免费供应)
精油按摩和面部护理,可根据客户的需求提供。
例(15)介绍了酒店的服务设施,其中只有一个动词includes,其他几乎全部是名词或名词词组的罗列,但所传达信息非常清晰明了。再看下面的例子:
(16)Details
Days:Every day(except Monday)
Estimated departure time:3.00 p.m.from your accommodation
Length of the treatment:about 4 hours
Minimum participations:2 people
详细信息
日期:每天(除了星期一)
出发时间:下午大约3 点钟从住处出发
治疗时长:大约4 小时
人数:最少2 人
例(16)介绍了游览服务的细节安排,包括标题在内所使用词语全部是名词或名词短语。这样的表达使得信息简洁明了。
3.文学词语
旅游手册中所使用的词语在正式程度方面一般低于政论性文章,但高于非正式文体的散文、小品文,使用的多数是较正式的文学词语(literary words)。看下面的三个例子:
(17)No other city is arrogant enough to dub itself Capital of the World and no other city could carry it off...Although it's hard to put a finger on what makes New York buzz,it's the city's hyperactive rush that really draws people here.
除了纽约,没有哪个城市能够以“世界之都”自居,也没有哪个城市能够获得这样的殊荣。……尽管很难说清纽约如此匆忙的原因,但正是这座城市的极度匆忙才吸引人们到这里来。(www.daowen.com)
(18)From the neon glow of the Strip hotels and their outrageous decoration to the natural beauty of the Red Rock canyons and Mt.Charleston,Las Vegas provides a diverse vacation environment.Golf courses speckle the city;local your companies travel to the Hoover Dam and the Grand Canyon.The casinos themselves have grown far beyond their original role-flop houses for gamblers-to become attractions in their own right.Today,the casino aremammoth-many with over 3,000 rooms-and enclose restaurants,theme parks,night clubs,and retail centers.
拉斯维加斯有各种各样的观光游览设施,大道区有酒店闪烁的霓虹灯和奇异的装饰,郊区有美丽的红岩峡谷和查尔斯顿山。市内高尔夫球场星罗棋布;当地旅行社有组织到胡佛水坝和大峡谷的旅游。娱乐场已经不再单单是赌徒的去处,而是变成了游览胜地。如今的娱乐场面积很大,客房数量多达3000 间,而且还有餐馆、主题公园、夜总会和零售中心。
(19)Its extraordinary location on the California coast,complete with a mountainous backdrop to the east,is of intrinsic value to city residents and equally appealing to tourists.In addition to San Francisco's geography and environmental awareness,the city offers a colorful pastand has yet to digress in its exciting growth,which is clearly evident in the city's heavily frequented attractions.
旧金山地处加州海岸,而且东部连着大山,其独特的地理位置对城市居民有着内在的价值,而且对旅游者也有同样的吸引力。这座城市有多姿多彩的过去,而且变得越来越丰富多彩。这一点从旅游者不断光顾的风景名胜可以明显看出。
以上例句中使用的形容词如arrogant,hyperactive,outrageous,diverse,mammoth,intrinsic,appealing与其近义词proud,excessively active,extraordinary,varied,large,basic,attractive相比不仅词义确切、新颖,令人耳目一新,而且文学色彩也更加浓厚。
另外,英语旅游手册文本在用词上还有多用套语的特点,尤其是一些有关旅游景点的名词以及修饰这些名词的形容词常常比较固定。例如,与hotel一词搭配比率较高的形容词是luxurious,comfortable,fine;描述climate常用mild;描述weather常用pleasant等。要想分析旅游手册文本语言的这一特点,最好的办法就是建立一个语料库,语料库越大,所得出的结论就越有用,越有代表性。这样的分析将有利于旅游手册的汉英翻译或英文写作。
4.1.2.2 篇章特点
1.篇章结构的不连接性和反复性
我们知道,旅游手册通常包括几个栏目,每个栏目都有标题,分专题介绍目的地以及与旅游有关的事项,因此旅游手册的篇章是不连续的。即使是连续的篇章,例如对于景点的描述,往往在结构和用词方面具有很大的反复性。例如下面摘自不同旅游手册的两则关于不同旅馆的介绍:
(20)The Star View Hotel is a small,family run hotel situated on a hill set in colorful gardens 4km from Afrandou Golf Course.The beach is 2.5 kilo-meters away and the centre of Afrandou village is 25-30 minuteswalk away.
