（一）碑文的文本功能

依据语言的功能，彼特·纽马克（Peter Newmark）将文本分成表达型（Expressive）、信息型（Informative）和呼唤型（Vocative）三种类型。他认为表达型文本，往往使用夸张、比喻等修辞方法以及一些带个人印记的词语和句型，以表明作者的态度、情感及价值取向。此类文本包括小说、诗赋、散文等严肃性文学作品、政治性演讲、个人自传、信件等。景区中的碑文多以表达型的诗歌或散文为主，如位于四川省巴中市南郊南龛山顶四川将帅碑林景区的《将帅碑林赋》就是散文形式的。信息型文本主要是指传递信息和反映客观事实的文本，它的语言一般不带个人色彩，多使用常用的句型搭配，如教材、学术论著等。呼唤型文本则强调以读者为中心，其目的是促使读者按照作者的意图去思考、感受、行动，主要包括说明书、广告、宣传册。碑文作为旅游景点的重要组成部分，还具有为游客提供信息的信息型文本功能以及宣传、说明某一景点的呼唤型文本功能。

（二）碑文翻译原则及方法

碑文作为一种特殊的文学类型，其形式多为表达型的诗歌或散文，但作为旅游景点的一部分，又具有信息型和诱导型的文本功能。如何协调表达型、信息型和呼唤型这三种文本特性之间的关系是碑文翻译需要解决的首要问题。笔者认为碑文翻译应优先考虑信息功能的实现，然后依次是呼唤功能与表达功能。翻译功能理论告诉我们，译者需要采取不同的翻译策略或方法来实现不同的文本功能。功能学派的翻译目的论概括来说，包括目的法则、连贯法则和忠实法则；三个法则的从属关系依次为：忠实法则从属于连贯法则，连贯法则从属于目的法则，换言之，目的法则为翻译的第一法则（沈继诚，2005：69）。这三大法则的从属关系与文本功能在翻译时的优先顺序是一致的，要实现碑文在景区中的信息功能与呼唤功能需要遵守忠实法则与目的法则；遵守连贯法则是为了实现表达功能。目的论认为，翻译是一种有目的的行为，评价译文是否成功主要看它是否实现了文本的功能，是否达到了预期的目的。不难看出，目的论已不再把译文与原文是否对等作为研究的重点，而是强调基于原文分析以实现译文预期的功能为目的，选择最佳的翻译策略与处理方法。翻译是一种带目的性的跨语交际活动，翻译活动本身必然涉及对文本的处理。译者应根据不同的文本功能、翻译目的、目标读者等因素，制定翻译策略及制作不同的目标文本（张美芳，2016：6）。

纽马克主张对于以介绍源语文化为目的表达型文本，如诗歌、小说等应采取语义译法，即力求传达原文的语义内容，保持作家个人的感情色彩、文学方法、结构形式等；对于以目的语文化为归宿的信息型和诱导型文本，如技术资料、年报、广告、通知、旅游手册等则应采取交际译法，即注重读者的理解和反应，在格式、方法、措辞等方面力求符合该文体在译入语中的惯例（Newmark，1988：50）。总之，碑文翻译本质上是典籍英译与旅游景点翻译的综合体，这就决定了翻译时应以目的法则为指导，采用语义翻译与交际翻译相结合的方法，依次实现碑文的信息功能、呼唤功能与表达功能。笔者就以此为碑文翻译的理论依据，对《将帅碑林赋》进行翻译实践。

将帅碑林赋

川北巴中，蜀中名胜，资饶物阜，地灵人杰，然则时运多舛，山河羁虐，爰及二十世纪初叶，祸成频发，军阀混战，国之将倾，黎民倒悬，默默雄狮，猛醒于千年之昏睡，恹恹巨龙，顿悟于百代之沉酣，我红四方面军，顺天应人，二十万之众揭竿以应，激昂大义，捐身家以赴行伍，锐志革命，誓万死而谋解放，转战东西两线破田刘围攻，鏖兵大岭南北，克蒋氏会剿，旌麾所指，拔城摧坚，政教所施，民拥如潮，随之衔枚长征，出生入死，旨在复兴中华，餐风露宿，梦尝萦诸故土。

