理论教育 术语索引:数理逻辑、演算与模型猜想

术语索引:数理逻辑、演算与模型猜想

时间:2023-10-22 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:Ω-猜想Ω-conjecture,174–176Ω-逻辑Ω-logic,173,174α-归约α-reduction,19β-归约β-reduction,19,20(κ,λ)-延展系统(κ,λ)-extender,166,176,181λ-可计算λ-computable,18,21λ-演算λ-calculus,18,19,21λ-表达式λ-expression,18–21ω-模型ω-model,1

术语索引:数理逻辑、演算与模型猜想

Ω-猜想Ω-conjecture,174–176

Ω-逻辑Ω-logic,173,174

α-归约α-reduction,19

β-归约β-reduction,19,20

(κ,λ)-延展系统(κ,λ)-extender,166,176,181

λ-可计算λ-computable,18,21

λ-演算λ-calculus,18,19,21

λ-表达式λ-expression,18–21

ω-模型ω-model,146

σ-代数σ-algebra,151–153,155

爱因斯坦场方程组Einstein field equations,16,18

巴拿赫-马祖尔博弈Banach-Mazur game,157–159

巴拿赫-塔斯基悖论Banach–Tarski paradox,148,149,161

半格semi-lattice,67,68,76

贝尔空间Baire space,152–154

贝尔性质Baire property,148,149,151,152,155,156,159–162

编制化的regimented,39,40,46

并集公理axiom of union,108,138

伯恩斯坦集Bernstein set,151,152,156

伯克利基数Berkeley cardinal,168

波莱尔集Borel set,152–155,160,161

波斯特问题Post’s problem,59,60,62,64,66,70,74,93

柏拉图主义(实在论)Platonism,124

布尔代数Boolean algebra,33,68

布拉利-福尔蒂悖论Burali-Forti’s paradox,104

部分递归函数partial recursive function,55,59,79

不可达基数inaccessible cardinal,156,161–164,171,172

不可或缺性论证indispensability argument,42

C-平凡性C-triviality,93

C-随机性C-randomness,79,80,82,89

策略分枝假设strategic branches hypothesis,182

策略延展系统模型strategic extender model,182

策梅洛-弗兰克尔集合论Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory,29,49,95

策梅洛集合论Zermelo set theory,49,97

柴廷停机概率Chaitin’s halting probability,87,93

超超单集hyper-hyper-simple set,64,65

超单集hyper-simple set,64,65

超低效的superlow,90,91,94

超级马提克策略supermartingale,84

超紧致基数supercompact cardinal,49,165,166,169,170,176–179,181,182

超滤子ultrafilter,163,165,166,176–178,180,181

超幂ultrapower,166,177,180

超算术层谱hyperarithmetical hierarchy,154

超算术归约hyperarithmetical reduction,76

乘积公理multiplicative axiom,116

重言式tautology,138,140

初等嵌入elementrary embedding,124,163–166,168,169,173,176–180

传递的(集合)transitive,126,127,133–135

创造集creative set,60–64

达尔文主义Darwinism,45

大基数公理large cardinal axiom,41,161,162,165,167,170–172,174,175,181

单集simple set,61–65,93

(度结构上的)倒锥体cone(on a degree structure),72,75,91

德穆斯随机Demuth randomness,89

“……的集合”算子the operation“set of”,167

等一致的equiconsistent,101,170,180

递归recursive,49,55,58–62,65,74,83,85–88,90,92–94,105,106,134,137

递归定义recursive definition,11,15,18,19,21,103

递归函数recursive function,18,21,58,59,65,83

递归可枚举的recursively enumerable,58–66,70,71,74,75,83,85–89,93,134

低效性lowness,90–94

丢番图方程Diophantine equation,27

度量空间metric space,25

独立性independency,29,41,42,95,96,123

对角线法diagonal argument,55,56,108,160

对集公理axiom of pairs,108,138

对K低效low for K,92–94

马丁-洛夫随机低效low forMartin-Löf randomness,93,94

对Ω低效low for Ω,91,92

多到一归约many-one reduction,60–63,76

多到一归约等价many-one equivalent,60

(集合论)多宇宙观multiverse view,114,182

(集合论)多宇宙真multiverse truth,175,176

