在课堂观察工具的实践操作阶段,应注意考虑方法的综合性和文化的适切性。一方面,基于工具的量化观察法要与质性课堂观察方法结合使用,避免观察结果的“碎片化”、“数字化”,而不能给研究者提供全面的参考信息。另一方面,文化因素的考虑十分必要,正如布鲁纳所言,“教育不是孤岛,而是文化这块大陆的一部分”。^[19]中西方文化上存在着显著差异,教育理念与教育国情也不尽相同。因此,课堂观察工具的选用应摒弃“拿来主义”,在理性借鉴西方的基础上结合本国、本地、本校、甚至是具体到某个班级的实际情况,酌情修改、适当调适、因地制宜。

综合考察美国课堂观察工具研究的历史演进和最新成果可为我国提供诸多有价值的参考与借鉴,我们应当在批判借鉴的基础上走向交流与融合,不断推进我国的课堂研究迈向新的台阶。

【注释】

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[2]Auguste Comte.The Positive Philosophy[M].New York:AMS,Inc.,1915:89.

[3]Stevens,R.The Question as a Measure of Efficiency in Instruction[M].New York:Teachers’College Press,1912:66.

[4]Withall,J.The Development of a Technique for the Measurement of Social Eemotional Climate in the Classroom[J].Journal of Experimental Education,1949,17:47–61.

[5]Robert F.Bales.A Set of Categories for the Analysis of Small Group Interaction[J].American Sociological Review,1950,15(2):257 -263.

[6]Flanders Ned A.Analyzing Teacher Behavior[J].Educational Leadership,1961,19(3):175 -176.

[7]FlandersNed.Intent,Action and Feedback:A Preparation forTeaching [J].Journal of Teacher Education,1963,3(14):25 -26.

[8]Simon,A.,Boyer,E.G.Mirrors for Behavior:An Anthology of Observation Instruments[M].Philadelphia:Research for Better Schools,1975:98 -102.

[9]North Cascades and Olympic Science Partnership.Science Classroom Observation Guide[EB/OL].http:/ /www.ncosp.wwu.edu/Tools/index.php?toolID =4.2015 -9-20.(www.daowen.com)

[10]Simon,A.,Boyer,E.G.Mirrors for Behavior:An Anthology of Observation Instruments[M].Philadelphia:Research for Better Schools,1974:99.

[11]Robert M.W.Travers.Second Handbook of Research on Teaching[M].Chicago:Rand McNally College Publishing Company,2000:199.

[12]Maria Gomez - Garcia.Validation of an Instructional Observation Instrument for Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Spain[D].Louisville:University of Louisville,2010:97 -108.

[13]Arthea J.S.Reed,Verna E.Bergemann.A Guide to Observation,Participation,and Reflection in the Classroom(Fifth Edition)[M].New York:McGraw - Hill Education,2005:53.

[14]J.Hebert,C.Attridge.A Guide for Developers and Users of Observation Systems and Manuals[J].American Educational Research Journal,1975,12:36.

[15]Megan W.Stuhlman,Bridget K.Hamre,Jason T.Downer and Robert C.Pianta.How to Select the Right Classroom Observation Tool[EB/OL].http:/ /curry.virginia.edwresearch/centers/castl/class.2015 -10 -20.

[16]Evelyn J.Sowell,Rita J.Casey.Research Methods in Education[M].California:Wadsworth Publishing Company,1982:79 -82.

[17]TNTP.RatingATeacherObservationTool [EB/OL].http:/ /tntp.org/assets/documents/TNTP_RatingATeacherObservationTool_Feb2011.pdf.2015 -10 -1.

[18]Horizon research.Inside the Classroom Observation and Analytic Protolol[EB/OL].http:/ /www.horizon - research.com/horizonresearchwp/wp - content/uploads/2013/04/cop1.pdf.2015 -10 -25.

[19]Jerome S.Bruner.The Culture of Education[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1996:98.