首先,米克的生态美学为西方生态美学的发展作出了重要贡献,其理论贡献主要表现在以下三个方面:其一,从生态美学理论的构建来说,米克作为人类生态学家,充分借鉴了生态学、生物学、人类学等相关知识,将美学研究建立在生态学基础上,批判了传统的艺术对自然这一理论命题所隐含的错误审美观念,以及在这种传统观念基础上所发展起来的西方现代美学;并运用生态科学知识与生态哲学思想,重构了生态美学理论。其二,从方法论来说,米克生态美学话语的科学判断、价值判断、审美判断是融合无间的。一方面,米克从科学根源、哲学根源上认识到了人类的生物性、生态性存在,反思了人类中心主义的哲学观、文明观;另一方面,米克又批判了根源于这种人类中心主义的西方现代美学,指出在生态美学视野中,人与自然、艺术与自然都是共通的。可见,米克的生态科学知识、生态哲学思想和生态美学思想三者互为依托。其三,从审美机制来说,米克高度重视生态科学知识对生态审美的影响作用,他虽然没有直接提出生态审美的认知观点,但这种思路却带给后来更多环境美学家、生态美学家以深刻的启发。我们在论生态审美四个要点时强调了生态知识的作用,“真正的生态欣赏必须借助生态知识来引起欣赏者的好奇心和联想,进而激发欣赏者的想象和情感”[48]。其四,从表达方式来说,米克运用了绿色表达方式阐述自己的生态美学思想。比如米克在阐述生态美学思想时,没有完全依靠逻辑的推理,而是融入了感性的表达。他习惯引用神话故事,借助神奇想象,使用象征、隐喻,结合生活经历,抒发个人感情等等,这种行文方式在某种程度上达成了理性与感性的生态融合。
综上可见,米克在西方生态美学史上占有里程碑式的历史地位。他于1972年发表的《走向生态美学》一文,是西方生态美学史上最早以“生态美学”为标题的论著,这篇文章以生态学知识和生态学观念为基础,从思维根源上创造性地改变了人类原有的不合理审美观念,也就是说,米克的生态美学思想将人类美学史从现代美学阶段推进到了生态美学阶段,因此可以说米克是“生态美学之父”[49]。
其次,米克的生态美学难免有其理论局限性:其一,在论述生态审美活动时,米克总是以艺术创造物为中介,这虽然在形式、结构上弥合了自然与艺术,但对生态系统本身的有机形式美的揭示并不全面,因为生态系统的有机形式美与艺术没有根源上的关联,它主要来自生态系统内部及其演替过程。其二,米克的生态美学理论略显零散。虽然其中很多是富有理论洞见的经验之谈,但还是不够系统化。其三,米克生态美学思想中的有些观念是以经验性的描述呈现出来的,其观念有含混、多义的问题,理论指涉性不强。
再次,尽管有许多不足之处,但米克还是对后来西方生态美学、环境美学的理论发展产生了深刻影响。比如米克生态美学中对生物学知识、生态学知识的高度强调,就影响了后来环境美学家卡尔森所主张的认知立场:欣赏者首先应该具备关于自然的科学知识,起码要具备关于自然事物性质和起源的知识,才能够对自然进行恰当的审美欣赏。[50]再比如米克在《生态美学》一文中认为,凡是天然的事物一般都是美的,而经人为驯化过的事物则都是丑的,这也影响了后来卡尔森肯定美学的理论构建。[51]总之,米克以生态学的观念及其基本概念对审美理论的重新阐释,对后来西方生态美学、环境美学的发展都产生了重要影响。
【注释】
[1]Meeker,Joseph W.“Notes Toward an Ecological Esthetic,”Canadian Fiction Magazine 2(1972),4-15.
[2]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.119.
[3]程相占、[美]阿诺德·伯林特、[美]保罗·戈比斯特、[美]王昕浩:《生态美学与生态评估及规划》,郑州:河南人民出版社,2013年版,第4页。
[4]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ingredients for an Environmental Ethic,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.145.