星光旅馆是家庭经营的小型旅馆,坐落在四周满是鲜花的小山上,距离阿弗兰都高尔夫球场4 公里,距离海滩2.5 公里,距离阿弗兰都村镇中心25—30 分钟步行的路程。
(21)Sunlight Hotel,This attractivemodern hotel is peacefully located,up on the headland between Ag Nik and Elounda with magnificent views out across the Gulf of Mirabello.There's a swimming pool and a pool-side snack bar.
日光旅馆。这是一家漂亮的现代旅馆,静静地屹立在阿基尼克与伊罗达之间的岬角上,远眺米拉贝尔海湾的美景。旅馆内有一个游泳池,游泳池边有一个小吃店。
根据以上两个例子,我们可以明显看出其结构上的相同点:按照旅馆名称、特点、位置、设施的顺序依次介绍。顺序可能会有所变化,但内容几乎千篇一律。再比较下面两个例子:
(22)Stretching more than 1,600,000 km2(640,000 square miles)across northeastern North America,Quebec invites you to feast on its playful energy and the breathtaking diversity of its wide-open spaces...Here,time dresses up in a colorful four-season wardrobe,vibrant cities and picturesque villages envelop themselves in nature's extravaganza- fertile valleys draped in autumn hues or winter white,untouched forests,craggy mountains bearing the signature of themillennia.
总面积多达160 万平方公里,横贯北美洲东北部,魁北克邀请您饱览这片活力四射、广袤无垠、变化万千的土地。……这里,时间披上了五彩缤纷的盛装,生机勃勃的城市和景色如画的村落沉浸在大自然的狂欢之中,肥沃的山谷装饰着秋的姹紫嫣红,或覆盖着冬的银装素裹,人烟罕至的原始森林、崎岖不平的山脉见证着这太平盛世。
(23)Covering an area larger than 650,000 square kilometers,Sadkatchewan offers a lifetime of adventures and experiences.From north to south,thediverse landscape is striking.Lush boreal forests frame shimmering lakes,powerful rapids,and rugged canyons.Central parklands embrace scenic valleys and rolling hills.The panoramic southern plains stretch across colorful grasslands, fertile farmland, forested plateaus and ethereal badlands.It's a landscape that tells a thousand stories.
总面积多达65 万平方公里,萨斯喀彻温是您终生冒险和体验人生的乐园。从北到南,风景千变万化。北部温带森林郁郁葱葱,湖泊波光粼粼,河流湍急,峡谷陡峭险峻。中部稀树草原,山谷风景瑰丽,小山绵延起伏。南部平原,草地碧绿,农田肥沃,高原草木丛生,荒地空灵优美。这是一幅可以讲上千个故事的风景画。
以上两例虽然介绍的旅游目的不同,但结构相似,开头都介绍了旅游目的地的面积,然后描写旅游目的地的地理风貌和景观。另外,用词上也有许多雷同:例(22)使用了名词diversity来描述地理风貌的多样性,例(23)中则使用了形容词diverse描述风景的变化;例(22)中有stretching一词,例(23)中有stretch;例(22)有colorful four-season wardrobe, 例(23)有colorful grasslands;例(22)有fertile valleys,例(23)有fertile farmland;例(22)有untouched forests,例(23)有lush boreal forest。
2.地点、时间状语主位化
根据韩礼德的功能语法观,一句话由主位和述位组成,主位是话语的出发点,是已知信息,述位是话语信息的主体部分,是新信息。主位是句子最靠左即开头的成分,句子围绕这个成分组织起来,同时主位也是作者欲突出的部分。根据语料分析研究,我们发现旅游手册中地点、时间状语用作主位成分的现象比较突出。这种状语主位化的写作风格通常是由作者为达到一定的交际目的而有意安排的。
例如:
(24)Not far from the town square of Sorrento,the Grand Hotel Cocumella was built in the 16th century as a Jesuit monastery and became a hotel in 18222.It is located in a large park that stretches down to the sea,offering panoramic view of the bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius.The hotel'smany amenities include a tennis court,banqueting and conference rooms,a chapel and aprivate ship for trips along the coast.The entire hotel is air-conditioned.