恶性循环原则vicious circle principle,113,115,117,120

二维语义学two-dimensional semantics,33

反射论证reflection argument,164–167,177,178

反推数学reverse mathematics,48,50

(理论间的)翻译interpretation(between theories),97

翻译的不确定性translation indeterminacy,iii,39

非标准模型non-standard model,102,113,125,146,147

分离公理(模式)separation schema,104,108,135,138,140

分离规则modus ponens,4,138

分析层谱analytical hierarchy,154

分析集analytic set,153,155

分支类型论ramified type theory,112–121

冯·诺伊曼层谱von Neumann hierarchy,102,103,108,109,134,164,169

覆盖性质covering property,179–181

弗雷歇滤子Fréchet filter,163

(集合论)复宇宙multiverse,175

盖尔-斯图尔特博弈Gale-Stewart game,157–160

概括(公理)comprehension(axiom/schema),49

刚性的(结构)rigid(structure),72,73,75,76

高效性highness,92

格lattice,68,69

哥德尔编码Gödel numbering,14,105,106

哥德尔不动点引理Gödel’s fixed point lemma,14,96

哥德尔不完备性定理Gödel’s incompleteness theorem,iii,17,18,28,29,41,42,61,95,147

哥德尔层谱Gödel hierarchy,48,147

哥德尔第二不完备性定理Gödel’s 2nd incompleteness theorem,96,97,99,102,115

哥德尔纲领Gödel’s program,171,181,182

哥德尔完备性定理Gödel’s completeness theorems,14,15,101

共尾分枝假设cofinal branches hypothesis,182

构造主义constructivism,iii,96,112,113,121

关键点critical point,163–165,168,173,180

关系结构语义学relational semantics,28,33

广义低效generalized low,90,91

广义连续统假设generalized continuum hypothesis,107,108,111,112,121,180

广义相对论general theory of relativity,16

函数function,3,31

核心模型core model,180

还原主义reductionism,38

基础公理(正则公理)axiom of foundation(axiom of regularity),102,106,107,138,145

极大集maximal set,65,66

极小算子μ-operator,21

伽利略悖论Galileo’s paradox,144,161

家族相似family resemblance,43

简单类型论simple type theory,114,115,119

阶到阶的rank-into-rank,168–170

紧致(拓扑空间)compactness(of topology space),25

(一阶逻辑的)紧致性定理compactness theorem,113

图灵度的)精确对exact pair(of Turing degrees),71,72,75

决定性determinacy,157,159–161,167–169

决定性公理axiom of determinacy,159–162,168,171

绝对性absoluteness,125–128,131,133,148,179,180

K-平凡性K-triviality,92–94

K-随机性K-randomness,82–84

卡拉西奥多里标准Carathéodory criterion,151

康托尔空间Cantor space,22,83,151

科恩力迫Cohen forcing,129,147

柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度Kolmogorov complexity,79–82,86,89,90

可测基数measurable cardinal,49,162–167,169,172,176,179–181

(理论间的)可翻译性interpretability(between theories),72,73,99,145,146,172,181

可构成集constructible set,103,107,108,110–112,119–122,124,134,147,154–156,160,161,168,169,179,180

可化归公理axiom of reducibility,112,115–121

可计算随机性computable randomness,85–87

可靠性soundness,96,101

可与二阶算术相互翻译biinterpretable with second order arithmetic,72,73,76

可数前驱性质countable predecessor property,67,70,76

莱因哈特基数Reinhardt cardinal,168,179

勒贝格测度Lebesgue measure,83,86

勒贝格可测Lebesgue measurable,25,148,151,152,155,156,160–162,169

勒文海姆-斯寇伦定理Löwenheim-Skolem theorem,124,125

类似L的L-like,179–181

类型论type theory,49,112,114,120

力迫法forcing,33,48,69,70,122,123,129,130,134,135,139,140,147,148,170(www.daowen.com)

