上述研究从不同视角和路径对高等教育的竞争地位和政策评估提供了有价值的见解,但他们对高等教育竞争力的分析普遍缺乏广泛性和综合性,例如没有考虑到人力资源的可用性、人口统计因素和需求方面的因素(如收入)等问题。
波特(M.Porter,1990)[22]的钻石模型是评估竞争力的最广泛应用的工具之一,最早主要用于评估国家竞争力,后来也被用于评估经济部门的竞争力,近年来在高等教育领域中被广泛应用,应用方向包括:科研竞争力的研究(Curran,2000)[23],各国学科比较优势的研究(Harzing、Giroud,2014)[24],国家高等教育体系竞争力的研究(Stonkiene、Matkeviciene、Vaiginiene,2016)[25],以及对跨境教育东道国的评估(Tsiligiris,2018)[26]等。波特的钻石模型分为内部因素和外部因素的分析逻辑,和现有对高等教育竞争力的理论分析逻辑非常相似,因此用来加以适应性地应用和拓展后,非常适合用来对高等教育的国际竞争力展开研究。
值得注意的是,在应用和拓展波特的钻石模型来考察国家高等教育竞争力时,需充分考虑到高等教育体系的特殊性,即:一国或地区的高等教育环境,不仅关系到高等教育部门和机构的竞争,而且与公共(国家)福利密切相关;高等教育体系(包括高等教育机构本身)的竞争力首先就体现在创造、维持和发展这种环境的能力上。因此,对一国或地区高等教育竞争力的评估,首先需要考察竞争环境,考察该环境是否既有益于高等教育机构展开竞争,又能够响应国家和社会公共利益的目标和提升公共(国家)福利水平。
综上所述,作为构建高等教育竞争力研究路径的基础性工作,本文的主要目的是探索高等教育竞争力研究的开展方向。为此,本文对国内外相关现有重要文献进行了梳理,梳理内容主要包括:高等教育竞争力概念的界定,影响高等教育竞争力的因素和高等教育竞争力的研究方法。主要结论是:第一,高等教育竞争力是一个不断根据内外部条件对其内涵和外延进行更新且更新速度较快的概念;第二,高等教育竞争力影响因素的研究主要分为内部环境和外部环境两方面;第三,波特的钻石模型是研究高等教育竞争力较为理想的分析工具。
【注释】
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