将士勋绩功业，彪炳千秋，光照史册，功臣告老，将军卸甲，惟官兵勇烈，恐将湮于时日，历史巨人于天安门城楼挥手，红军传人在大巴山深处忧思，如何摆脱王朝周率，怎样走出历史怪圈？惟有中共当代先锋张崇鱼与其同仁，复以苍劲之躯，发挥余热，艰苦创业，选址于红军鏖战之南龛山顶，建立一座不朽丰碑——川陕苏区将帅碑林，碑林既非政府立项，更少财政拨款，然纵横二百亩，耗资数千万，面积之大，规模之宏，全国之最，历史天货运成此景，人间万事出艰辛。碑林人筹款项收文物，赴省上京，遍步华夏，筚路蓝缕，行程四十万公里，如绕赤道九圈。求大大小小人物，看冷冷热热脸色，中共精英如此忠诚，巴山儿女这般坚韧，不亚于西游路上汗血白马。真可谓，想尽千方百计，走遍千山万水，说尽千言万语，历尽千辛万苦，树碑千块万名，流芳千秋万代，碑林依山而建，碑群错落有致，或拔地而起，或起伏蜿蜒，或鳞次栉比，蔚为壮观，人攀花枝走，心在碑中流，纪念像园，众像栩栩如生，伯坚造像从凡入圣，碑林长廊放射红军神韵，如织游人，悼念忠魂，楹联长廊，诗文并茂，珠联璧合，大气磅礴，引人入胜，英名纪念碑，嵌刻十万红军将士英名，庄严肃穆，令人顿生敬仰之情，纪念馆三大展厅，列展弹孔征衣，勋章军帽，件件闪烁个个红军光辉人生，历历再现滚滚硝烟战斗场景，标志碑火炬熊熊燃烧，延续革命精神，红军陵园四百余颗“红星”抗青山，抚碧水，听鸟语，闻花香，远观红日皓月交替，闲评人间古往今来，红军纪念碑巍然矗立，观景台环览四周景色，真可谓观光绝顶，名胜风情辉九域；景仰丰碑，忠肝义胆炳千秋。

革命业绩照史册，红军精神励后人，瞻仰将帅碑林，不是天竺取经，不是麦加朝圣，幸福来之不易，广厦居安思危，勿忘国耻，勿忘浩劫，勿忘仗义，勿忘济闲，走出历史怪圈，江山万古长青。

中华辞赋家联合会理事 赵勇灵(www.daowen.com)

二零零八年八月一日

Ode to Heroes’ Stele Forest

Bazhong, North of Sichuan Province, is a place which is rich in places of interest, natural resources, and celebrities. However, in the early 20th century, frequent natural disasters and wars made our country a waste land and our people suffering. At this moment, 200,000 soldiers of Red Fourth Army rose up like a sleeping dragon to liberate the people in deep waters. They broke through Tian’s and Liu’s sieges from the east and west battle lines, and had many great victories. After that, Chiang Kai-Shek “Encirclement and Suppression” action forced the Red Fourth Army to rise their lives to have the Long March. They overcome different kinds of difficulties only for one goal: to revive China.

On October 1st, 1949, Chairman Mao declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The achievements of the Chinese people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression heroes and generals shine through the ages and light the history, but descendants of Red Army in the depths of the Daba mountains worried that martyrs heroic anti-war deeds would be buried by the ashes of time. How to avoid the historical periodicity? How to walk out of the strange historical cycle? With his colleagues, the contemporary vanguard of CPC Zhang Chongyu, with vigorous and hard working, set up an immortal monument—Stele Forest of Heroes in Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area on the top of Nankan Mountain located in the south of the red army fighting recess. The Stele Forest, as the largest one, covers 200 Mu and costs more than ten millions Yuan, but wasn’t funded by government. Historical heritages constitute the magnificent scene; Overcome Hardships contribute all the things. Zhang Chongyu collected cultural relics one by one, and raised money yuan by yuan. He walked 400 thousand kilometers, equal to nine circles of the equator, and his steps covered all across China, in order to ask for supports of very important persons. His consistence and tenacity is no less than that of the white ferghana horse on the pilgrim to the west. What a great perseverance! What a great loyalty! And What a great contribution!

Down the hillside, 2288 steles wind ups and downs, which presents a splendid sight. Walking through the steles with flowers or branches gives you the feeling of the steles flowing in your heart. In the Statue Garden, Liu Bojian’s statue and others’ are as vivid as though they were living. The Stele Corridor, in memory of war heroes, draws a historical picture of Red Army’s heroic deeds. While the Couplet Corridor is made up of Chinese couplets in precise diction, which is a great poetic scene.The Monument engraving tens of thousands of Red Army Soldiers’ name is solemn and respected. In addition, there also locates three exhibition halls which display shirts with bullet holes during the Long March time, medals, army caps, all of which shine the glory lives of the Red Army soldiers and represent the smoky battle scenes. The ever-burning torch of Center Monument symbolizes continuation of revolutionary spirit. More than 400 “red star” are scattered in the Red Army Cemetery where you can listen to the birds singing, smell flowers, appreciate red sun and bright moon alternately, and talk about things through ages. The majestically standing Red Army Memorial Monument and its surroundings really deserve visiting.

Revolutionary achievements shine through ages; Red Army Spirit inspires future generations. Instead of a pilgrimage to Mecca, paying respectful visit to the Heroes’ Stele Forest is to remind us of the precious happiness, to think of adversity in peace times. Paying a visit here is not to forget the national humiliation, not to forget the disaster, not to forget the righteousness, not to forget hardworking and plain-living, all in all, to walk out of the strange historical cycle, and to may our country last forever.

Zhao Yongling

Board Member of Chinese Ci Fu Association

August 1st, 2008