韩礼德认为,语篇特征(即语篇的本质)主要由两方面决定:一是衔接特点,二是主位结构特点。贝尔曾用图式结构把韩礼德及哈桑的衔接模式进行总结与展示(见图表2)。
图表2:韩礼德及哈桑的衔接模式(根据Bell,1991:155)
英语中的链接可分为:照应(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipis)、连接(conjunction)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)。照应又可分为外指(exophoric)、内指(endophoric)、反指/上指(anaphora)或预指/下指(cataphora)。词汇衔接则包括了重复、搭配、同义、反义、上下义等。
贝尔还列举了各种衔接的例子以说明图表2 的细项:
(1)Here's Sue.She has just arrived.(She上指Sue)
(2)They've gone to Spain,the Smiths.(They下指the Smiths)
(3)It's over there.(There是外指,只有放在一定的语境中才能明确其所指)
(4)We gave them it.(them替代了名词或名词词组)
(5)Let's do it.(do替代了单词)
(6)I think so.(so替代了从句)
(7)Who's there? Fred? (Fred 之后省略了大半个句子)
(8)Igot up and had a coffee.(and 表加合连接)
(9)Iwoke up but went back to sleep.(but表转折连接)(www.daowen.com)
(10)Iwas awake so Igot up.(so表因果连接)
(11)Igot up then Ihad a coffee.(then 表时间连接)
(12)I drank coffee after coffee.(重复)
(13)There were plenty of hot drinks:tea,coffee,milk...(搭配)
英语的主位结构又称为主位/述位结构或已知信息/新信息结构,其目的是指出信息在句子里是怎样分布的。这种分析法特别强调已知信息和新信息分布方式所产生的效果。已知信息称为“主位”(Theme),指的是读者和听者已经知道的东西;与主位相对的是“述位”(Rheme),指新提供的信息。
一般说来,每个句子都包含主位和述位两个部分。主位有承上启下的功能。例如:
The newcomersarrived late in the afternoon.Theyweremet by themanager of the establishment.
上句中的they上指the newcomers,而由they引导的句子又带出了新的信息met by themanager。在交际过程中,人们(尤其是讲英语的人)通常以线性的方式组织信息。下面的语篇a.属线性的主位结构,一旦这种结构被打乱,语篇的衔接就有问题了(例如b.)。
a.The sun's shining,it's a perfect day.Here come the astronauts.They're just passing the Great Hall; perhaps the President will come to greet them.No,it's the admiral who's taking the ceremony...
b.It's the sun that's shining,the day that's perfect.The astronauts come here.The Great Hall they're just passing; he'll perhaps come out to meet them,the President.No,what the admiral‘s taking is the ceremony...
(adapted by Brown &Yule 1983 from Halliday's example)
韩礼德区分了主述位结构(Theme,Rheme)和信息结构(Given,New);前者是以说话者为导向(即关注如何陈述要给予的信息),而后者则以接受者为导向(即关注接受者是否可以或比较容易地获得信息):
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