力迫语言forcing language,135,137

力迫真性定理forcing truth lemma,135

(偏序结构上的)理想ideal(on a partial order),72,73,75,76

(超滤子或延展系统的)连贯序列coherent sequence(of ultrafilters or extenders),181

连续统假设continuum hypothesis,29,41,48,70,96,108,121–124,130,147,149,155,161,165,171,172,174,175,181,182

量词quantifier,3,4,8,73,98,100,105,109,116,119,136,137,154

良基的well-founded,103,104,147

良序定理well-ordering theorem,107

罗宾逊算术Robinson arithmetic,97,100,137

逻辑实证主义logical positivism,31,34,35,46

逻辑原子主义logical atomism,8,34,46

逻辑主义logicism,8,40,42,112

罗素悖论Russell’s paradox,47,104,112,115

(偏序结构上的)滤子filter(on a partial order),72,129–132,135,163,173,177

M-描述M-description,79

MRDP定理Matiyasevich-Robinson-Davis-Putnam Theorem,27

马丁-洛夫测试Martin-Löf test,82–86,88,89

马丁-洛夫随机性(1-随机性)Martin-Löf randomness(1-randomness),82,83,85–94

马提克策略martingale,84–88,90

玛诺基数Mahlo cardinal,172

幂集公理axiom of power,108,127,146,148

莫斯托夫斯基函数Mostowski function,145,146

摹状词description,3,44

n-巨基数n-huge cardinal,179

n-随机性n-randomness,88–92,94

(集合论的)内模型inner model(of set theory),110,122–124,134,147,148,165,170,172,176,179–182

内模型计划inner model program,169,170,176,179,181

内在性辩护intrinsic justification,89,108,167,170,182

能行effectiveness,15,17,18,23,54,58,60–63,70,81–90,105

凝聚性condensation,179–181

P-名称P-name,131,132,135,140,173

帕里斯-哈林顿定理Paris-Harrington theorem,96

帕斯卡利娜(帕斯卡加法机)Pascaline,15,16

皮亚诺算术Peano arithmetic,23,95–97,102,113,122,147

偏序partial order,67–72,99,101,129,131,133,135,136,163,171–174

贫集meager set,152,157–159

普贝尔集universally Baire set,174

普朗克长度Planck length,24

潜无穷potential infinite,143

强基数strong cardinal,165–167,176,181

强K-随机性strongly K-randomness,82,89

丘奇-克莱尼序数Church-Kleene ordinal,154

丘奇数Church numerals,20

丘奇-图灵论题Church–Turing thesis,21,23,58

日常语言哲学ordinary language philosophy,29–34,39,40,43,44,46,47

弱对K低效weakly low for K,91,92

弱2-随机性weakly 2-randomness,89,94

弱柯尼希引理weak König lemma,49

弱延展系统模型weak extender model,176,177,179,181

萨克斯力迫Sacks forcing,147,148

(相对可计算的)神谕oracle(in relative computability),57,60,62,63,66,67,75,88,90–94

世界基数worldly cardinal,128

诺尔测试Schnorr test,85,86

施诺尔随机性Schnorrrandomness,85–87,89,92

实际完备的effectively complete,148,170–172,181,182

实无穷actual infinite,143–145,161

实在论(柏拉图主义)realism,40–42,46,48,100,102,112,113,121,134,147,148,156,171,175,176,181,182

