Text 1

Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-F for each of the numbered paragraphs（1-5）. There is one extra subheading. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Some people see the leader as a motivator, while others define a leader as one having extraordinary vision and decision-making power. Several noted authors in the field offer sound definitions of leadership.

There are many different power bases that a leader can use and exploit. There are three types of positive power that effective leaders use: charismatic power, expert power and referent power.

This article teaches the technique of building these powers.

1. Promote an image of expertise

After all, if you've worked hard to gain knowledge, it's fair that you get credit for it.

___________________________________

2. Get the power to rouse

The inspiration is the subject of the “Get the Power to Rouse” module. In it, you'll learn how motivation works, and find out how best to motivate and inspire your team, with the huge performance improvements that come with this.

___________________________________

3. Task allocation

In any team sport, a lot of time is spent choosing the players who will play in each game. The selection process also involves deciding the position where each team member will play, based on the player's skill, form（current ability to perform well）and the likely opposition that the team will face.

___________________________________

4. Keep your eye on the target

Notice I didn't say “Keep Your Eye on the Goal”. If I looked at the goal when shooting the basketball, I missed more shots than if I looked at the top corner of the square on the backboard. Just like creating and concentrating on supportive marketing steps help you achieve the ultimate goal.

___________________________________

5. Harmonize the team

Once you've identified strengths and areas of development, harmonizing skill gives you the skills and techniques you need to build a well-balanced leadership style. You'll develop the emotional sureness of touch shown by the best leaders, and learn to build the team consciousness, mutually trusting relationships with team members needed if your team is to perform “as one”. This is the classic model of leadership. It creates an immensely positive impact on the team's emotional climate.

___________________________________

In conclusion, as the amelioration of the modern corporate governance nowadays, leadership has never been more important. Governments, businesses, nonprofit organizations, and international alliances all seek excellent leaders. And building excellent leadership is not as complicated as you may imagine. Besides, since society has changed hugely over the last 50 years, citizens are individually more powerful, and employees are more able to shift jobs, few of us enjoy having power exerted over us. These changes make flexible and powerful leadership skills more necessary than ever before.

[A]When to the extent that people on the team are really mad at one certain person or more over there, or they can't stand the team leader, they will not contribute their best. Then they won't work well with other people; they won't be seamless in their efforts. And the actual performance of the team will be lowered directly.

[B]For example, a visionary leader may clearly articulate where the team is going but not how it will get there. This sets people free to innovate, experiment, and take calculated risks. To be effective using this module, a leader needs a well-developed sense of empathy. You have to be able to read people, to sense what they are feeling and if they resonate with the picture you are painting.

[C]An important tactic is to make subtle references to prior education or experience.（e. g.“When I was chief engineer at GE, we had a problem similar to this one.”）Beware; however, this tactic can easily be overdone.

[D]For example, if you need 720 new customers this year to make a half a million dollars, then you need 60 new customers per month（720/12 months）. If you normally get a 2%response from your marketing methods, then you know you need to contact 3，000 people each month through your marketing methods to get 60 new customers（60 is 2%of 3，000）.

[E]If, as a leader, one of his primary concerns is not the welfare of his team, then he will never know just how successful they can be. Positive regard for your people leads to the best customer service, the highest level of contribution by each team member and the highest profits.

[F]Besides, where you have a gap, you may need to train existing team members, or recruit to fill the gap. Often, training is the best option: Not only is it usually cheaper, you also know more about the individual's talents and working methods. On the downside, a newly trained person usually has plenty of theory, but lacks the experience of putting that training into practice.

Text 2

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

The greatest advantage of books does not always come from what we remember of them, but from their suggestiveness. 1.___________________________________Books often excite thought in great writers, even upon entirely different subjects. We often find in books what we thought and felt, could we have expressed ourselves. Indeed, we get acquainted with ourselves in books. We discover one feature in Emerson, another lineament in Shakespeare, an expression in Homer, a glimpse of ourselves in Dante, and so on until we spell out our whole individuality.2.___________________________________

We form many of our opinions from our favorite books. The author whom we prefer is our most potent teacher; we look at the world through his eyes. If we habitually read books that are elevating in tone, pure in style, sound in reasoning, and keen in insight, our minds develop the same characteristics.3.___________________________________

The best books are those which stir us up most and make us the most determined to do something and be something ourselves. The best books are those which lift us to a higher plane where we breathe a purer atmosphere. As we should associate with people who can inspire us to nobler deeds, so we should only read those books which have an uplifting power, and which stir us to make the most of ourselves and our opportunities.

4.___________________________________

Furnish your house with books rather than unnecessary furniture, bric-a-brac, or even pictures if you cannot afford all. One of the most incongruous sights in the world is an elegant house with costly furniture, paintings of the masters, imported tapestries, statuary, costly carpets, extravagant frescoes, and yet with scarcely a standard work in the library.

Wear threadbare clothes and patched shoes if necessary, but do not pinch or economize on books. 5.___________________________________

Whatever you read, read with enthusiasm, with energy, read with the whole mind, if you would increase your mental stature. Learn to absorb the mental and moral life of a book, and assimilate it into your life. He is the best reader who consumes the most knowledge and converts it into character. Mechanical readers remember words, the husks of things, but digest nothing. They cram their brains but starve their minds. If you are getting the most out of a book, you will feel a capacity for doing things which you never felt before.

[A]Libraries are no longer a luxury, but a necessity. A home without books and periodicals and newspapers is like a house without windows. Children learn to read by being in the midst of books; they unconsciously absorb knowledge by handling them. No family can now afford to be without good reading.

[B]Perhaps no other thing has such power to lift the poor out of his poverty, the wretched out of his misery, to make the burden-bearer forget his burden, the sick his suffering, the sorrower his grief, the downtrodden his degradation, as books.

[C]If you cannot give your children an academic education you can place within their reach a few good books which will lift them above their surroundings, into respectability and honour. A college education, or its equivalent, and more is possible to the poorest boy or girl who has access to the necessary books.

[D]If, on the contrary, we read weak or vicious books, our minds contract the faults and vices of the books. We cannot escape the influence of what we read any more than we can escape the influence of the air that we breathe.

[E]A good book often serves as a match to light the dormant powder within us. There is explosive material enough in most of us if we can only reach it. A good book or a good friend often serves to wake up our latent possibilities.

[F]We may be poor, socially ostracized, shut out from all personal association with the great and the good, and yet be in the best society in the world, in books. We may live in palaces, converse with princes, be familiar with royalty, and associate with the greatest and noblest of all time.

[G]True, we get many pleasing reflections of ourselves from friends, many mirrored deformities from our enemies, and a characteristic here and there from the world; but in a calm and unbiased way we find the most of ourselves, our strength, our weakness, our breadth, our limitations, our opinions, our tastes, our harmonies and discords, our poetic and prosaic qualities, in books.

Text 3

Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-F for each of the numbered paragraphs（1-5）. There is one extra subheading. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]The urgency to see the utterly change of human relationship to the earth

[B]Startling change of population explosion in a historical context

[C]The ultimate resolution of human relation to the earth

[D]The outrageous consequence of scientific and technological revolution

[E]The accelerating ongoing of scientific and technological revolution

[F]The cautious recognition and reconsideration of human relation to the earth

The 20th century has witnessed dramatic changes in two key factors that define the physical reality of our relationship to the earth: a sudden and startling surge in human population, and a sudden acceleration of the scientific and technological revolution, which has allowed an almost unimaginable magnification of our power to affect the world around us by burning, cutting, digging, moving, and transforming the physical matter that makes up the earth.

1.___________________________________

From the emergence of modern humans 200，000 years ago until Julius Caesar's time, fewer than 50 million people walked on the face of the earth. When Christopher Columbus set sail for the New World 1，500 years later, there were approximately 500 million people on the earth. By the time Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the number had doubled again, to 1 billion. By midway through the 20th century, at the end of World War II, the number had risen to just above 2 billion people.

2.___________________________________

It is now an axiom in many fields of science that more new and important discoveries have taken place in the last ten years than in the entire previous history of science. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that nuclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance—making the result of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the result of unrestrained nuclear war.

3.___________________________________

It is necessary for us to promptly recognize that the startling images of environmental destruction now occurring all over the world have much more, in common than their ability to shock and awaken us. They are symptoms of an underlying problem broader in scope and more serious than any we have ever faced. Global warming, ozone depletion, the loss of living species, deforestation—they all have a common cause: the new relationship between human civilization and the earth's natural balance.

4.___________________________________

There are actually two aspects to this problem. The first is to realize that our power to harm the earth can indeed have global and even permanent effects. The second is to realize that the only way to understand our new role as a co-architect of nature is to see ourselves as part of this complex system.

The problem is not effect on the environment so much as our relationship with the environment. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.

5.___________________________________

Some argue that a new ultimate technology, whether nuclear power or genetic engineering, will solve the problem. Others hold that only a drastic reduction of our reliance on technology can improve the conditions of life. But the real solution will be found in reinventing and finally healing the relationship between civilization and the earth. This can only be accomplished by undertaking a careful reassessment of all the factors that led to the relatively recent dramatic change in the relationship. The transformation of the way we relate to the earth will, of course, involve new technologies, but the key changes will involve new ways of thinking about the relationship itself.

Text 4

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

There are three main groups of oils: animal, vegetable and mineral. Great quantities of animal oil come from whales, those enormous creatures of the sea which are the largest remaining animals in the world. To protect the whale from the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.

1.___________________________________

To the ordinary man, one kind of oil may be as important as another. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aero-planes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery. This is the oil that has changed the life of the common man.

2._________________________________This kind of oil comes out of the earth. Because it burns well, it is used as fuel and in some ways it is superior to coal in this respect. Many big ships now burn oil instead of coal.

3.__________________________________No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated. The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated.

4.__________________________________Countless billions of minute sea creatures and plants lived and sank to the seabed. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed into what we know as oil. For these creatures to become oil, it was necessary that they should be imprisoned between layers of rock for an enormous length of time.

There are several main areas of the world where deposits of oil appear. One is that of the Middle East, and includes the Persian Gulf; another is the area between North and South America, as well as between Asia and Australia. The remaining area is near the North Pole.

5.__________________________________If progress in using atomic power to drive machines is fast enough, it is possible that oil-driven engines may give place to a new kind of engine. In that case the demand for oil will fall, the oilfields will gradually disappear, and the Arctic deposits may rest where they are forever.

[A]When the oil is heated, the first vapors to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol. Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed into paraffin. Last of all the lubricating oils of various grades are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.

[B]What was the origin of the oil, which now drives our automobiles and aircrafts?Scientists think that the oil under the surface of the earth originated in the distant past, and was formed from living things in the ocean.

[C]The king of the oilfield is the driller. He is a very skilled man. Sometimes he sends his drill more than a mile into the earth.

[D]When all the present oilfields are exhausted, it is possible that this cold region may become the scene of oil activity. Yet the difficulties will be great, and the costs may be so high that no company will undertake the work.

[E]When it is refined into petrol it is used to drive the internal combustion engine. To it we owe the existence of the automobile, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To it we owe the possibility of flying. It has changed the methods of warfare on land and sea.

[F]They are a source of a great quantity of oil, which can be made into food for human consumption. A few other creatures yield oil, but none so much as the whale. Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity. No household can get on without it, for it is used in cooking. Perfumes may be made from the oils of certain flowers. Soaps are made from vegetable and animal oils.

