Aaker等认为战略柔性会直接影响企业绩效[174]。Hitt和Johnson认为战略柔性是企业获取竞争优势的关键所在[175][176]。管黎华、范诵从产品开发、制造、销售和信息管理角度,认为战略柔性对促进和保持企业差异化优势有显著作用[177]。范宇林认为战略柔性可以提高企业的沟通效率、计划执行力、战略的有效性和市场竞争能力,对企业绩效有积极影响[178]。
Kraatz&Zajac认为资源可以使企业对外部环境的变化形成缓冲作用,丰富的资源可以帮助企业削弱外部环境造成的威胁[179]。Penrose也认为企业资源不仅是企业适应外部威胁的有力武器,同时还是企业进行发展和创新的原动力[180]。企业资源是影响产品创新的关键因素,资源柔性直接决定了组织的创新效率,有利于企业创新行为的产生和提高创新绩效[181]。企业的资源柔性主要表现为资源转变用途的成本、难度、时间和范围。资源柔性的增强意味着企业可以较容易地、使用较小的成本、在较短的时间内、较大地改变资源的用途,转变经营策略,也就是说,企业在面对变化时,有着更强的选择权和可调整性;同时,资源的利用率也会更高。显然,企业的资源柔性越强,企业的绩效会越好。
企业能够对资源进行有效整合和配置的前提是企业能准确把握其资源的特点和用途[182]。而能力柔性可以帮助企业对现有资源的使用范围进行准确的定位,帮助企业有效而全面地评估和获取新资源,使企业能识别和预测到变化,并根据变化合理高效地通过组织系统来配置资源。也就是说,能力柔性能够整合和配置企业所拥有的各种资源,提高资源的利用率,使资源发挥更大价值。能力柔性不仅仅是企业在变化中,整合和配置资源以创造企业价值的能力,还包括发现新资源或现有资源的新用途的能力,降低创新所需的时间和成本以及进入新的市场的能力,有效地识别并把握商机的能力[183]。显然,企业的能力柔性越强,企业的绩效也会越好。
此外,诸多学者对战略柔性与企业绩效的关系进行了实证研究。Paki(1991)以100家美国大型企业为调查样本,对不同场景下战略柔性对企业绩效的影响进行了对比,发现战略柔性与企业绩效存在正向影响关系。Ranjan对173家高科技公司进行了问卷调查,发现战略柔性与企业绩效、财务表现存在正向影响关系[184]。Ashok对世界500强企业进行调研,发现战略柔性对企业竞争能力的提升有显著作用,柔性与企业绩效存在正向影响关系[185]。王永贵等对中国企业进行调研,发现战略柔性是影响企业绩效水平的关键因素,对顾客感知价值、新产品市场表现和企业总体绩效有正向影响[186]。李桦等使用问卷调查,发现战略柔性不仅可以直接影响企业绩效,还可以通过双元性创新间接影响企业绩效[187]。王铁男等实证证明了能力柔性会影响企业绩效[188]。王朝辉实证证明了能力柔性和资源柔性对盈利性和成长性均有显著影响[189]。张红兵实证证明了能力柔性对联盟企业创新绩效有显著的正向影响[190]。
综合国内外学者的理论研究和实证,可以发现战略柔性直接或间接地对企业绩效有正向影响。同时,联盟企业的战略柔性越高,其探索与利用新资源的能力越强,因此越能够促使联盟企业引入大量的知识与技能等新资源,并通过发挥这些新资源的潜在价值进行技术创新活动[191],甚至有可能伴随着新资源带来的新认识在联盟企业组织内部产生一系列管理方式的颠覆性革新[192]。具备较强战略柔性的联盟企业可以在变化的环境中,更为容易地开发新资源或现有资源的新用途,实现资源使用途径的多样化,提高资源的利用率,从而对联盟企业开展活动起到重要的支撑作用[193]。
基于以上内容,本研究提出如下假设:
H16:技术标准联盟的内部的资源柔性与标准实施效益存在正相关关系。
H17:技术标准联盟的内部的能力柔性与标准实施效益存在正相关关系。
【注释】
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