通过以上论述,我们可以看到迈尔斯所论述的主要是一种关于生态艺术的美学。对于这种美学,我们的评价如下:
第一,重视生态艺术实践是迈尔斯生态美学的基本特点,但这也造成一定的缺陷。迈尔斯是一名文化理论教授,在城市文化研究方面颇有建树,他对当前的艺术实践关注有加,凭借这些条件建构出自己独特的生态美学,其《生态美学》一书很少纯粹的理论探讨,而是充满了大量的文学、艺术、建筑等方面的实例,其生态美学思想就是通过实例分析而透露出来的。这些例子有助于我们了解国际生态艺术的基本状况,但是,我们也发现,迈尔斯并没有形成一套系统的生态美学思想,他的《生态美学》缺乏明确的哲学思想基础和美学观念支撑,对生态学和美学的回顾梳理也流于空泛,全书基本上是生态艺术实例分析组成的汇编。
第二,对关系美学的借鉴,对于生态美学构建具有启发意义。迈尔斯考察了不同的文学、艺术和建筑作品对气候变化及其所带来的诸种问题的表征,力求以此对人们的观念和态度展开一种批评性的探究,从而使得这些观念和态度能够在人类观察者和人类所观察的世界之间构建一种意识关系。迈尔斯指出:“这是一个人们如何感知和理解世界的问题,由此说来,也是一个感知主体与感知客体之关系的问题,以及被当作客体的事物本身是否可能是主体的问题。”[83]这无疑是一个颇具理论深度的论断。迈尔斯还进而将主体与其他主体或客体之间的关系看作生态美学方法的关键。总之,迈尔斯的生态艺术美学所秉持的是一种关系美学和过程美学的立场,强调艺术家和观众参与到艺术创作的交互关系中,从而将生态问题展现出来,唤起人们的反省并采取相应的举措,从而为解决问题提供一种帮助。
第三,“中断”思想富有生态启示意义。“中断”论及的是艺术和环境保护主义之间的辩论性实践,这些实践是对一些情境的批判性或是戏谑性的解读。在审美自律性的关键距离之中,打破例行公事(routines)的无聊和束缚它们的那些制度,并将它们展示出来,在审美自律性中寻找艺术批判性的证据。挑起论争是艺术干预现实的一种间接方法,也是贯穿迈尔斯生态美学的中心思路。艺术家通过一种有争议的方法,用他们的艺术作品和行为唤起人们的情感,促使人们去面对日益严峻的生态、气候问题。艺术充当的是桥梁的角色,更多的是挑起争论而不是提倡解决方案。在迈尔斯看来,“艺术是世界的一部分,它的生产条件总是存在于艺术品中……有助于面对可能将世界推向毁灭边缘的力量和轨迹。”[84]也就是说,艺术暴露社会中的“惯例”与生态健康的矛盾,从而唤醒公众,使他们正视现实,从而避免自我毁灭。这对于我们思考生态艺术的社会功能具有较大的启发意义。
第四,迈尔斯生态美学观念在实践层面的局限性与乌托邦色彩。迈尔斯所提到的一系列美好生活的实践、过另一种生活的努力只是发生在小范围,发生在个别地方、个别人身上,其实现方式与手段都是游离在主流社会之外的。但不可否认,这确实是人类为构建一个绿色、美好社会所做的努力,它为后来者提供了示范与启发,通过对抗矛盾唤起了人们的情感与斗志,有效地扩大了绿色理念的影响范围。在思及小范围的努力会否转化成一个绿色社会时,迈尔斯给出的答案是积极的、肯定的。他认为虽然这些做法尚未普及,照目前的情况看,也只有少数人能够尝试或过上那样的生活,而大多数人是不能也不愿意那样做,无论是在物质还是意识层面都存在障碍,但这些尝试都意味着一种可能性、提供了一种示范,并影响着主流社会,预示着或实践着绿色社会。在某种意义上来看,一个更美好的社会是一个绿色社会,通往绿色社会的道路涉及政治、经济、社会等方方面面的问题,并不是环境问题解决好了就可以达到的。通向绿色社会的方式多种多样,如自建住宅、行为艺术等等,循环文化可以作为一个中心指导思想。这些努力虽多在社会主导结构之外影响有限,但可以作为一个示范,逐渐地影响主流社会,并有望在可期的未来转化为社会主流。迈尔斯的相关论述可以引导我们将生态思想付诸社会现实。
【注释】
[1]该丛书的简介参见:https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/series/radical-aesthetics-radical-art/,2018年10月18日访问。
[2]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Bloomsbury,2014,p.1.
[3]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Bloomsbury,2014,pp.1-2.
[4]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Bloomsbury,2014,p.7.
[5]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Bloomsbury,2014,p.1.
[6]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Bloomsbury,2014,p.3.
[7]Carson,Rachel.Silent Spring.London:Penguin Classics,2000,p.63.
[8]Carson,Rachel.Silent Spring.London:Penguin Classics,2000,pp.63-64.
[9]Bookchin,Murray.Towards an Ecological Society.Montreal:Black Rose,1980,p.16,cited in Kovel,J.,“Negating Bookchin”,in Light,A,ed.Social Ecology after Bookchin,New York,Guilford Press,1998,p.39.
[10]Bookchin,Murray.“Freedom and Necessity in Nature:A Problem in Ecological Ethics,”Alternatives,13,4,1986,p.5,cited in Eckersley,R.,“Diving Evolution and Respecting Evolution,”in Light,ed.,Social Ecology After Bookchin,New York,Guilford Press,1998,p.62.