[G]Because it is very slippery, it is used for lubrication. Two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat; but if they are separated by a thin film of oil, the friction and heat are reduced.

Text 5

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

The human ear is an incredible piece of engineering and exquisitely sensitive. Calculations show that the quietest sound we can hear vibrates the eardrum by less than the diameter of a hydrogen atom.1.___________________________________

But for 8. 5 million people in the UK something goes wrong with one of the stages. Different parts of the processing chain are vulnerable at different ages. Some of the causes are avoidable and many are treatable. Treatments for problems that occur early in the processing chain are more straightforward and more effective.

2.___________________________________

Things get more complicated behind the eardrum, in the air filled middle-ear cavity.

Middle-ear problems are common, treatable and the subject of intense debate about who should be treated and how. Anything that impairs transmission across the middle-ear even if it is only the pressure changes in an aircraft cabin, or blockage of the Eustachian tube by a cold causes hearing loss.

At the center of the debate over treatment is the common childhood condition known in the medical profession as otitis media with effusion or OME. This is usually caused by an infection of the middle ear, often in the aftermath of a cold, in which the middle ear cavity fills up with a liquid effusion.3.___________________________________

Treatment of glue ear is controversial. The condition affects millions of children between the ages of one and four, at the time they are learning to speak.

Mark Haggard, director of the Medical Research Council Institute for Hearing Research at Nottingham University, is conducting a large-scale evaluation of the effectiveness of the different treatments for glue ear, which will be completed in the autumn. According to him, there are two problems that complicate the assessment.

First, the long-term development effects of glue ear are not very severe. Language development is slightly delayed in children under four, and in children between four and seven there are “modest but definite” adverse effects on anxiety, social confidence and general co-coordination of behavior, Haggard says.

4.__________________________________Nobody can identify in advance the children who will have persistent glue ear.

5._____________________________The UK Health and Safety Executive recommends that precautions should be taken by those who work 40 hours a week in sound levels of 85 decibels, and requires an annual check for those who work in noise levels between 85 decibels and 90 decibels. In working environments where the noise is above 90 decibels, ear protection is mandatory.

[A]Noise exposure in the workplace is the most common preventable hazard to hearing. The hazard depends both on the intensity of the noise and the duration of the exposure.

[B]Evidence that it impairs the development of language and other cognitive functions led to a huge enthusiasm for grommet operations—which are the most common surgical operation in children—in the 1980s. Since 1992, doubt about whether the benefits of treatment would always justify the risk of surgery has swung the pendulum the other way.

[C]Before those vibrations are analyzed by the brain they pass through several stages of mechanical and neural processing that select the sounds we want to hear, adjust their level for comfort and intelligibility, and turn down the volume of distracting sounds.

[D]The effusion can be thick and sticky, giving the condition its colloquial name of “glue ear”. The liquid causes variable degrees of hearing loss by impairing the transmission of sound through to the inner ear.

[E]Glue ear can be treated surgically by inserting a tiny tube—a grommet—in the eardrum. This allows the glue to drain away, and ventilates the middle ear, which reduces the effusion of glue. There is evidence that removing the adenoids at the same time as inserting the grommet also helps by reducing the probability of future infections.

[F]The second problem is more difficult. Although glue ear affect 83 percent of children at some time in their lives, it fluctuates enormously in its severity and most children recover quickly and spontaneously.

[G]The easiest problem to treat is the one that occurs earliest in the chain. Obstruction of the ear canal by wax causes a relatively mild hearing loss. The loss is negligible unless the canal is completely blocked, which is rare, and is easily restored by cleaning out the wax.

Text 6

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are one extra choice, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

In the last few decades, it has become accepted wisdom that diet plays a key role in health. Furthermore, it is generally understood that some foods, in particular fats, sugars, and salt, are bad if eaten in excess. This has in turn created a vast “health food” market, both through specialty shops and on particular lines in almost all retailers. Now, some of the theories behind healthy eating are coming under attack.

Links between diet and health were identified by a few pioneer nutritionists in the first half of the 20th century. 1.___________________________________

Studies of people with a very different diet from that of Western society gave hints to the links to some degree. 2.___________________________________

The theory of “diseases of Western civilization” was developed. This suggested that some factors in our way of life made us particularly susceptible to a range of serious health problems that were virtually unknown in the past.

Yet it calls efforts to verify the links. 3.___________________________________

Links between food and health are even more difficult to pin down. Harmful factors known or suspected include many additives, including colorings and preservatives, agrochemical residues, microbial contaminants, natural toxins in food, and the types of food itself.

Concerns on the relations between food and health are undergoing. 4.___________________________________

Cholesterol is a fatty substance that is important to the functioning of the body and is made in the liver. It is also provided in the diet by dairy products and meat. However, high levels in the blood are thought to contribute to hardening of the arteries, leading to heart attacks. People who are overweight often, but by no means always, have higher levels of cholesterol than thin people. Saturated fatty acids are particularly high in cholesterol. Since heart disease is one of the major killers in Western society, reduction of cholesterol has become a preoccupation of many people. To date, advice about this has concentrated on reducing consumption of fatty meat and dairy products, with substitution of more vegetables, margarine made with polyunsaturated fats, and so on.

However, the studies are still of doubtful accuracy. 5.____________________________

Some of the alternatives to a high-cholesterol diet are turning out to have problems of their own. For example, partially hydrogenated vegetable oils made from soybeans and maize are now thought to be possibly linked to development of heart disease themselves.

Although we many will see some modification of ideas about diet and health over the next few years, the general principles of increasing fresh food, roughage, and vegetables and reducing rich foods, remain a good basis for a healthy diet.

[A]Over the past few years, the role of different foodstuffs in creating diseases of Western civilization has become the focus of controversy. In particular, links between cholesterol and heart disease have become increasingly well concerned.

[B]Sir Robert McCarthy carried out a series of comparisons on populations in different parts of India and found marked contrasts in average life span, which he ascribed to different diets.

[C]For the last few decades, much medical research had been concentrated on identifying these links. Perhaps even more importantly, their relative importance, and the interactions between various factors, have to be distinguished. This is not as easy as it sounds. Identifying precisely why any particular person becomes ill or dies of heart disease or cancer is impossible.

[D]There are clearly links between Western diet and both cancer and heart disease, and a range of established health problems linked with being overweight that are at least partial caused by too many fatty foods and sugars, which are not found in some other countries'diet.

[E]The Eskimo people of the far north, some African tribes of people, farmers in the Himalayas, and the Japanese, found that these groups were virtually free of many of the major killer diseases of Europe and North America, including heart disease and cancer.

[F]The research into links between cholesterol levels and heart disease is ambiguous; as is evidence that lowering cholesterol helps prevent heart disease. It now appears that the precise chemical form of cholesterol is important, and perhaps also the way that it reaches the body.

Text 7

Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-F for each of the numbered paragraphs（1-5）. There is one extra subheading. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]Like people and be good at communicating

[B]Hire carefully and be willing to fire

[C]Set reasonable aims and arrangement for employees

[D]Don't make the same decision twice

[E]Define success for employees

[F]Create a productive circumstance

Recently I wrote about some qualities of a good employee, which prompted quite a few people to ask about the attributes of a good manager. There isn't magic formula for good management, of course, but if you're a manager, perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.

1.___________________________________

You need a strong team, because a mediocre team gives mediocre results, no matter how well managed it is. One common mistake is holding onto somebody who doesn't quite measure up. It's easy to keep this person on the job because he's not terrible at what he does. But a good manager will replace him or move him to a set of responsibilities where he can succeed unambiguously.

2.___________________________________

This is a particular challenge because it requires different approaches depending on the context. Sometimes you maximize productivity by giving everybody his or her own office. Sometimes you achieve it by moving everybody into open space. Sometimes you use financial incentives to stimulate productivity. A combination of approaches is usually required. One element that almost always increases productivity is providing an information system that empowers employees.

3.___________________________________

Make it clear to your employees what constitutes success and how they should measure their achievements. Goals must be realistic. Unachievable goals undermine an organization. At my company, in addition to regular team meetings and one-on-one sessions between managers and employees, we use mass gatherings periodically and e-mail routinely to communicate what we expect from employees. If a reviewer or customer chooses another company's product over ours, we analyze the situation carefully. We say to our people, “The next time around we've got to win. What will it take?What's needed?”

4.___________________________________

This is hard to fake. If you don't genuinely enjoy interacting with people, it'll be hard to manage them well. You must have a wide range of personal contacts within your organization. You need relationships—not necessarily personal friendships—with a fair number of people, including your own employees. You must encourage these people to tell you what's going on（good or bad）and give you feedback about what people are thinking about the company and your role in it.

5.___________________________________

Spend the time and thought to make a solid decision the first time so that you don't revise the issue unnecessarily. If you're too willing to reopen issues, it interferes not only with your execution but also with your motivation to make a decision in the first place. After all why bother deciding an issue if it isn't really decided?People hate indecisive leadership so you have to make choices. However, that doesn't mean you have to decide everything the moment it comes to your attention. Nor that you can't ever reconsider a decision.

I don't pretend that these are the only approaches a manager should keep in mind, or even that they're the most important ones. There are lots of others. Just a month ago, for example, I encouraged leaders to demand bad news before good news from their employees. But these ideas may help you manage well, and I hope they do.

Text 8

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs D and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]The Asian engineer who suffered in America was the victim of another mistaken expectation.“He was accustomed to the warm group environment so typical in Japan，”said his U. S.manager.“But in our company, we're all expected to be self-starters, who thrive on working alone. For him, it was emotional starvation. He's made the adjustment now, but he'd be humiliated if I told you his name, that's another cultural difference.”

[B]Each of these real-life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management.“Multinational companies have studied everything else, now they're finally looking at culture”, says Clifford Clarke, founder and president of the California-based IRI International Inc.“Never show the shoe to an Arab, never arrive in time for a party in Brazil, and in Japan, don't think‘yes'means‘yes'，”advise U. S.consultants Lennie Copland and Lewis Brown Griggs, who have produced a series of firms and a book to help managers improve their international business skills. But simply learning the social “dos” and “don'ts” is not the answer, according to the new culture specialists. The penalties for ignoring different thinking patterns, they point out, can be disastrous.

[C]For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling his Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded, but when some workers received higher salary than others, there were complaints.“You told us you'd be fair, and you lied to us，”accused one salesman.“It took me a year and a half”, sighed the American，“to realize that‘fair', to my staff, meant being treated equally.”

[D]In this increasingly global business world, many corporations are finding the subject of “managing cultural differences”, an area of priority for their diverse expatriate staff. A U. S.executive tells his staff he's going to treat them fairly—and creates dissension. An Asian engineer is assigned to a U. S.laboratory and almost suffers a nervous breakdown. A Japanese manager is promoted by his American president, but within six months asks for a transfer.

[E]That's why Intel, with the help of consultant Clarke, began an intercultural training program this spring which Flash expects will dramatically reduce decision-making time, now lost in making sure that the Americans and the Japanese understand each other.

[F]The Japanese manager who failed to respond to his promotion couldn't bring himself to use the more direct language needed to communicate with his Boston-based superiors.“I used to think all this talk about cultural communication was a log of baloney，”says Eugene J. Flash, president of Intel Japan Ltd., a subsidiary of the American semiconductor maker.“Now, I can see it's a real problem. Miscommunication has slowed our ability to coordinate action with our home office.”

