理论教育 《西方生态美学史:评析林托特生态美学思想》

《西方生态美学史:评析林托特生态美学思想》

时间:2023-10-04 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:将林托特的生态美学思想纳入西方生态美学史是十分有必要的。首先,从林托特的思想理论来源来看,林托特深受卡尔森的生态美学影响,对卡尔森的生态美学思想贯彻得十分彻底。在此基础上,林托特的生态美学思想体现了科学知识与情感的结合。除此之外,林托特的生态美学思想存在着独创性不足、建构不充分的缺点。这也是在对林托特生态美学进行研究时应当注意的地方,勿将卡尔森的生态美学观点和林托特的生态美学观点相混淆。

《西方生态美学史:评析林托特生态美学思想》

将林托特的生态美学思想纳入西方生态美学史是十分有必要的。

首先,从林托特的思想理论来源来看,林托特深受卡尔森的生态美学影响,对卡尔森的生态美学思想贯彻得十分彻底。林托特关于生态美学的文章大多建立在对卡尔森生态美学思想的分析和反思的基础之上,充分继承了卡尔森的生态美学思想,在此基础上突出了生态伦理和生态知识在生态美学研究中的重要地位,这也从侧面反映了卡尔森在西方生态美学史上的重要地位。

其次,林托特对卡尔森生态美学思想的补充,是卡尔森科学认知主义的肯定美学的继承和发展。比较有代表性的是作为其生态美学的理论背景,林托特在反思卡尔森的自然环境欣赏模式和卡罗尔的“激发模式”基础上,创造性地提出了“修正-延伸主义模式”。“……由于两种模式各自强调自然审美的不同方面,在孤立的情况下都不够充分。修正主义模式仅看到远处,交给我们该如何去做,却没有考虑到我们已经习惯于做的,因此有些过于迂腐;延伸主义模式则只盯着近处,没有注意到如何更好地丰富和鼓励自然欣赏,因此也难以令人满意。”[71]林托特提出的 “修正-延伸主义模式”缓和了科学认知和情感之间的矛盾,在一定程度上是在卡尔森的科学认知主义基础上将情感认知的重要性补充了进去,从而将生态知识与情感融入到自然审美过程之中。在此基础上,林托特的生态美学思想体现了科学知识与情感的结合。

再次,林托特将日常审美欣赏与生态伦理融入生态美学之中。她将生态审美和日常的生态实践相结合,这是西方生态美学研究中比较典型的做法。

除此之外,林托特的生态美学思想存在着独创性不足、建构不充分的缺点。林托特的观点大多是在卡尔森的框架下的改写,观点、论证和举例基本都在卡尔森的各篇文章中出现过。而且林托特“生态的审美趣味”这一观点的相关论述中穿插了齐藤百合子关于日常审美欣赏的观点。需要特别说明的是,在西方生态美学的相关研究中引用较多的《走向生态友好型美学》一文中,林托特虽较为系统地提出了改变主流审美趣味的几种选择,但并没有进行系统化的生态美学建构。综上可以看出,林托特的生态美学是结合齐藤百合子日常生活美学,对卡尔森生态美学的补充,分析和总结说明价值大于其创造价值。这也是在对林托特生态美学进行研究时应当注意的地方,勿将卡尔森的生态美学观点和林托特的生态美学观点相混淆。

【注释】

[1]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[2]Carlson,Allen.“Nature and positive aesthetics,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,73-102.

[3]Carlson,Allen.“Nature,Aesthetic Judgment,and Objectivity,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics and the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,55-72.

[4]Carlson.Allen.“Appreciation Art and the Natural Environment,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,103-126.

[5]Carlson,Allen.“Appreciation and the natural environment,”in Allen Carlson and Arnold Berleant,eds.,The Aesthetics of Natural Environments.Peterborough:Broadview,1979,63-75.

[6]Carlson,Allen.“Contemporary Environmental Aesthetics and the Requirements of Environmentalism,”Environmental Values 19(2010),289-314.

[7]《自然与肯定美学》《自然、审美判断与客观性》《欣赏艺术与欣赏自然》《当代环境美学与环境保护要求》四篇文章的中文译本收录于薛富兴翻译的卡尔森文集《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》中。《欣赏与自然环境》的中文译文收录于陈李波翻译的《自然与景观》一书中。

[8]Carlson,Allen.“Nature and Positive Aesthetics,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,p.95.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第110页。

[9]Carlson,Allen.“Nature and Positive Aesthetics,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,p.89.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第103页。

[10]Carlson,Allen.“Nature and Positive Aesthetics,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,p.90.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第105页。

[11]Carlson,Allen.“Nature and Positive Aesthetics,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics of the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,2000,p.92.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第107页。

[12]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[13]Carlson,Allen.“Nature,Aesthetic Judgment,and Objectivity,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics and the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,p.50.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第52页。

[14]Carlson,Allen.“Nature,Aesthetic Judgment,and Objectivity,”in Allen Carlson.Aesthetics and the Environment:The Appreciation of Nature,Art,and Architecture.New York:Routledge,p.49.中译本参考[加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第51页。

[15][加]艾伦·卡尔森:《从自然到人文—艾伦·卡尔松环境美学文选》,薛富兴译,广西:广西师范大学出版社,2012年版,第295-296页。

[16]本书没有对齐藤百合子进行专章研究,由于林托特对齐藤百合子的绿色美学观点吸收颇多,为了比较充分地介绍齐藤百合子的美学及其生态美学意蕴,我们这里对齐藤百合子的美学观点进行比较多的论述。

[17]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.77.