距离索伦托镇广场不远的地方就是科居莫拉大酒店,它于16 世纪作为耶稣会修道院而建,1822年成为一家酒店。酒店坐落于一个伸向大海的公园里,俯瞰那不勒斯海湾和维苏威火山的壮观景色。酒店设施齐全,包括一个网球场、多个宴会厅和会议室、一个礼拜堂,以及一艘私人海岸观光轮船。整个酒店装有中央空调系统。
在这个例句中,地点状语“Not far from the town square of Sorrento”被主位化。这使得酒店所处的优越的地理位置“距离索伦托镇广场不远”这一信息被突出出来,有利于读者了解下文的新信息,同时也为下文的描述奠定了基础。
旅游手册中的地点状语被用作主位成分,有利于无序景点的有序化,便于旅游者根据地点指示进行游览。再看下面的例子:
(25)If you're looking for tranquility,then a visit to Vlieland or Schiermonnikoog is amust.On these two islands,only the island's residents are allowed the use of a car.During the summer there is plenty of entertainment.On “Schier” as Schiermonnikoog is known locally,excursions and concerts are organized in summer while the island of Vlieland is famous for its convivial Vlielandia fairs held in July and August.
如果你希望寻找安静,弗利兰岛和斯希蒙尼克奥赫岛将是必游之地。在这两个小岛上,只有岛上的居民才允许使用汽车。夏季,这里有各种娱乐表演。斯希蒙尼克奥赫岛(当地人也称Schier)夏季会组织游览团和音乐会,而弗利兰岛则以七八月份举行的狂欢会而闻名。
(26)The Solomon Islands—the ecotourism destination of the South Pacific.Here,upon a thousand warm,colorful,tropical islands you will find nature's richness and beauty in the smiling company of a caring friendly people.
所罗门群岛——南太平洋生态游的目的地。在这里,在一千座温暖、艳丽的热带岛屿上,在面带笑容、热情好客的人民的陪伴下,你将发现大自然的富饶与美丽。
例(25)中第二句开头的On these two islands和第四句开头的On “Schier”突出了地点的变化,另外第三句开头的During the summer突出了时间信息。例(26)中的Here,upon a thousand warm,colorful,tropical islands是地点状语主位化。
旅游手册在介绍游览景点的历史时,常常把时间状语主位化,这可以方便旅游者随着时间顺序了解景点的历史变迁。例如:
(27)Around the year 1240,King HenryⅢmade this tower his home,He whitewashed the tower,widened the grounds to include a church,a great hall,and other buildings.He renamed the entire new area the Tower of London,and Renamed the Tower the White Tower....
In 1377, when Richard Ⅱwas king, the Tower continued to be a stronghold.But four years later,on June 14,a group of overtaxed farmers stormed the Tower....
...
After the death of HenryⅦ,the Tower of London was never again used to house an English queen or king....
But the Tower of London was not always a place of celebration.On May 19,1536,Anne Boleyn was executed under Henry's orders at the Tower Green....
Elizabeth was innocent,and people knew it,leading to a public outcry....In 1558,Elizabeth became the queen of England....On January 15,1559,she left in a festive parade to be crowned at Westminster Abby.Elizabeth would never return to the Tower.
In 1603,part of the Tower of London became a museum.King JamesⅠhad ordered that the royal; jewels be kept in the Tower Jewel House and be put on display for Tower visitors....
这是对伦敦塔(London Tower)的历史介绍,几乎所有的时间状语都放在了句子的开头,即时间状语的主位化。这样的行文安排可以使读者遵循一个时间的线索,清楚地了解伦敦塔的时代变迁。
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