[G]If you work in a global corporation with a wide reach, you have colleagues with extraordinary talents. And the success of Shell is the ability to have these people work in teams to help each other bridge the various “cultural gaps”. These gaps could be language, ethnic or gender based. The fundamental need is to be able to find a common ground on which progress can be launched. And the most important knowledge here is “tactic”—to have the ability to recognize what is relevant and to be able to deliver it effectively for positive results.

Order：

Text 9

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-F to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are one extra choice, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

The high-tech revolution has inspired a seemingly endless stream of new and exciting electronic products that we just can't live without. In fact, the dizzying speed of technological innovation can make last year's must-have this year's junk.

And that's the problem. The average life span of a personal computer has shrunk to around 18 months—and this had nothing to do with worn-out mice or damaged disk drives. Simply put, electronic products can become obsolete before you've even figured out how they work.

However, out-fashioned electronic machines are disposed in ways disagreeable. 1.___________________________________

Many end up in landfills and that is where the trouble really begins. Computer monitors can contain up to 3.5kg of lead and can actually be considered hazardous waste once they are no longer in use. Circuit boards in electronic products contain cadmium, chromium and mercury, all of which are toxic substances that can leach into groundwater if left in a landfill.

Unfortunately, disposal problem is growing by the minute. 2.___________________________________

In Europe，6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated in 1998 alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent per year—which means by 2010 it could nearly double.

Actions are taken to answer the problem raised by techno-trash. 3.___________________________________

Companies are searching for new ways of tackling disposal issues before they become a problem, thus eliminating the need for legislative solutions. One way to reduce waste is to avoid throwing this away in the first place. Many companies reuse parts from old products in new models. This is not cheating—it makes both environmental and economic sense.4.___________________________________

Electronic products garbage cannot necessarily be reined in during only one phase. 5.___________________________________

IBM, meanwhile, recently unveiled programs in Canada and the U. S.that, for a small fee, will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer's computer. Depending on the age and condition, the equipment will then be either refurbished and donated to charity, or broken down and mined for reusable parts and recyclable materials.

[A]Canon, for example, has adopted a corporate philosophy known as “kyosei”. In Canon's context it means “living and working together for the common good”—including a fundamental goal of achieving sustainable economic development and harmony between the environment and corporate activities. The company has even gone so far as to say that environmental assurance should come before all business activities, and that companies incapable of achieving such assurance do not deserve to remain in business.

[B]In Japan alone, consumers throw away some 20 million TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and air conditioners each year.

[C]In 1999, the recoverable ratio including closed recycling, was 97 percent for Bubble Jet ink cartridges in Japan.

[D]The European Commission has proposed a directive that would require all electronic manufacturers to take back and properly dispose of all electronic products, regardless of their age. The details are still being ironed out, but some version of the directive will most probably become law in the next few years. Similar legislation is in preparation in the U. S.and has already been passed in Japan.

[E]Old keyboards, monitors, organizers and CPUs are stashed away in the attic or forgotten in a corporate warehouse, taking up valuable space.

[F]One concept, called “design for the environment” is in evidence at Kyocera Mita, whose Ecosys laser printers do not use disposable toner cartridges. Using advanced ceramics technology, these printers include a durable print drum with a super-hard coating that can produce up 300，000 pages of high-quality printing. Not only does this make ecological sense and keep cartridges out landfills, but also it saves the customer money.

Text 10

Directions: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 1-5, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraph A has been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]The company's acquisition of Hospira which is announced in February for $17 billion appeared to reinforce this notion, by supporting Pfizer's presence in certain parts of the generics（非专利药物）market and strengthening its established products business. On a call to discuss the Allergan deal, both Read and his counterpart Brent Saunders stressed that integration of Allergan’s portfolio and pipeline would enhance both Pfizer’s innovative and established drug portfolios. Pfizer has now stated, however, that it will make a decision on whether to split the company by 2018, and any move to do so would be implemented the following year.

[B]Pfizer and Allergan are the two major pharmacy companies in U. S. With both masters of the M&A（Mergers And Acquisitions）game, there is good reason to believe that management will oversee an effective integration, following the announcement of a $160 billion deal. The notion that Pfizer could subsequently split into two businesses which are an innovative pharmaceutical company and one focused on older, established products appears increasingly distant, however.

[C]Despite its global presence, Pfizer remains significantly underpriced, analysts point out, but before long its stock should become even more undervalued as its assets are bound to expand in value and reach, with its determined bid to acquire Allergan.

[D]While the acquisition of Allergan and the earlier purchase of Hospira appear designed to address these concerns, doubts may now grow as to whether Pfizer is either committed to the idea of a split or has any idea whether such a move will deliver the value creation that analysts and investors expect. Doubters may argue that such a path forward is now simply too complex. The notion of a split was one of Read's first actions as Pfizer CEO；with Saunders waiting in the wings can he distance his legacy from Pfizer's addiction to acquisitions.

[E]Defending the delay, Pfizer management suggested that integration of the Allergan deal would act as a priority over the next two years and suggested that its evolving tax structure should also be taken into consideration. However analysts taking part in the call to discuss Monday's announcement were clearly left disappointed by the proposed schedule. In a note to investors, Bernstein's Tim Anderson suggested that “deterioration of the Pfizer business relative to 2011, probably in the outlook for established products，”is likely to have shaped management's thinking, and has occurred due to global pricing and market access pressures.

[F]If Pfizer's fourth large-scale deal in 15 years appears formulaic, the notion that it could split up—first proposed four years ago—has always felt much more revolutionary, particularly when set against the context of the company's earlier acquisitions of other companies.

[G]One of Ian Read's most successful strategies as CEO has been to promote the possibility of a value-unlocking split, which has dominated Pfizer's strategic and financial narrative in the post-Lipitor era. Pfizer's attempt to acquire AstraZeneca last year therefore came as something of a surprise; Read successfully argued, however, that in order to get smaller, the company had to first get bigger.

Text 11

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

Computers can now daydream, and what better place to start than a bedroom?Indico in Boston, Massachusetts and Facebook's AI research lab in New York are known for developing high technologies. 1.___________________________________

Neural（神经的）networks work by analyzing training data like photos and learning to recognize certain properties, from simple geometric shapes to complex figures like cats or faces. Because the working of these systems is rather opaque, researchers are trying to understand exactly how different components of a network learn particular objects in which Google’s psychedelic（迷幻的）DeepDream landscapes are a recent example.

2.___________________________________The idea is that by repeatedly pitting the network against itself, it will learn to produce better images.

They trained the system on a database of photos of bedrooms, then asked it to produce its own photos. 3.___________________________________They say.“We can reason that the model has learned relevant and interesting representations.”

4.___________________________________When this filter was active, it generated bedroom scenes in which windows were replaced with similar objects, like doors or mirrors.

The same principle can be applied to photos of other things, like faces. In another experiment, they trained the network on pictures of faces, then tried out a kind of visual arithmetic. They gave the network pictures of smiling women, then told it to subtract pictures of women with neutral expressions and add men with neutral expressions. The goal was to extract the concept of “smiling” and combine it with the concept of “man”.5.___________________________________

For now the images are limited to just 32 x 32 pixels（像素）, which makes it simpler to get through all of the data and harder for humans to notice any errors in the images, but scaling up the system could lead to a kind of Google image search for pictures that don’t actually exist—you’d simply write a description and the computer would generate one for you. The team say they are also interested in applying the same model to video and audio.

[A]To prove it wasn't just copying the original data, they asked the network to generate a series of related pictures of the same scene, such as a bedroom with or without a window, or one in which a TV changes into a window. This shows that the network has figured out how certain features fit into a bedroom scene.

[B]Researchers from those machine learning firms have developed an artificial network that can call forth realistic-looking but imagined photographs on demand.

[C]At present, researchers have worked on the analyzing for a long time to prove the idea of computers learning to produce photos by itself. They did this by asking the network to create certain pictures such as bedroom, window or any other features in the bedroom.

[D]It also meant they could ask the network to generate images without particular features as they drew boxes around windows in some of the training data, then told the network to ignore them.

[E]The results were entirely imagined pictures of smiling men. Trying the same thing just by adding or subtracting pixels in the images resulted in a blurred mess, showing that the network really was learning how to create its own photos.

[F]The results prove that the network has get the concept of particular features when the computer was told to generate one but as the pixels are very blur, we don't exactly know whether it has generated the exact picture that we wanted.

[G]Now, they have looked at a particular type of network called a generative adversarial network, in which one part of the system tries to invent fake data to fool another part into mistaking it for training data.

Text 1 答案解析

答案精讲

1. C　本空位于第1个小标题下。第1个小标题的内容谈论的是给人留下自己具备领导人的硬件条件的印象，[C]举出一种技巧来说明如何展示自己优秀的履历背景。故[C]为答案。

2. E　本空位于第2个小标题下。第2个小标题的内容强调通过对团队成员的关心来唤起成员以更大的热情投入工作，[E]通过举福利（welfare）的例子说明了这一点。故[E]为答案。

3. F　本空位于第3个小标题下。第3个小标题阐述的是任务分配。[F]讲述的是当职位出现空缺时，可能需要培训现有员工或招聘新人来填补空缺，因此该项从挑选员工的角度论述了任务分配技巧的重要性。故[F]为答案。

4. D　本空位于第4个小标题下。第4个小标题的内容强调了要按计划、集中注意力去实现目标，[D]便是以市场营销为实例说明这一点。故[D]为答案。

5. B　本空位于第5个小标题下。第5个小标题的内容从与团队成员产生同感的角度来说明团队意识的建立。下面的文字也提到了要体会成员主观上的想法，选项中只有[B]是从团体意识的角度来说明这一点。[A]虽然也能体现团队的整体性，但它是从内部的团结性来说明这一点，而不是从领导者的角度来说明，故可排除。故[B]为答案。

难句剖析

1. In it, you'll learn how motivation works, and find out how best to motivate and inspire your team, with the huge performance improvements that come with this.

2. You'll develop the emotional sureness of touch shown by the best leaders, and learn to build the team consciousness, mutually trusting relationships with team members needed if your team is to perform “as one”.