[5]Meeker,Joseph W.“The Comic Mode,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.29.
[6]Meeker,Joseph W.“The Comic Mode,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.24.
[7]康拉德·劳伦兹(Konrad Lorenz,1903-1989),奥地利动物学家,动物行为学理论创始人,诺贝尔医学与生理学奖获得者,生前一直与米克保持着密切的学术交流。米克《存活的喜剧》一书的序言即由劳伦兹所作。
[8]John Dewey.Art as Experience.New York:G.P.Putnam's Sons,1980,p.22.中译本参考[美]杜威:《艺术即经验》,高建平译,北京:商务印书馆,2005年版,第22页。
[9]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.129.
[10]Meeker,Joseph W.“People and Other Misused Resources,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,pp.6-13.
[11]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.132.
[12]Meeker,Joseph W.“Nurturing Chaos,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.15.
[13]Meeker,Joseph W.“The Trillium Strategy,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.98.
[14]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.119.
[15]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.120.
[16]这是希腊神话中关于厄庇墨透斯(Epimetheus)的故事:在神创造了人和其他动物后,厄庇墨透斯负责赋予每种动物以美好的本能与特征。但是由于他工作的粗疏,竟忘记了赋予人类以美好的本能。后来厄庇墨透斯的哥哥普罗米修斯通过盗火赋予人类以生存的智慧。
[17]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.120.
[18]Meeker,Joseph W.“Literary Tragedy and Ecological Catastrophe,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.43.
[19]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.120.
[20]米克总结了历史上人类自我认知的四次革命:哥白尼的日心说,达尔文的进化论,弗洛伊德的精神分析理论,生态学理论。详见 Meeker,Joseph W.“The Noosphere,”in The Spheres of Life:An Introduction to World Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1975,pp.58-61.
[21]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.120.
[22]Meeker,Joseph W.“The Noosphere,”in The Spheres of Life:An Introduction to World Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1975,pp.56-57.
[23]Meeker,Joseph W.“Literary Tragedy and Ecological Catastrophe,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.51.
[24]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.121.(www.daowen.com)
[25]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.124.
[26]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.123.
[27]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.124.
[28]Konrad Lorenz.Study in Animal and Human Behavior,Translated by Robert Martin.Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1971,p.167.
[29]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.125.
[30]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.130.
[31]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.126.
[32]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.128.
[33]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.129.
[34]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.129.
[35]Meeker,Joseph W.“Introduction,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.1.
[36]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,pp.124-125.
[37]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.127.
[38]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.127.
[39]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.128.
[40]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.132.
[41]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.132.
[42]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,pp.122-123.
[43]Meeker,Joseph W.“Midwinter Energy,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.107.
[44]Meeker,Joseph W.“Readings for Morning,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.3.
[45]Meeker,Joseph W.“People and Other Misused Resources,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,pp.8-9.
[46]Meeker,Joseph W.“Ecological Aesthetics,”in The Comedy of Survival:Studies in Literary Ecology.New York:Charles Scribner’s Sons,1974,p.131.
[47]Meeker,Joseph W.“Who Needs Wild Creatures,”in Minding the Earth:Thinly Disguised Essays on Human Ecology.California:The Latham Foundation,1988,p.30.
[48]程相占:《生生美学论集—从文艺美学到生态美学》,北京:人民出版社,2012年版,第159页。
[49]程相占、[美]阿诺德·伯林特、[美]保罗·戈比斯特、[美]王昕浩:《生态美学与生态评估及规划》,郑州:河南人民出版社,2013年版,第3页。
[50]Allen Carlson.“The Relationship Between Eastern Ecoaesthetics and Western Environmental Aesthetics,”Philosophy East and West 67(2017),117-139.
[51]Allen Carlson.“Nature and Positive Aesthetics,”Environmental Ethics 6(1984),5-34.
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