实质蕴涵material implication,4,8,9,28

鼠模型mice,181,182

斯寇伦悖论Skolem’s paradox,125,127,161

素公式prime formula,138–140

算术arithmetical,49

算术超穷递归arithmetical transfinite recursion,49

算术随机arithmetically randomness,88

塔斯基真不可定义定理Tarski’s undefinability theorem,14,17,95,176

塔斯基真定义Tarski’s truth definition,10,13–15,40

替换公理(模式)replacement schema,97,125,138

停机问题halting problem,56,60–62,64,65,67,70,74,88,89,91,94

通用文字characteristica universalis,5

投影集projective set,153–156,160,161,165

投影集决定性公理axiom of projective determinacy,161,171

图灵等价Turing equivalence,57,64–66,88

图灵度Turing degree,66,67,69–75

图灵度结构Turing degree structure,67

图灵归约Turing reduction,57,60,62,63,66,67,69,70,91,93,175

图灵机Turing machine,21–24,26,54,55,57,58,66,67,79,81,85,91

图灵机可计算Turing computable,18

图灵跃迁Turing jump,56,67,71,75

脱殊的generic,130–132,135,173

(集合论真理的)脱殊多宇宙观generic multiverse view,147,175,176

脱殊复宇宙generic multiverse,175,182

脱殊扩张generic extension,33,131–135,156,170–173,175

外测度outer measure,149–151

外延公理axiom of extensionality,104,105

外在性辩护extrinsic justification,90,108,170,174,175,182

完备性completeness,4,53,95,96,101,102,167

完美集perfect set,151,160

完美集性质perfect set property,148,149,151,152,155,156,160–162,172

玩具模型toy model,124,126,134

谓词predicate,3

维塔利集Vitali set,150–152,156

唯一分枝假设unique branches hypothesis,182

武丁基数Woodin cardinal,166,167,169,170,174–176,181,182

无前束程序prefix-free machine,81,82,87,88,91–93

无前束柯尔莫哥洛夫复杂度prefix-free Kolmogorov complexity,81,82,89,91,93

无穷公理axiom of infinity,103,108,161,162

希尔伯特第十问题Hilbert’s 10th problem,27,28

希尔伯特纲领Hilbert’s Program,17,41,95,96

细体字版波莱尔集层谱lightface Borel hierarchy,154

显定义explicit definition,10,38

相对化relativization,105,126

相对一致性relative consistency,95,100–102,106,107,112,122–124,130,134,170,171

香农熵Shannon entropy,78

心理主义psychologism,45

信息源编码定理source coding theorem,78

形式主义formalism,29,40–43,47,95,96,123,145,156,182

行为表述句performative sentence,32

(数学)修正主义revisionism,42

选择公理axiom of choice,107,108,111,115,121,123,125,127,130,144,146,148,150,152,155,156,160,168

严格蕴涵strict implication,8,9,44

言语行为理论speech act theory,32,33

延展系统模型extender model,181,182

遗传可数(集合)hereditarily countable(set),146

遗传有穷(集合)hereditarily finite(set),145,146,155,162

一致性consistency,27,41,48,95–97,99,101,103,112,121,122,147,155,160,167,168,170,172

隐定义implicit definition,38,44

有穷主义finitism,99–103,105–107,112,134,146

优先方法priority argument,74,75,93

语境原则context principle,5–7,10,29,34,38

语言学转向linguistic turn,29,30,33,34

(力迫法的)原模型ground model(of forcing),130,131,182

原始递归primitive recursive,47,49,59,99,101,106,137–141,146

原始递归函数primitive recursive function,21,106,137,138

原始递归算术primitive recursive arithmetic,100

占位符placeholder,3

真值truth value,3

真值表truth table,138–140

真值表归约truth table reduction,63,64,91

(理论间)证明论意义上等价proof-theoretically equivalent,100,147

(理论间)证明论意义上(严格)强弱关系proof-theoretically(strictly)strong,97,147

整体主义holism,35,38

正则基数regular cardinal,132,133,178

指称短语denoting phrase,7,8,10

直觉主义intuitionism,40,42,122

直谓主义predicativism,103,113,115,117–121,146

直系统direct system,166

终极-L Ultimate-L,181,182

主(滤子)principal(filter),163

主词subject,3

自变量argument,3

自然主义naturalism,29,34,35,40,43–47,53

自同构automorphism,72,73,75,76

自由变元free variable,11,19,20

左递归可枚举left recursively enumerable,87

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