参考译文

一些人把领导者看作是鞭策者，而另一些人把其看成是具备优秀的洞察力及决策力的人。一些研究这一领域的知名作家给出了领导力的确切定义。

一个领导者可以利用的领导力有许多种。有效率的领导者会利用以下三种有积极作用的能力：魅力能力、专业能力和指示能力。

本文将教授一些培养这些能力的技巧。

1.提高专业形象

毕竟，如果你通过自己的努力来获得知识，同样你也有权利得到这方面的声誉，否则就不公平了。一个重要的技巧就是巧妙地把自己以前的教育经历或履历向别人展示出来，比如，“当我在通用公司做总工程师的时候，我们曾经也碰到过类似的问题”。但是，一定要记住，使用这个技巧一定要注意适度。

2.激励的能力

激励部分的主题是鼓舞士气。在这一部分，你将学到动力如何起作用，并且了解到如何去激发你的团队，这将给你的团队表现带来显著的提高。

如果，作为一个领导者，他首要关心的不是他团队的福利，那么他永远都不知道他的团队会取得多显赫的成绩。关心你的下属们会让你拥有最好的客户服务，并且每一个成员都会尽最大力量做贡献，从而为团队带来最大的利润。

3.任务分配(www.daowen.com)

在任何的团体运动里，人们用大量的时间选择不同运动员去参加不同比赛。选择的过程涉及根据运动员的技能和状态以及团队将有可能面临的对手来决定每个成员所在的位置。

此外，当出现空缺时，你可能需要培训现有的队员，或者招聘新人来填补空缺。通常，培训是最好的选择：不仅是因为其成本更低，你也可以更多地了解每个人的天赋和工作方法。不利的方面是，一个刚刚培训好的人通常只是具有大量的理论知识，而缺少将理论转化为实践的经验。

4.盯住你的目标

注意我没有说“盯住你的得分”。如果我在投篮时盯着分数，我将一定比盯着篮板的最上面失分多。例如，制定受支持的营销步骤并将注意力集中在上面就能帮助你达成最终目标。

举个例子，如果你在今年需要720个新客户来获取50万美元的利润，那么你每个月需要发展60个新客户。如果你通过自己的市场方法能获得2%的回复率，那么你便能确定你需要通过你的市场方法每个月联系3000个人来得到60个新客户（60是3000的2%）。

5.协调团队

一旦你找到了发展的领域并具备了被认可的实力，协调团队的技能将带给你在建立具有良好平衡性的领导风格时所需的方法。如果想要你的团体像一个整体一样运作，你将要培养那些最好的领导者所表现出的稳定情绪，并且学会培养团队意识，建立团队各成员之间相互信任的关系。这是领导能力的经典模式。它对团队情绪气氛的建立有极大的积极效应。

比如，一个有远见的领导者可能会清楚地说出团队应该达到什么目标，但是并不说明如何达到。这让人们能有充分的自由度去创新、尝试，同时又有很大的计划风险。要想有效地用这种方法，一个领导者需要有非常好的同感能力。你必须能读懂其他人是怎么想的，感受他们的想法，预测他们是否能对你所描绘的蓝图产生共鸣。

总之，随着现代公司管理模式的完善，领导能力从来没有如此重要过。政府、商业机构、非营利组织以及国际联盟都在寻找优秀的领导者。而培养卓越的领导才能并不像想象中那么复杂。此外，在过去的50年里，社会的变化是空前的，人们的个人能力变得更强，雇员们也经常换工作，很少有人喜欢被人管理着。这些变化使灵活有力的领导能力比以往更加必要。

Text 2 答案解析

答案精讲

1. E　本空位于第1段中间。本题考查对句组关系的理解。空格前的内容谈到书籍最大的好处在于书的启迪作用，空格后面的句子谈到书也时常引起大作家的思考；由此我们可以推断，此处谈论的也应该和书籍的启发作用有关。[E]把书籍比喻成火柴，并指出书所具有的这种激发潜能的作用。故[E]为答案。

2. G　本空位于第1段段末。本题考查对句组关系的理解。第1段前半部分讨论书的启发作用，空格前面两句提到在书中我们可以逐渐认识自己（get acquainted with ourselves），然后进行了举例说明：在爱默生的书中……，在莎士比亚的书中……。由此推断，空格处应该继续这个话题。[G]中提到的find the most of ourselves, our strength, our weakness……（看到自己许多的映像，看到自己的优点、缺点……）正是在具体说明get acquainted with ourselves（逐渐认识自己）。故[G]为答案。

3. D　本空位于第2段段末。本题所在的段落起始位置就指出我们的许多看法是从最喜欢的书中形成的。后面进一步分析了我们所喜欢的作家对我们的影响。纵观选项，只有[D]谈论不健康书籍的消极作用，并且选项起始位置有表达转折意味的短语on the contrary（相反），因此[D]符合题意，该项从反面说明我们无法避免所读书籍的影响。

4. A　本空位于第4段且独立成段，因此从段际关系来分析，该段应为过渡段或扩展段。空格前一段深入探讨既然我们不能避免受到所读书籍的影响，那么我们就应该只读那些有促进作用的书籍，因为好书的积极作用是无限的；而空格后一段主要在讲书籍在家庭装饰上的作用。由此推知，本空应该填一个承上启下的段落，重点在于引领下文的段落，也就是能将书籍和家庭联系起来的内容，故[A]适合。[B]虽然有承上的作用，但由于其内容主要围绕书籍的积极作用，在逻辑结构上应归入第3段，而不能单列一段，故不正确。故[A]为答案。

5. C　本空位于第6段段末。本题考查对段落结构安排的理解。空格处位于第6段段尾，在逻辑上应是承接空格前的内容，强调不能在购书上省钱。因第4、5段将话题转向家庭藏书，并提出藏书既可以装饰居室又能让孩子得到熏陶，所以第6段应该谈到孩子是如何从家庭藏书中获益的，故[C]为答案。

难句剖析

1. As we should associate with people who can inspire us to nobler deeds, so we should only read those books which have an uplifting power, and which stir us to make the most of ourselves and our opportunities.

2. If you cannot give your children an academic education you can place within their reach a few good books which will lift them above their surroundings, into respectability and honor.

参考译文

书籍最大的优点不全在于我们所记得的内容，而是在于书的启迪。一本好书经常就像一根火柴，散发光芒并激发我们的潜能。只要能获得一根火柴，我们大多数人都有足够多的爆发性才能。好书就是益友，常常激发我们的各种潜力。书籍也时常引起大作家的思考，甚至涉及完全不同的主题。如果我们已能清楚地表达自己的想法和感觉的话，在书中就时常会发现自己所想过的和感受到的东西。的确，在书中我们逐渐认识了自己。我们在爱默生的书里发现一个特点，在莎士比亚的剧本里发现另一个特征，在荷马的诗里发现某种表情，在但丁的诗里瞥见了我们自己的形象，诸如此类，一直到讲清楚我们的整个个性。确实，从朋友那里我们看到自己许多令人愉快的映像，从敌人方面反映出自己许多缺陷，从世界各处了解到自己的特性；但是在书本里我们平静而公正地发现自己的大部分情况，我们的优点、缺点、宽大、局限、意见、爱好、融洽和不协调，以及既有诗意而又平凡的品质。

我们的许多看法大多是从最喜欢的书中形成的。我们喜爱的作家是让我们最心悦诚服的老师；我们借助他的眼力观察世界。如果我们经常读的书的语气是激励人心的，文体是洗练的，推理是正确的，洞察力是敏锐的，我们的心智就发展成同样的特性。反之，如果阅读不健康的书籍，我们的心智就会被书里的错误观点和邪恶观念所沾污。正如不能避免所呼吸空气的影响一样，我们也不能避免所读书籍的影响。

最好的书也最能激励我们，鞭策我们下大决心做事，成为不同寻常的人。最好的书使我们达到更高的水平，呼吸更为清新的空气。正如我们应该与能激励我们变得更高尚的人交往一样，我们应该只读那些令人振奋的、促使我们充分发挥自己和利用机会的书籍。

藏书不再是一种奢华，而是一种需要。没有书籍、期刊和报纸的家庭，就像一间没有窗户的居室。儿童们学会阅读全靠悠游于群书之中；经常翻阅书籍，孩子们会不知不觉地汲取知识。现在家家都能提供良好的读物。

要是你无力样样购置的话，就用书籍来装饰你的居室，舍弃没有必要的家具、小摆设，甚至图画。世上最不和谐的景象莫过于一所雅致的房子陈设着昂贵的家具、名家字画、进口的挂毯、雕像、贵重的地毯、奢侈的壁画，然而书房内却几乎没有一本经典的著作。

如果必要的话，宁肯穿破衣烂鞋，也不要在买书上抠门吝啬。要是不能让儿女受到正规的学校教育，你可以把一些好书置于他们身旁，那些书会使他们跨越环境的藩篱，达到享有尊敬和荣誉的境界。对有机会读到必读书籍的最贫穷的男孩或女孩来说，获得大学教育或同等学习机会和更多的教育都是可能的事。

如果你想提高精神境界，不论你读什么，你都要饱含热情、精力充沛、一心一意地读下去。学习吸收一本书的精神和道德的活力，将其融入你的生活之中。最会读书的人能吸收最多的知识并转化为自己的品质。死读书的人只记得字面词义和皮毛，食而不化。他们只知填塞头脑，却使智力贫乏。如果你正在从一本书中获得最大的收益，你就会感觉到一种你以前从未感觉到的做事能力。

Text 3 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本空位于第2段之上。该段无明显主旨句，文中提到，20万年前，地球上的人口不超过5千万；过了1500年后，地球上大约有5亿人；1776年时，人口达到10亿……这一系列数据揭示了历史进展中人口的巨大变化，故[B]为答案。

2. E　本空位于第3段之上。该段多次出现了science（科学）这个词，第1句提到过去十年科学领域里新发生的重大发现超过了之前的整个科学史，这揭示了科技革命的迅猛发展，下文用核武器和核战争的例子进一步论述发展之迅猛，故[E]正确。[D]具有一定的干扰性，该段最后一句谈到科技的一些影响，但实际仍然是为突出科技发展的迅猛，[D]不能概括整段的信息，故[E]为答案。

3. A　本空位于第4段之上。该段第1句提到，我们很有必要即刻认识到现在全球环境破坏的恶劣局面除了能够震撼和警醒我们之外，还有它们的共同点。句中的necessary（必要的）和promptly（立刻）暗示了该问题的必要性和紧迫性，[A]中的the urgency正是这层含义；且作者在该段后面举了一系列全球环境遭到破坏的例子来证明该段第1句的观点，故[A]为答案。

4. F　本空位于第5段之上。该段无明显主旨句，通过综合分析the first is to realize（一要认识）, the second is to realize（二要认识）和a careful assessment（认真评估）等一系列关键词汇，可以提炼出段落的焦点，即要重新认识和思考人类与地球的关系，故[F]为答案。

5. C　本空位于第7段之上。该段第1句提到，有观点认为不管是核动力还是基因工程，总会有一种新的终极科技能够解决这个问题。第3句提到，但是真正的解决方法是重新设定或最终改善人类文明同地球的关系。最后一句还提到，但关键在于我们要对此关系本身有新的思考方式。这些信息都与[C]中的the ultimate resolution of human relation to the earth（最终解决人类与地球关系的决心）这个内容吻合，故[C]为答案。

难句剖析

1. While no single discovery has had the kind of effect on our relationship to the earth that nuclear weapons have had on our relationship to warfare, it is nevertheless true that taken together, they have completely transformed our cumulative ability to exploit the earth for sustenance—making the result of unrestrained exploitation every bit as unthinkable as the result of unrestrained nuclear war.

2. As a result, any solution to the problem will require a careful assessment of that relationship as well as the complex interrelationship among factors within civilization and between them and the major natural components of the earth's ecological system.