[11]Bookchin,Murray.Urbanization without Cities:The Rise and Decline of Citizenship.Montreal:Black Rose Books,1992,pp.175-181.
[12]Bookchin,Murry.The Ecology of Freedom,palo Alto(CA):Cheshire Books,1982,p.357.
[13]Light,Andrew.Social Ecology after Bookchin.New York:Guilford Press,1998,p.6.
[14]Bookchin,Murry.Defending the Earth:A Dialogue between Murray Bookchin and Dave Foreman.Montreal:Black Rose Books,1991,p.131.
[15]Giroux,Henry.Twilight of the Social:Resurgent Publics in the Age of Disposability.London:Pluto,2012,p.45,citing www.endpoliticsasusual.com/2010/11/arizona-death-panels state-revokes-funding-for-heart-transplantsopts-to-save-squirrels/
[16]详见Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.49.
[17]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,pp.52-53.
[18]Hammermeister,Kai.The German Aesthetic Tradition.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002,p.4.
[19]Williams,Raymond.Keywords:a vocabulary of culture and society.London:Fontana,1976,p.27.
[20][法]尼古拉斯·伯瑞奥德:《关系美学》,黄建宏译,北京:金城出版社,2013年,前言,第3页。
[21][法]尼古拉斯·伯瑞奥德:《关系美学》,黄建宏译,北京:金城出版社,2013年版,第70页。
[22][法]尼古拉斯·伯瑞奥德:《关系美学》,黄建宏译,北京:金城出版社,2013年版,第71页。
[23]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.69.
[24]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.94.
[25]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.99.
[26]Miles,Malcolm.“Post-modernism and the Art Curriculum:A New Subjectivity,”International Journal of Art & Design Education.18(1999):pp.27-32.
[27]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.4.
[28]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.101.
[29]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.3.
[30]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.122.
[31]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.122.
[32]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.124.
[33]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.125.
[34]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.134.
[35]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.158.
[36]英国保护名胜古迹的私人组织,负责管理并保护英格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰的历史遗迹或自然景观,得到了国家政府的大力支持。
[37]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.145.
[38]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.146.
[39]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.150.
[40]根据1968年《韦伯斯特词典》注解,“再工业化”(re-industrialization)是一种刺激经济增长的政策,尤其是指在政府的帮助下,实现旧工业部门的复兴和现代化,并支持新兴工业部门的增长。回归实体经济是对去工业化下社会资本过度脱离实体产业的反思,重新审视制造业的价值,但并非传统制造业的简单回归。“再工业化”将通过不断吸收、运用高新技术成果,发展先进制造业,以重构实体经济。(www.daowen.com)
[41]摘自艺术家提供的解释文本。
[42]摘自Cornford & Cross给迈尔斯的邮件。
[43]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.153.
[45]投射到烟囱排放物上的云的大小随着电力消耗的减少而增加。
[46]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.153.
[47]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,pp.153-154.
[48]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.155.
[49]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,pp.156-157.
[50]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.158.
[51]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.158.
[52]引发“深海浩劫地平线”事故的公司。
[53]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.160.
[54]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.158.
[55]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.161.
[56]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.160.
[57]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.163.
[58]约瑟夫·博伊斯(Joseph Beuys),德国著名艺术家,以装置和行为艺术为其主要创作形式。
[59]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.163.
[60]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.163.
[61]Wall,Derek.The No-Nonsense Guide to Green Politics.London:New Internationalist,2010,p.111.
[62]Bahro,Rudolf.Avoiding Social and Ecological Disaster:The Politics of World Transformation.Bath:Gateway Books,1994,p.64.
[63]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.163.
[64]Bennett,Jill.Practical Aesthetics:Events,Affects and Art after 9/11.London:I.B.Tauris,2012,p.187.
[65]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.165.
[66]隐性知识是迈克尔·波兰尼(Michael Polanyi)在1958年从哲学领域提出的概念。波兰尼认为:“人类的知识有两种。通常被描述为知识的,即以书面文字、图表和数学公式加以表述的,只是一种类型的知识。而未被表述的知识,像我们在做某事的行动中所拥有的知识,是另一种知识。”他把前者称为显性知识,而将后者称为隐性知识。按照波兰尼的理解,显性知识是能够被人类以一定符码系统(最典型的是语言,也包括数学公式、各类图表、盲文、手势语、旗语等诸种符号形式)加以完整表述的知识;与显性知识相对,隐性知识是指那种我们知道但难以言述的知识,国内学术界又将之称为“默会知识”(tacit knowledge)。
[67]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.6.
[68]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,pp.173-174.
[69]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.1.
[70]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.167.
[71]引自达芬2013年1月通过电子邮件发给作者的声明。
[72]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.174.
[73]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.174.
[74]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.175.
[75]摘自滨海组织2011年在坎布里亚举行的镰刀节海报。
[76]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,pp.180-181.
[77]Crouch,David.& Matless,David.‘Refiguring geography:Parish Maps of Common Ground’.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.21,1996,p.251.
[78]Crouch,David.& Matless,David.‘Refiguring geography:Parish Maps of Common Ground’.Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.21,1996,p.253.
[79]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.181.
[80]另一种生活方式是一种与主流生活方式不同的生活方式,或者通常被认为是在文化规范之外的生活方式。
[81]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.188.
[82]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.188.
[83]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.3.
[84]Miles,Malcolm.Eco-Aesthetics:Art,Literature and Architecture in a Period of Climate Change.London:Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing PLC,2014,p.158.
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