[18]Saito,Yuriko.“Appreciating Nature on Its Own Terms,”Environmental Ethics 20(1998),135-149.

[19]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,pp.102-103.

[20]Saito,Yuriko.“Appreciating Nature on Its Own Terms,”Environmental Ethics 20(1998),135-149.

[21]Saito,Yuriko.“The Aesthetics of Unscenic Nature,”Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56(1998),101-111.

[22]Saito,Yuriko.“The Aesthetics of Unscenic Nature,”Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56(1998),101-111.

[23]Saito,Yuriko.“Appreciating Nature on Its Own Terms,”Environmental Ethics 20(1998),135-149.

[24]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.79.

[25]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.80.

[26]Saito,Yuriko.“The Aesthetics of Unscenic Nature,”Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 56(1998),101-111.

[27]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.82.

[28]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.96.

[29]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.97.

[30]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.99.

[31]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.99.

[32]Saito,Yuriko.Everyday Aesthetics.New York:Oxford University Press,2008,p.101.

[33]Lintott,Sheila.“Adjudicating the Debate over Two Models of Nature Appreciation,”Journal of Aesthetic Education 38(2004),52-72.(www.daowen.com)

[34]Lintott,Sheila.“Adjudicating the Debate over Two Models of Nature Appreciation,”Journal of Aesthetic Education 38(2004),52-72.

[35]Lintott,Sheila.“Adjudicating the Debate over Two Models of Nature Appreciation,”Journal of Aesthetic Education 38(2004),52-72.

[36]Lintott,Sheila.“Adjudicating the Debate over Two Models of Nature Appreciation,”Journal of Aesthetic Education 38(2004),52-72.

[37]Lintott,Sheila and Allen Carlson.“The Link Between Aesthetic Appreciation and the Preservation Imperative,”in Ricardo Rozzi,S.T.A.Pickett,Clare Palmer,Juan J.Armesto,J.Baird Callicott,eds.,Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World:Values,Philosophy and Action,New York:Springer,2013,p.125.

[38]Lintott,Sheila and Allen Carlson.“The Link Between Aesthetic Appreciation and the Preservation Imperative,”in Ricardo Rozzi,S.T.A.Pickett,Clare Palmer,Juan J.Armesto,J.Baird Callicott,eds.,Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World:Values,Philosophy and Action,New York:Springer,2013,p.128.

[39]Lintott,Sheila and Allen Carlson.“The Link Between Aesthetic Appreciation and the Preservation Imperative,”in Ricardo Rozzi,S.T.A.Pickett,Clare Palmer,Juan J.Armesto,J.Baird Callicott,eds.,Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World:Values,Philosophy and Action,New York:Springer,2013,p.129.

[40]Lintott,Sheila and Allen Carlson.“The Link Between Aesthetic Appreciation and the Preservation Imperative,”in Ricardo Rozzi,S.T.A.Pickett,Clare Palmer,Juan J.Armesto,J.Baird Callicott,eds.,Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World:Values,Philosophy and Action,New York:Springer,2013,p.132.

[41]Lintott,Sheila and Allen Carlson.“The Link Between Aesthetic Appreciation and the Preservation Imperative,”in Ricardo Rozzi,S.T.A.Pickett,Clare Palmer,Juan J.Armesto,J.Baird Callicott,eds.,Linking Ecology and Ethics for a Changing World:Values,Philosophy and Action,New York:Springer,2013,p.133.

[42]Lintott,Sheila.“Preservation,Passivity,and Pessimism,”Ethics and the Environment 16(2011),95-114.

[43]Lintott,Sheila.“Preservation,Passivity,and Pessimism,”Ethics and the Environment 16(2011),95-114.

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[46]齐藤百合子对审美趣味说的相关论述参考Saito,Yuriko.“The Aesthetics of Unscenic Nature,”Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,56(1998),101-111.

[47]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

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[52]Burke,Edmund.A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1967,p.39.

[53]Burke,Edmund.A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful,London:Routledge and Kegan Paul,1967,p.40.

[54]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[55]Hargrove,Eugene,C.Foundations of Environmental Ethics.New Jersey:Prentice-Hall,1996,p.78.

[56]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

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[58]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[59]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

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[61]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[62]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[63]Glenn,Parsons.“Theory,Observation,and the Role of Scientific Understanding in the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature,”Canadian Journal of Philosophy 36(2006),165-186.

[64]Anna,Petersson and Liljas Maria and Cerwén Gunnar and Wingren Carola.“Urban Cemetery Animals:An Exploration of Animals’ Place in the Human Cemetery,”Mortality 23(2018),1-18.

[65]Prior,Jonathan.“Sonic Environmental Aesthetics and Landscape Research,”Landscape Research 42(2017),6-17.

[66]Lintott,Sheila.“Toward Eco-Friendly Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 28(2006),57-76.

[67]程相占:《生态美学的八种立场及其生态实在论整合》,《社会科学辑刊》2019年第1期。

[68]陈国雄:《环境美学发展的四大转折》,《哲学动态》2015年第2期。

[69]Cooper,Nigel and Emily Brady and H Steen.and Rosalind Bryce.“Aesthetic and Spiritual Values of Ecosystems:Recognizing the Ontological and Axiological Plurality of Cultural Ecosystem ‘Services’,”Ecosystem Services 21(2016),218-229.

[70]Brady,Emily.“Adam Smith’s ‘Sympathetic Imagination’ and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Environment,”Journal of Scottish Philosophy(2011),95-109.

[71]Lintott,Sheila.“Adjudicating the Debate over Two Models of Nature Appreciation,”Journal of Aesthetic Education 38(2004),52-72.

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