参考译文

20世纪见证了两个关键方面的巨大变化：人口的急剧增长和科技革命的迅猛发展，这两个方面定义了我们人类与地球关系之间的物理现实。这使我们对构成地球的物质进行燃烧、砍伐、挖掘、搬运和改造的能力大幅提高。

1.史上惊人的人口激增

从20万年以前现代人类的出现到尤利乌斯·恺撒时代，在地球上行走的人类不超过5000万。当1500年后克里斯托弗·哥伦布航海发现新大陆时，地球上大约有5亿人口。到1776年托马斯·杰弗逊起草《独立宣言》时，地球上的人口又增加了一倍，达到了10亿。到20世纪中叶第二次世界大战末期，地球人口已经超过了20亿。

2.科技革命的加速发展

人类公认，在过去的十年，科学领域里新发生的重大发现超过了之前的整个科学史。虽然任何一种新的发现对我们同地球的关系的影响都不及核武器对人类战争的影响，但这些发现加在一起却真的完全改变了我们渐增的开发地球以求生存的能力——使得无限制开发的后果同无限制核战争的后果一样糟糕。

3.完全改变人类同地球关系的迫切性

我们很有必要即刻认识到，现在全球环境破坏的恶劣局面除了能够震撼和警醒我们之外，还有它们的共同点。这些征兆下面潜藏着比以往范围更广、程度更深的问题。全球变暖，臭氧层的破坏，物种的灭绝，森林的退化——这些问题有着相同的原因：人类文明与地球的自然平衡之间的新关系。

4.审慎地认识并反思人类和地球的关系

这一问题有两个方面：一要认识到我们对地球的破坏力量的确会产生全球化的影响乃至永久性的影响；二要认识到对作为自然共建者这一新角色的唯一理解就是将我们自己视为这个复杂体系的一部分。

问题不是我们对环境的影响，而是我们与环境的关系。因此，要解决问题就要认真评估人类与环境的关系、文明内部各种因素的复杂关系以及地球生态系统的主要自然成分。

5.最终解决人类与地球关系的决心

有观点认为，不管是核动力还是基因工程，总会有一种新的终极科技能够解决这个问题。也有人认为大力削减我们对科技的依赖性才能提高生活质量。但是真正的解决方法是重新设定或最终改善人类文明同地球的关系。要达到这个目的，就要对导致近来该关系剧烈变化的所有因素进行重新评估。当然我们对待地球的方式的转变会涉及新技术，但关键在于我们要对此关系本身有新的思考方式。

Text 4 答案解析

答案精讲

1. F　本空位于第2段且独立成段，根据段际关系来分析，该段应该是过渡段或扩展段。前一段介绍了油可以分为三大类：动物油、植物油和矿物油。据此了解文章将讲述三种不同类型的油，而第1段讲述的是第一种油——鲸油。仔细阅读各个选项，[F]中就含有whale（鲸）和vegetable（植物）等词语，其下文在继续讲述鲸油之后，转而讨论植物油，因此该段是文章主旨的扩展段落，故[F]为答案。

2. E　本空位于第4段段首。本题考查段际关系。空格位于段落的开头，可以从上一段中寻找解题的线索。第3段提到，矿物油可以用来驱动坦克、飞机……它还可以用来给机器润滑。浏览各选项，[E]谈到可以矿物油提炼出汽油用来开动内燃机，正是因为有了这种油，我们才能用上汽车等，才有可能飞行。由此可见，这部分是对前面部分的拓展，故[E]为答案。

3. G　本空位于第5段段首。本题考查段际以及句组关系。空格后面提到，任何机械如果不进行适当的润滑就不能够持续工作，而[G]第1句就提到“因为它非常滑润，可以用作润滑剂”，这正与空格后面的内容衔接；此外，第3段末提到矿物油可以用来驱动……它还可以用来给机器润滑，而驱动飞机这个用途在上一段已进行了详细说明，本段该介绍的理应是用作润滑剂这个作用。故[G]为答案。

4. B　本空位于第6段段首。本题考查段落结构的安排。前两段介绍了石油的作用，空格后面主要介绍了石油形成的过程，因此[B]“现在使我们汽车飞驰、飞机翱翔的油来源于什么呢？”起到了很好的承上启下的作用，故[B]为答案。

5. D　本空位于第8段段首。本题考查段际关系。上一段末提到，剩下的就是北极附近的地区。空格后提到“如果……北极的石油储备就可以永远留存在那里”。由此推断，本段承接上一段，谈论北极的石油储备。观察剩余的选项，只有[D]谈到oilfields（油田），且其中的cold region（寒冷的地区）就是指北极地区。故[D]为答案。

难句剖析

1. But when the politician or the engineer refers to oil, he means mineral oil, the oil that drives tanks, aero-planes and warships, motor-cars and diesel locomotives, the oil that is used to lubricate all kinds of machinery.

2. They were covered with huge deposits of mud; and by processes of chemistry, pressure and temperature were changed into what we know as oil.

参考译文

油可以分为三大类：动物油、植物油和矿物油。大量的动物油是从鲸身上得来的。鲸是海里的庞然大物，是世界上现有动物中最大的一种。大自然为了保护鲸，使它不至于在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪，叫作鲸脂。

鲸是大量动物油的来源，这种油可以制成食品供人食用。有些动物也出油，但都没有鲸出得多。植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。任何家庭都离不开它，因为做饭的时候就要用它。有些花儿产生的油可以用来制造香水。植物油和动物油还可以用来制作肥皂。

对一般人来说，这种油或那种油可能都是重要的。但是当政治家或工程师谈到油的时候，他所指的是矿物油。这种油用来驱动坦克、飞机、战舰、汽车以及柴油机车，这是一种用来给各种机械润滑的油，正是这种油改变了普通人的生活。

当矿物油被提炼成汽油，它就用来开动内燃机。正是因为有了这种油，我们才能用上汽车，以代替私人马车。正是因为有了这种油，我们才有可能飞行。它还改变了陆战和海战的方法。这种油来源于地下。因为它易于燃烧，所以可用作燃料，而且在这方面比煤还有某些优越之处。现在许多大轮船就烧油而不烧煤。

因为它非常滑润，可以用作润滑剂。两个金属面相擦，就会产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少摩擦，降低热度。任何机械如果不使用一定的润滑剂，就不能持续工作。润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用，太稠则流不到所有需要润滑的零件。

现在使我们的汽车飞驰、飞机翱翔的油来源于什么呢？科学家认为地球下面的油形成于很久以前，是由海洋生物形成的。无数的微小的海生动植物沉到海底。它们被大量泥沙所覆盖，由于化学过程、压力、温度的作用，它们变成了我们所知道的油。这些生物要想变成油就必须在岩石层之间受压相当长的时间。

世界上有几个地区储藏有石油。一个是中东地区，包括波斯湾；另一个是北美洲和南美洲之间的地区，还有亚洲和澳大利亚之间的地区。剩下的就是北极附近的地区。

当现在所有的油田都枯竭了，这一寒冷地区就可能成为石油开采的活跃地区。但困难会很大，成本可能高到没有公司愿意承担这项工作。如果使用原子能开动机器，取得飞速的发展，由油驱动的发动机就可能被一种新型的发动机所代替。这种情况下对石油的需求就会减少，油田就会逐渐地消失，北极储藏的油就可以永远留存在那里。

Text 5 答案解析

答案精讲

1. C　本空位于第1段段末。本题应通过对句组关系的理解来解答。空格前提到了人能听到的最微弱的声响给鼓膜带来的振幅比一个氢原子的直径还小。那么空格处应该再具体讲解一下耳朵听见声音的过程。[C]提到了一系列的动作：选取我们想听的声音，把它们调到舒适清晰的程度，把分散人注意力的声音压低，最后大脑再对那些振动进行分析。这就是对耳朵听音过程的具体描述。故[C]为答案。

2. G　本空位于第3段。此空独立成段，因此从段际关系来分析，这段起承上启下的作用。空格前一段提到了早期出现的听觉问题医治起来更为直接有效。而空格后的段落提到中耳腔内所发生的问题就复杂得多了。显然空格处应讨论比较初等的、容易治愈的听力问题。[G]一开始就提到最早出现于听觉环节的问题处理起来最容易，后又提到耳垢堵塞耳道引起的听力下降只需清除耳垢就能恢复听力，故[G]为答案。

3. D　本空位于第6段段末。此题应通过对句组关系和上下文词语的共现关系的理解来确定选项。空格前提到分泌性中耳炎是由中耳感染所致，常发生于感冒后期。[D]提到分泌性中耳炎俗称“胶耳”，是因为中耳腔内积留着渗流液体从而导致不同程度的听力下降。另外，通过上下文词语的共现关系也可以找到线索。空格前的句子中的关键词语是liquid effusion（渗流液体），[D]也提到了effusion（渗出）和liquid（液体），因此答案是[D]。[E]有一定的干扰性，因为[E]也提到了胶耳（glue ear），有的人可能把这当作是一种呼应，但空格后的句子讲的是胶耳的治疗存在争议，[E]讲的是胶耳的治疗方法及其原理，显然空格处应讲述胶耳的病理原因才使上下文连贯，不然“胶耳”的概念尚不明确就谈到其治疗，语意不连贯，故排除[E]。

4. F　本空位于第10段段首。本题考查对全文结构和句组关系的理解。上文提到有两个问题使得对胶耳两种疗法的疗效进行评估变得复杂。空格前一段分析了一个问题。那空格所在的段落肯定要分析第二个问题。[F]一开始就提到第二个问题更难，后又提到绝大多数孩子会很快自行康复，这和空格后提到的“谁也没法事先就把可能患上胶耳顽症的孩子识别出来”衔接紧密。所以答案只能是[F]。[B]有一定的干扰性，因为提到了关于此疾病有损于语言及其认知能力的开发的证据，该项与下文的衔接不如[F]紧密，[F]中的The second problem（第二个问题）与上一段首的“First（首先）”相呼应，排除[B]。故[F]为答案。

5. A　本空位于第11段段首。本题主要通过对句组关系的理解来解答。空格后的句子讨论了英国健康与安全监管署对于在高分贝噪声下工作的人的建议，那空格处肯定会提及噪声对人类的危害。[A]提到工作场所发出的噪声是最常见的可防性听力公害，其危害程度取决于噪声强度的大小和接触时间的长短。故[A]为答案。

难句剖析

1. Before those vibrations are analyzed by the brain they pass through several stages of mechanical and neural processing that select the sounds we want to hear, adjust their level for comfort and intelligibility, and turn down the volume of distracting sounds.

2. The UK Health and Safety Executive recommends that precautions should be taken by those who work 40 hours a week in sound levels of 85 decibels, and requires an annual check for those who work in noise levels between 85 decibels and 90 decibels.

参考译文

人的耳朵构造精巧、反应敏捷，是个不可思议的器官。多次计算表明，我们所能听到的最微弱的声响，给鼓膜带来的振幅还抵不过一个氢原子的直径。在大脑对那些振动进行分析之前，它们要通过好几道机械程序和神经程序——包括选取我们想要听的声音，把它们调到舒适清晰的程度，还要把分散人注意力的声音压低。

但在英国，有850万人在某种听觉程序中存在着障碍。年龄不同的人，在听觉处理上各有不同的薄弱环节。引起听觉障碍的原因有些是可以避免的，并且多数可以医治。对早期出现的听觉处理环节的问题，医治起来更为直接有效。

最早出现的听觉环节的问题处理起来最容易。耳垢堵塞耳道会引起轻度的听力下降。若非完全堵塞耳道（这是极罕见的），这类失聪是可以避免的，只需清除耳垢人就能轻易地恢复听力。

在鼓膜背后、充满空气的中耳腔内所发生的问题就复杂得多了。

中耳的问题比较普遍，是可以治愈的；也是谁该治，怎样治这一激烈争论的主题。任何损害中耳传导的东西——哪怕只是机舱气压的变化，或感冒引起的耳咽管堵塞——

都会引起听力下降。

关于听力治疗的争议，其焦点就是医学上所说的OME（分泌性中耳炎）这种儿童常见耳疾。这种耳疾通常由中耳感染所致，往往发生于感冒后期，此时中耳腔内积留着一种渗流液体。积液可能有些黏稠，使这种疾病俗称“胶耳”。由于影响声音传导到内耳，这种积液就会导致不同程度的听力下降。

对胶耳的治疗存在争议。此疾涉及几百万个年龄在1～4岁的幼儿，而此时他们正处于学习说话的阶段。

诺丁汉大学听力研究所的医学研究理事会主任马克·哈格德正在主持对胶耳不同疗法的疗效进行的一项大型评估，这项评估可望在今年秋季完成。他认为两大问题致使评估变得错综复杂。

首先，胶耳的长远影响不太严重。哈格德说，它对4岁以下幼儿的语言开发略有耽误，而对于4～7岁的儿童则具有“不太严重且又明显存在的”负面效应，表现为情绪不安、处世缺乏信心、举止整体失调等。

第二个问题更难。虽说83%的儿童在某个年龄段会受到胶耳的影响，但其严重程度差别极大，而且绝大多数孩子会很快自行康复。谁也没法事先就把可能患上胶耳顽症的孩子识别出来。

工作场所发出的噪声是最常见的可防性听力公害。其危害程度取决于噪声强度的大小和接触时间的长短。英国健康与安全监管署建议，凡每星期在85分贝音量下工作40小时的人需要采取防范措施，凡在85～90分贝噪声下工作的人需要每年检查一次听力。凡是噪声大于90分贝的工作环境，均应强制保护工作者的耳朵。

Text 6 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本空位于第2段。本段首句指出在20世纪早期，一些营养学家的先驱指出了饮食和健康之间的关系。那么接下来的扩展句就需要提供证据和例子来支持主题句的观点：营养学家是如何发现饮食与健康之间的联系的。[B]提到麦卡锡爵士把印度不同人群的平均寿命上的差异归因于不同的饮食，很好地说明了营养学家是如何把饮食和健康联系在一起的，故[B]为答案。

2. E　本空位于第3段。本段首句指出对于饮食不同于西方社会的人们的研究从某种程度上说明了饮食与健康的联系，那么下文的论证应该具体谈到这些国家的情况。[E]谈到因纽特人、非洲的部落人群、喜马拉雅山的农民和日本人几乎没有欧洲和北美地区所遭受的很多主要疾病，这正是对那些非西方国家饮食与健康关系的研究结果。[D]也谈到了其他非西方国家的食物，但它是一个结论性的论述，并未对本段首句即中心句展开论证，它是干扰项，故[E]为答案。

3. C　本空位于第5段。本段首句提到，证实饮食与健康的联系并不容易，那么在下文的展开句中就应该提供不容易的原因。[C]中的“要精确地指出某一个人为什么生病或者死于心脏病或癌症是不可能的”是对段首主题句的进一步论证。故[C]为答案。

4. A　本空位于第7段。本段首句指出人们正在关注健康与饮食之间的关系。那么我们要找的就是人们在关注这个问题的具体例子。[A]中的well concerned（广泛关注的）与主题句中的concerns（关注）同义复现，而In particular, links between cholesterol and heart disease have become increasingly well concerned.（尤其是胆固醇和心脏病的关系已被广泛关注。）正是使用具体的例子来展开论证的，故[A]为答案。

5. F　本空位于第9段。本段首句谈到这些研究结果的准确性还有待确定，那么展开句中应该会论证研究结果中存在一些错误或者不准确之处。[F]提到关于胆固醇水平和心脏病的联系的研究是不确定的。曾经认为降低胆固醇能够防止心脏病。现在看来胆固醇精确的化学形式是重要的，可能胆固醇到达身体的方式也是重要的。因此该项正是对本段标题的论述，故[F]为答案。

难句剖析

1. Sir Robert McCarthy carried out a series of comparisons on populations in different parts of India and found marked contrasts in average life span, which he ascribed to different diets.

2. To date, advice about this has concentrated on reducing consumption of fatty meat and dairy products, with substitution of more vegetables, margarine made with polyunsaturated fats, and so on.

参考译文

在过去几十年里，饮食对于健康起着关键的作用已经成了人们的共识。而且，人们都认为有些食物，尤其是脂肪、糖和盐，吃得过多是有害的。这就创造了广大的“健康食品”市场，无论是特色商店还是所有零售商的专门货架上都能找到这些食品。现在，支持这些健康饮食的理论受到了攻击。

在20世纪早期，一些营养学家的先驱指出了饮食和健康之间的关系。罗伯特·麦卡锡爵士对印度不同地区的人群进行了比较，发现这些人在平均寿命上有显著的差异，他把这归因于不同的饮食。

对于饮食不同于西方社会的人们的研究从某种程度上说明了饮食与健康的联系。如北极的因纽特人、非洲的部落人群、喜马拉雅山的农民以及日本人，这些群体被发现几乎没有欧洲和北美地区所遭受的很多主要疾病，包括心脏病和癌症。

人们提出了“西方文明疾病”理论。这意味着我们生活方式中的有些因素让我们更容易受到一系列严重的健康问题的困扰，过去我们对此几乎一无所知。

但证实这些联系并不容易。在过去的几十年里，很多医学研究都集中于找出这些联系。可能更重要的是，我们必须找出这些因素的相对重要性以及它们之间的作用。这可不像听起来那样容易。要精确地指出某一个人为什么生病或者死于心脏病或癌症是不可能的。

要想确定饮食和健康之间的联系更难。已经确认的和被怀疑可能有害的因素包括很多添加剂，如色素和防腐剂、农用化学品残留物、微生物细菌污染、食物中自然的毒素以及食物本身。

人们正在关注饮食与健康的关系。在过去的几年里，不同食物在导致西方文明疾病中所起的作用成为争论的焦点。尤其是胆固醇和心脏病的关系已被广泛关注。

胆固醇是一种含脂肪的物质，是在肝脏里形成的，对于身体的功能是很重要的。胆固醇由饮食中的奶制品和肉类供给。然而，血液中的胆固醇过高会导致动脉硬化，最终会引起心脏病。那些偏胖的人通常比瘦人的胆固醇高，但是这也不是绝对的规律。胆固醇中饱和脂肪酸尤其高。既然心脏病是西方社会的主要杀手之一，降低胆固醇已成为许多人注意的事。迄今为止，很多建议都关注于减少油腻的肉和奶制品的摄入，代之以更多的蔬菜，以及以多元不饱和脂肪制成的人造黄油等。

但是，这些研究结果的准确性还有待确定。关于胆固醇水平和心脏病的联系的研究是不确定的。曾经认为降低胆固醇能够防止心脏病。现在看来胆固醇精确的化学形式是重要的，可能胆固醇到达身体的方式也是重要的。

有些代替高胆固醇的饮食被证明本身就有问题。例如，现在认为黄豆和玉米制成的被部分氢化的植物油可能本身就和心脏病有联系。

尽管我们发现对于饮食和健康的观点在接下来的几年可能会有些改变，增加新鲜食物、粗粮、蔬菜，减少油腻食物仍旧是健康饮食的基础。

Text 7 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本空位于第2段之上。该段中的holding onto somebody who doesn’t quite measure up（坚持用一个不是十分合格的员工）和keep this person on the job（留用此人）对应[B]中的hire carefully（慎重地雇用），而replace him or move him to……（换掉他，或者将他安排在……）对应[B]中的be willing to fire（有魄力地辞退），故[B]为答案。

2. F　本空位于第3段之上。该段中一系列关键词语：给员工独立办公室（giving everybody his or her own office），为大家提供开放的工作空间（moving everybody into open space），通过经济手段（use financial incentives），提供信息系统（providing an information system），都是围绕如何创造一个有利的工作环境展开论述的，与[F]Create a productive circumstance（创造有利环境，提高工作效率）完全吻合，故[F]为答案。

3. E　本空位于第4段之上。该段采用总述—分述的结构模式，第1句提到，向员工阐明怎样算是成功以及如何衡量自己的成就。由此可知，本段主要讨论如何定义成功，故[E]Define success for employees（为雇员定义成功）正确；如果只是抓住段落中间部分的“目标必须现实（goals must be realistic）”“不可能达到的目标（unachievable goals）”和“我们对员工的期望（what we expect from employees）”等信息，而没有从整体上把握段落主旨，以偏概全，则容易被[C]Set reasonable aims and arrangement for employees（为员工设置合理的目标和安排）干扰。故[E]为答案。

4. A　本空位于第5段之上。该段中同样出现了很多的线索词，如与员工交流（interacting with people），员工间接触（personal contacts），建立关系（relationships），个人的友谊关系（personal friendships）等都涉及与同事间的交流接触，故[A]Like people and be good at communicating（真心喜欢你的同事，善于交流）为答案。

5. D　本空位于第6段之上。该段中多次提到decision（决定）这个词，且本段倒数第3句提到人们讨厌犹豫不决（indecisive）的领导，由此看出本段主要论述了做决策时要果断，不应该犹豫不决，故[D]Don’t make the same decision twice（不要反复做决定）为答案。

难句剖析

1. There isn't magic formula for good management, of course, but if you're a manager, perhaps these tips will help you be more effective.

2. I don't pretend that these are the only approaches a manager should keep in mind, or even that they're the most important ones.

参考译文

最近我写了一些关于如何成为一名优秀雇员的东西，使得很多人来咨询有关优秀经理的特质。当然，良好的管理并没有神奇的公式可以遵循，但如果你是一名经理的话，下面的方法或许会帮助你提高效率。

1.要慎重地雇用合格员工，有魄力地辞退不能胜任的员工

你需要一支出众的团队，因为不管管理得多么成功，一支平庸的队伍只能带来平凡的业绩。一个普遍的错误就是坚持用一个不是十分合格的员工。很容易会留用此人，是因为他在自己的工作上干得并不是很差。但是一名优秀的经理会换掉他，或者将他安排在一个他更加胜任的职位上去承担更多的责任。

2.创造有利环境，提高工作效率

这是一个特别的挑战，因为它需要根据不同的情况采取不同的措施。有时候给员工独立办公室可以最大限度地提高生产力；有时候为大家提供开放的工作空间也可以实现这个目标；有时候可以通过经济手段来推动生产力。但通常要综合运用各种手段来提高生产力。一个总是能够提高生产力的要素就是提供信息系统来激发员工。

3.为雇员定义成功

向员工们阐明怎样才算成功以及如何衡量自己的成就。目标必须现实，不可能达到的目标只会对团队有害。在我的公司中，除了日常的团队会议和经理员工之间一对一的座谈会之外，我们还通过定期的团体聚会和日常收发电子邮件的方式进行交流，表达我们对员工的期望。如果有评论者或顾客选择了另一家而不是我们公司的产品，我们要仔细地分析情况。我们对我们的员工说：“下次我们要赢。怎样才能成功？需要哪些要素？”

4.真心喜欢你的同事，善于交流

这是很难假装的。如果你不是真心地与员工交流，那么就很难把他们管理好。你必须同组织内的员工进行广泛的接触，你需要同大量的人包括你自己的员工建立关系——不一定必须是个人的友谊关系。你必须鼓励员工告诉你事情的进展情况（是好还是坏），反馈人们对公司以及你在公司的作用的看法。

5.不要反复做决定

花费时间和思想在第一时间做果断的决策，从而不必再进行更改。如果你非常想重新考虑既定决策，不仅会干扰你决策的实施，而且会干扰在第一时间做决定的动机。总之如果没有真正下决心那为何要费力做决定呢？人们讨厌犹豫不决的领导，所以你必须要做出选择。但是那并不意味着对每一件事都要在第一时间做出决策，也不意味着你永远无法重新考虑某一决策。

我并不认为这些是一个经理必须牢记在心的仅有的方法，或者自称这些是最重要的因素。还有许多其他的方法，例如，就在一个月前，我曾经鼓励领导者们从员工那里先听取坏的消息然后再听好的消息。但是这些观点可以帮助你进行出色的管理，我也希望如此。

Text 8 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本空位于第2段。本文首段[D]引出“文化差异”问题，并用几个事例指出文化差异可能对公司造成的影响。[B]首句中的each of these real-life cases（这些实际生活中的例子）显然就是指代首段中提到的三个事例，其中的高级雇员（superior employees）也符合首段事例中提到的几个人的身份，即美国经理（U. S.executive）、亚洲工程师（Asian engineer）、日本经理（Japanese manager），故[B]为答案。

2. C　本空位于第3段。[B]段最后提到，新文化专家们指出，答案不在于仅仅学习社交场合“应该做”和“不应该做”的，忽视不同思维方式的后果才是极为严重的。[C]中首先出现了for example（例如），这是表明举例的信号词，是对前面所提出观点进行的阐释、说明。通过美国经理的遭遇可以看出他忽视了美国人和日本人之间思维方式的差异，后果很严重，因此此项中的例子正是说明[B]中结尾处提出的观点。故[C]为答案。

3. A　本空位于第4段。从[A]首句中的another（另一种）可以看出，这是在承接上一段引出另一个跨国公司忽视文化差异的例子；此外，这还与第1段末先提到美国经理，然后是亚洲工程师的顺序一致，故[A]为答案。

4. F　本空位于第5段。首段提到的另一个例子是日本经理在获得提拔后不久就因文化差异而请求调转工作。[F]段中再次提及该事例，并用英特尔日本有限公司总裁的话说明重视公司内部不同文化之间交流的重要性。故[F]为答案。

5. E　本空位于第6段。[F]段最后指出英特尔日本有限公司总裁过去认为这些关于文化交流的言论都是无稽之谈，现在知道了这真的是个问题。因此自然引出[E]所谈到的英特尔公司在这方面采取的措施，故[E]为答案。

难句剖析

1. Each of these real-life cases involved people who were regarded as superior employees, but were ill-equipped to cope with the complexities and dangers of intercultural management.

2. For example, the American manager who promised to be fair thought he was telling his Japanese staff that their hard work would be rewarded, but when some workers received higher salary than others, there were complaints.

参考译文

在今天这个日益全球化的商业环境下，妥善处理来自不同国家员工的“文化差异”已经成为许多公司优先考虑的问题。一位美国经理告诉他的员工自己会公平地对待他们，结果却出现了矛盾。一位亚洲工程师被派到美国的实验室后精神几乎崩溃。而一位日本经理虽然得到其美国总裁的提拔，但不到六个月就要求调任。

这些实际生活中的例子涉及那些高级雇员，但是他们没有做好准备以面对跨文化管理的复杂及风险。总部位于加利福尼亚的IRI国际公司创始人兼总裁克利福德·克拉克指出，跨国公司对（公司管理的）其他方面都进行了研究，现在他们终于开始正视文化了。美国顾问伦尼·科普兰和路易斯·布朗·格里各斯建议不要让阿拉伯人看自己的鞋；在巴西参加聚会不要准时到达；在日本不要认为“yes”是“是”的含义。伦尼·科普兰和路易斯·布朗·格里格里各斯创建了一系列的公司，撰写了一本书来帮助经理们提高他们的国际化经营管理技能。新文化专家们指出，答案不在于仅学习社交场合“应该做”和“不应该做”的，忽视不同思维方式的后果才是极为严重的。

例如，承诺公平对待员工的美国经理认为，他告诉日本员工的是他们的勤奋工作会得到回报，但是当一些人薪水涨得比其他人多时，就出现了怨言。一位销售人员谴责他说：“你告诉我们要对我们公平对待，却撒了谎。”这位美国经理感叹：“我花了一年半才意识到对我的员工而言，公平就意味着对每个人一样对待。”

在美国遭受折磨的亚洲工程师是另一种误解的牺牲品。他的美国经理说：“他习惯于日本那种典型的温暖的集体环境。但是在我们公司，每个人都被视为自主工作者，独自工作得以发展。对他而言，这是一种情感饥渴。现在他正在进行调整，但是如果我告诉你他的名字，他就会感到耻辱，这是另一种文化差异。”

那位日本经理不能正确面对升职，甚至不能坦诚地与位于波士顿的上司进行沟通。英特尔日本有限公司（美国半导体制造企业的分支机构）总裁说：“过去我认为这些关于文化交流的言论都是无稽之谈，现在，我知道这真的是个问题。错误地传达信息降低了我们与总部协调的能力。”

这也是英特尔公司在顾问克拉克的帮助下，于今年春天启动了一项跨文化培训项目的原因，弗拉什认为这将极大地减少决策的时间，而现在这些时间都花在如何确保美国人和日本人互相理解上了。

如果你在一家业务遍布全球的国际企业工作，就会有能力出众的同事。壳牌石油成功的秘诀在于把他们分配到小组中工作，通过合作和互相帮助，避免“文化差异”带来的问题。造成这些差异的原因可能是语言、种族或性别上的。我们需要做的是找一个共同基础，让大家可以一同迈进。掌握适当的“策略”最重要。我们必须有能力看清楚相关的问题是什么，并且有效地克服它们，取得积极的成果。

Text 9 答案解析

答案精讲

1. E　本空位于第3段段末。根据第一个主题句“但是，处理过时的电子产品的方法却不尽如人意”，可以推断下文的论据拓展部分应为具体的不合理的电子垃圾处理方法。[E]中的old keyboards, monitors, organizers and CPUs（旧的键盘、显示器、资源组织器和中央处理器）对应该主题句中的out-fashioned electronic machines（过时的电子产品），而该选项中的are stashed away in the attic or forgotten in a corporate warehouse（被存放在家里的阁楼上或被遗弃在公司的仓库）则对应主题句中的are disposed in ways disagreeable（处理方法却不尽如人意），故[E]为答案。

2. B　本空位于第5段段末。该段主题句介绍了电子垃圾的处理问题时刻都在增加，由此推断，接下来要介绍问题的具体表现。此外，第6段介绍了欧洲的电子垃圾增加的情况。综上所述，[B]“仅在日本……丢弃大约2000万台……”符合题意。故[B]为答案。

3. D　本空位于第7段段末。该段主题句提出人们正采取措施应对科技垃圾。那么具体会采取何种措施呢？[D]中提到的欧盟委员会已经提出了立法建议，讨论并准备通过相应的管理方法（The European Commission has proposed a directive that would require……）正是对问题的应答。故[D]为答案。

4. A　本空位于第8段段末。该段主题句谈到公司也在积极采取措施，应对电子垃圾问题，由此推断，下面应该举例说明具体如何采取措施。[A]介绍了佳能公司提出的环保理念，包括取得可持续经济发展的基本目标以及环境保护和公司行为之间的和谐关系（including a fundamental goal of achieving sustainable economic development and harmony between the environment and corporate activities），这正是应对电子垃圾的一个积极措施，故[A]为答案。

5. F　本空位于第9段段末。该段主题句指出电子产品垃圾问题控制没有必要一步完成。由此可知，本空可能介绍其他控制电子垃圾问题的办法。下一段举了IBM公司的例子，由此推断，本空可能也会列举某个公司的例子。[F]中提到京瓷美达公司“为环境而设计”的理念是一个很好的例证，故[F]为答案。

难句剖析

1. In Europe，6 million metric tons of electrical and electronic equipment were generated in 1998 alone, and that volume is expected to increase three to five percent per year—which means by 2010 it could nearly double.

2. IBM, meanwhile, recently unveiled programs in Canada and the U. S.that, for a small fee, will take back not just an IBM but any manufacturer's computer.

参考译文

高科技革命的浪潮中不断涌现出许多新颖的、令人振奋的电子产品，这些新产品对人们的生活确实是不可或缺的。事实上，技术更新的速度令人目不暇接，去年必不可少的东西今年就会被人弃之如敝履。

这正是问题所在。个人电脑的平均寿命已缩减至18个月左右——当然，这并不是指鼠标磨损或磁盘驱动器损坏之类的情况。说得明白点，电子产品甚至可能在你还未完全弄清楚如何摆弄时就已经过时了。

但是，处理过时的电子产品的方法却不尽如人意。那些旧的键盘、显示器、资源组织器和中央处理器多数都被存放在家里的阁楼上或被遗弃在公司的仓库里，占据着宝贵的空间。

还有许多电子产品的废弃物被埋在废渣填埋地里，而这正是隐患所在。计算机的显示器可能含有高达3.5千克的铅，它们一旦被废弃不用，实际上就是一种有害的废物。电子产品中的电路板含有镉、铬和汞——所有这些都是有毒的物质，如果任其留在垃圾填埋地里，就会渗入地下水中。

遗憾的是，对电子垃圾的处理问题时刻都在增加。仅在日本，消费者每年就丢弃大约2000万台电视机、洗衣机、冰箱和空调。

在欧洲，仅1998年一年就产生了600万吨的电器和电子设备垃圾，这个数字预期会以每年3%至5%的速度递增——这意味着到2010年其数量将近翻一番。

人们正采取措施应对铺天盖地的科技垃圾。欧盟委员会提议制定一项管理条例，要求所有的电子产品厂商回收其所有电子产品并作适当处理，不论该产品的生产年代。细节问题还有待商讨，但有些管理条例的文本在今后的几年中可能形成法律条文。美国的类似立法正在准备中，日本已通过了相应的立法。

各个公司正纷纷寻求新的途径，以便在麻烦发生之前解决废物处理问题，这样就无须立法解决。减少垃圾的一个方法首先是避免丢弃。许多公司将旧产品的部件用于新款产品上。这并非欺诈行为——无论从环境角度或经济角度来看都是合情合理的。例如，佳能公司以“共生”作为公司的企业理念，根据佳能公司的具体情况，它的意思就是“为了共同的利益，一起生活和工作”——包括取得可持续经济发展的基本目标以及环境保护和公司行为之间的和谐关系。该公司甚至站到这样一个高度来看问题：环保问题应优先于一切商业行为，做不到这一点的公司不配再在商界立足。

电子产品垃圾问题控制没有必要一步完成。京瓷美达公司提出的“为环境而设计”的理念就是一个例证，其生产的依克斯激光打印机用的不是一次性色粉盒，而是采用了先进的陶瓷技术，这种打印机含有一个外覆一层超硬涂层的耐用打印鼓，可打印30万页高质量的打印件。这一技术不仅在生态上具有重大意义，使色粉盒不至于被丢到垃圾掩埋地，而且还为消费者节省了开支。

同时，IBM公司最近透露了在加拿大和美国开展的一些计划，即它将支付很少的资金用来回收任何厂家的计算机，不仅是IBM公司的产品。之后，它将根据该设备生产的年代和使用的情况，对其进行整修翻新后捐献给慈善机构，或拆开找出可重新使用的部件和可回收利用的材料。

Text 10 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本选项为第1项，应为文章总启段落。[B]段开篇说明辉瑞和艾尔健是美国两家制药公司（Pfizer and Allergan are the two major pharmacy companies in U. S.），并说明了他们的整合引发的问题，纵观其他选项放句首并不适合作为开篇总启句，另外其他选项内容都比较细节化，而[B]为总体观念描述，提出合并现象并说明由此产生的疑问。故[B]为正确答案。

2. F　本选项为第2项，为文章第2段。文章总启段[B]先提到了两大制药公司都是并购好手，句末提到辉瑞今后可能会把业务拆分成两部分的意向似乎正在变得越来越遥远（the notion that Pfizer could subsequently split into two businesses），由此推断第2段与这个意向（notion）相关。根据[F]内容可知该选项与第1段照应，同时提到了辉瑞并购的历史和当前拆分的意向，语义衔接通顺。故[F]为正确答案。

3. G　本选项为第3项，为文章第3段。根据第2段[F]的内容可以推断，第3段与辉瑞拆分业务有关。给定的第4段[A]提到，收购赫升瑞，强化了上述概念，它让辉瑞在非专利药市场的某些区域获得更大份额，同时强化了其现有的产品业务（reinforce this notion, by supporting Pfizer’s presence in……market and strengthening its established products business）。根据该内容可知第3段应讲述第4段[A]提到的概念（notion），并且该概念应当支持第4段[A]关于收购赫升瑞的内容。文章前两段提到辉瑞四年前本来是具有拆分意向的，因此第3段应为从拆分的概念向第4段的收购概念转化的段落，让这两个概念并不矛盾。[G]中内容既提到拆分概念又解释了先变大再变小概念（in order to get smaller, the company had to first get bigger），与上下文内容衔接密切。故[G]为正确答案。

4. E　本选项为第5项，为文章第5段。根据给定的第4段[A]的后半部分内容“辉瑞目前表示，关于拆分的决议要等到2018年而具体实施要到2019年（it will make a decision on whether to split the company by 2018, and any move to do so would be implemented the following year）”可知辉瑞拆分业务延迟，因此第5段应该考虑为什么延迟，[E]内容中句首提到的“在为延期辩护时（defending the delay）”与[A]内容衔接紧密，故[E]为正确答案。

5. D　本选项为第6项，根据第5段[E]的内容可知在为延期辩护的时候管理层做决定考虑的是辉瑞的业务相比于2011年的情况有衰退的报告，并且提到了衰退的原因，因此最后一段应该与辉瑞衰退问题相关。根据[C]内容谈论到辉瑞的低价问题（underpriced）可与衰退联系，但是句末表示因为防止股票进一步下跌而要收购艾尔健，这些内容在前文并未提到，而一般最后一段都会起到总结全文的作用，全文一直在围绕辉瑞公司承诺的拆分计划和目前进行的并购举措，以及其领导人提出的“为了变小，先要变大”的理念。结尾段应当就辉瑞公司的拆分承诺是否能最终实现及原因进行说明，根据[D]中内容谈论到并购是在解决一系列问题，以及怀疑者对拆分业务的怀疑，结合文章结构紧密连接，故[D]为正确答案。

难句剖析

1. The notion that Pfizer could subsequently split into two businesses which are an innovative pharmaceutical company and one focused on older, established products appears increasingly distant, however.

2. If Pfizer's fourth large-scale deal in 15 years appears formulaic, the notion that it could split up—first proposed four years ago—has always felt much more revolutionary, particularly when set against the context of the company's earlier acquisitions of other companies.

参考译文

辉瑞和艾尔健是美国两大制药公司。双方都是并购（企业合并和收购）游戏的个中好手，因此在本次价值1600亿美元的并购宣布之后，我们有理由相信，管理层将会完成一次高效率的整合。不过，辉瑞今后可能会把业务拆分成两部分的意向——一个研制新药的公司，和一个专注于现有旧药物的公司——似乎正在变得越来越遥远。

如果说辉瑞15年来的第四次大规模并购已经显得有些例行公事，那么它四年前表示出的拆分意向则一直显得更具革命性，特别是考虑到该公司此前对其他公司的收购。

伊恩·里德作为首席执行官最成功的战略，就是让一次释放价值的拆分变得更加有可能，而在后立普妥时代，拆分一直是辉瑞的战略和财务报告的重中之重。因此，辉瑞去年收购阿斯利康的尝试多少显得有些出人意料。不过，里德成功说服了众人：为了变得更小，公司必须先变得更大。

今年二月，辉瑞宣布以170亿美元收购赫升瑞。这次收购似乎强化了上述概念，它让辉瑞在非专利药市场的某些区域获得更大份额，同时强化了其现有的产品业务。在讨论艾尔健并购案的电话会议中，里德和艾尔建首席执行官布伦特·桑德斯都强调，整合艾尔健的资产和流水线可以同时提高辉瑞的新药和旧药资产价值。然而，辉瑞目前表示，关于拆分的决议要等到2018年，而具体实施要到2019年。

在为延期辩护时，辉瑞的管理层指出，并购艾尔健之后的整合工作将是接下来两年内的优先事项，而且公司不断发展的税务结构也需要考虑在内。然而，参与电话会议讨论星期一公告的分析师显然都对它提出的日程表感到失望。伯恩斯坦公司的蒂姆·安德森在给投资者的报告中指出，“辉瑞的业务相比于2011年的情况有衰退，或许是考虑到现有产品的前景”可能决定了管理层的思路，而衰退产生的原因则是来自国际定价和市场准入方面的压力。

虽然本次收购艾尔健和此前收购赫升瑞似乎都是为了解决这些问题，但人们现在也许越来越怀疑，辉瑞是否还保持着拆分的承诺，或者说它是否清楚这样的举动能否如分析师和投资者所期待的那样创造价值。怀疑者也许会说，这种发展方式从现在来看实在是过于复杂了。拆分的意向是里德就任辉瑞首席执行官后最早的举措之一，而现在有了桑德斯在一旁虎视眈眈，他能否保护他的遗产远离辉瑞的收购之瘾呢？

Text 11 答案解析

答案精讲

1. B　本选项位于第1段段末，此句为过渡句，空前内容介绍尹迪科和脸谱网的研究室在研究高科技，由此可知该空处应为对该研究室的进一步说明。根据第2段首句的神经网络的（Neural networks）工作原理可知，该空应该承上启下引出第2段的神经网络。[B]内容的开头“这两家机器学习公司的研究人员（Researchers from those machine learning firms）”与前文内容呼应，“开发了一种人工网络（developed an artificial network）”与下文呼应，该网络与人类的神经网络工作原理相似。故[B]为正确答案。[C]和[G]具有干扰性，但是[C]内容与下文不衔接，[G]内容与上文不衔接。

2. G　本选项位于第3段段首，此句为该段主旨句。根据选项后内容“背后的理念是网络不断与自己对抗”可知，前面应该是与该理念有关的一项技术。根据选项内容可知[G]与后文的对抗理念相呼应。另外为了与上文衔接紧密，段首内容应该承上启下，根据选项首句内容只有[C]句的现在（at present）和[G]句的现在（Now）两项有此作用，故[G]为正确答案。

3. A　本选项位于第4段段中，此句为细节句。根据选项前面的内容“处理一个包含卧室照片的数据库并要求系统自己创建照片（produce its own photos）”可知，本选项内容为解释这一实验。根据选项后内容“他们推断出结论，这个模型已经学会了一些表达方式（the model has learned relevant and interesting representations）”可推断中间为实验详细内容。[A]为卧室照片实验的描述，故为正确答案。

4. D　本选项位于第5段段首，此句为过渡句，段首句一般都与上下文衔接紧密。上文阐述卧室照片实验过程的结果和推论，选项后内容为“过滤机制（filter）激活时卧室中窗户被替换成了类似的物体”，由此可知段首内容应该引出这个过滤机制。对比各选项内容，[D]句首的“这还意味着（it also meant）”与上文衔接，其中内容将某些训练数据图案中的窗户画上方框框起来，然后要求网络忽略它们，这与后文的过滤机制连接。故[D]为正确答案。

5. E　本选项位于第6段段末，此句为细节句，根据第5段选项之前内容“这次测试的目标是提取出‘微笑’的概念，再把它与‘男人’的概念组合起来”，可以推断该选项与男人和笑脸有关。在剩下的选项[C][E][F]中，只有[E]和[F]的开头“结果是（the results）”与前文衔接，且两项内容的观点相反，根据文章结构和后文内容可知结论应该为“网络确实是在学习如何自己创建照片”，故[E]为正确答案。

难句剖析

1. Because the working of these systems is rather opaque, researchers are trying to understand exactly how different components of a network learn particular objects in which Google's psychedelic DeepDream landscapes are a recent example.

2. For now the images are limited to just 32×32 pixels, which makes it simpler to get through all of the data and harder for humans to notice any errors in the images, but scaling up the system could lead to a kind of Google image search for pictures that don't actually exist.

参考译文

如今电脑已经学会了做白日梦，还有什么地方比卧室更适合开始做梦呢？马萨诸塞州波士顿的尹迪科公司和脸谱网的纽约人工智能研究室都以发展高科技著称。这两家机器学习公司的研究人员开发了一种人工网络，它可以回应外界要求，描绘出栩栩如生的虚构照片。

神经网络的工作原理是分析照片等训练数据以及学习如何识别特定的属性，从简单的几何形状到猫和人脸等复杂图像。由于这些系统的工作方式相当复杂晦涩，研究者正在努力理解网络中的不同部分是如何学习认知特定物体的。在这方面，谷歌颇具迷幻效果的“深梦”是一个最近的例子。

目前，他们研究了一种叫作“生成对抗网络”的网络类型，这种系统中的一部分会尝试创建出虚假的数据欺骗其他部分，让其他部分误以为这是真实的训练数据。它背后的理念是——网络通过不断与自己对抗，就能学会创建更好的图像。

他们训练系统处理一个包含卧室照片的数据库，然后要求系统自己创建照片。为了证明系统不是仅抄袭原始数据，他们要求网络生成一系列与同一个场景相关的照片，例如有窗户和没有窗户的卧室，或者把卧室里的电视机改成窗户。他们表示，这表明该网络已经学会了判断哪些特征适合卧室场景。“我们可以推断，这个模型已经学会了一些相关的、而且是有趣的表达方式。”

这还意味着他们可以要求网络生成不带某种特征的图像。他们用某些训练数据在窗户四周画出方框，然后要求网络忽略它们。当这个过滤机制被激活时，在它生成的卧室场景中，窗户被替换成了类似的物体，例如门或镜子。

同样的规则也可以应用于其他事物的照片，例如人脸。在另一项实验中，他们训练网络识别人脸照片，然后尝试了一种视觉算法。他们给网络输入微笑的女人照片，然后要求它减去没有表情的女人照片，再加上没有表情的男人的照片。这次测试的目标是提取出“微笑”的概念，再把它与“男人”的概念组合起来。结果是完全虚构的微笑的男人照片。如果只通过添加或减少图像上的像素来尝试同样的事情，结果只是一团模糊而混乱的颜色。这表明，网络确实是在学习如何自己创建照片。目前，图像还限制在32×32像素，这样更易于处理全部数据，也让人更难以发现图像中的错误。

不过，如果我们扩大系统的规模，就可能制造出一种目前还不存在的谷歌图像搜索引擎——你只需要输入一个描述，电脑就会为你生成一张图像。研究团队表示，他们有意把该模型应用于视频和音频。