有学者呼吁我国应当建立以信息公示为本质特征的专利链接制度。例如,梁志文建议我国应当仅建立以“信息公示”为目标的药品专利链接制度。具体而言,国家药品监管部门应完善披露信息的内容,如登记的专利权类型、申请日、保护期届满日、权利人等,并保障这些信息能够公开、及时为社会公众所获取;法律应规定申请人须披露申请上市的药品是否受专利保护的信息,规定药品专利权人可在一定时间内将专利信息登记到该系统中,同时,登记的药品专利信息还应定期更新。[135]这与印度学者沙姆纳德·巴希尔主张建立信息公开型链接制度的观点大体一致。本章也认为考虑到中国的医药研发创新能力培育的长期性和缓慢性,以及揆诸中国严重依赖通用仿制药行业的现实,最优的方案是建立一种以信息公开和公示为主要特征的弱链接体制。
但是,根据2017年5月国家食药监督部门的《关于鼓励药品医疗器械创新保护创新者权益的相关政策(征求意见稿)》、同年10月中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》等相关文件的精神,我国即将推行的是高标准的强链接体制。很多国家在移植美式链接体制时,或逆来顺受(如北美国家),或负隅顽抗(如印度),或灵活应变(如澳大利亚和韩国),积攒了丰富的经验。我国应当采取灵活应变的立法策略,如果引入美式链接体制已是大势所趋,那么也应当完善相关的制度建构,在链接体制中安装反垄断和反专利常青化的“防火墙”,将美式链接制度对我国制药生态环境的冲击降至最低。
(一)引入“拟制侵权”:构建“Bolar例外”之例外
如果要构建《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》中提出的专利保护状态可以实质性中断药品上市审批的“美式”链接制度,那么首当其冲的是必须解决《专利法》上最大的制度障碍,即“Bolar例外”。我国2008年的《专利法》中增加了“Bolar例外”的规定,即为提供行政审批所需要的信息,制造、使用、进口专利药品或者专利医疗器械的,以及专门为其制造、进口专利药品或者专利医疗器械的,不视为侵犯专利权。在“Bolar例外”创建的安全港下,药品注册行政审批过程中涉及专利产品的行为并不构成专利侵权行为,专利权人也不能在法院起诉。如此,“美式”专利链接制度中最为精华的为专利权人提供早期诉讼纠纷解决机制且诉讼纠纷能够自动触发审批暂停的制度要素只能落空。因此,美国《专利法》将针对专利药品的注册申请行为也视为侵权行为,这使得双方对那些指向目标药品的注册申请行为是否侵权有更明确的预期与判断,从而减少了通用仿制药上市之后的专利侵权纠纷。这项制度设计也被称为“拟制侵权”,其本质就是“Bolar例外”之例外。
中国《专利法》的“Bolar例外”条款仅借鉴了美国专利法§271(e)(1)条的规定,没有借鉴该条款第(2)项的拟制侵权规定。条款§271(e)(2)规定:对专利保护的药品或其用途被专利保护的药品,依据《联邦食品、药品和化妆品法案》第505(j)节(通用仿制药申请)或者上述法案第505(b)(2)节(改良型新药申请)提出申请的行为,构成侵权。因此,为了让《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》中的制度构想顺利落位,我国《专利法》应当作出相应修改,引入“拟制侵权”,将专利权所覆盖药品的注册申请上市行为拟制为侵权行为,否则专利链接制度将存在违反上位法的严重法治问题。
(二)引入中国版“橙皮书”:构建刚性的药品专利登记制度
“橙皮书”制度,即药品专利信息登记制度,是专利链接制度的起点和基础。通用仿制药公司根据橙皮书安排自己的仿制技术布局,决定是否挑战在位专利以及是否将资源投入橙皮书登记范围之外的其他药品等。同时通用制药公司根据橙皮书制度提交不构成侵权或在位专利无效之声明,只有登记入橙皮书的专利的诉讼争议才能启动专利链接内置的审批自动暂停机制,审批机关也是根据橙皮书来作出相关的决策。因此,橙皮书制度意义重大,能够为市场主体提供稳定预期,矫正信息偏在,是专利链接体制中重要的基础制度设施。我国《药品注册管理办法》中规定了较为粗略简单的信息披露制度,第18条规定申请人应当对其申请注册的药物或者使用的处方、工艺、用途等,提供申请人或者他人在中国的专利及其权属状态的说明;他人在中国存在专利的,申请人应当提交对他人的专利不构成侵权的声明。对申请人提交的说明或者声明,药品监督管理部门应当在行政机关网站予以公示。2008年,国家食药监管总局建立了名为“药品注册相关专利信息公开公示”的信息平台,对登记的专利信息予以公示,但是其只要求一种自愿登记和柔性登记,缺乏实质审查和刚性约束,对应当予以登记的专利类型及具体信息等缺乏强制性规定,存在专利信息登记错误、相关专利未被正确登记等问题,基本处于虚置的状态。[136]总之,现行的药品专利登记制度与现代专利链接体制对专利信息公示的要求还相距甚远。
值得一提的是,《关于深化审评审批制度改革鼓励药品医疗器械创新的意见》提出建立上市药品目录集,要求新批准上市或通过仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价的药品应载入中国上市药品目录集,注明创新药、改良型新药及与原研药品质量和疗效一致的仿制药等属性,以及有效成分、剂型、规格、上市许可持有人、取得的专利权、试验数据保护期等信息。2017年12月国家食药监管总局正式发布了《中国上市药品目录集》,并指出《中国上市药品目录集》在国家食药监管总局政府网站以网络版形式发布并链接药品审评报告、说明书、专利信息等数据库。[137]尽管很多学者把《中国上市药品目录集》称为中国版的橙皮书,但是如果与链接语境下的橙皮书相较,还需要对诸多方面予以完善才能胜任链接体制基础制度设施的功能。
第一,应当明确可以纳入《中国上市药品目录集》的药品专利类型。药品专利包括化合物专利、晶型专利、制剂专利、药物组合物专利/复方制剂专利、方法专利、用途专利、设备专利、生产装置专利、外观设计专利等。首先,结合我国制药行业的发展实际,能够被列进《中国上市药品目录集》的专利应当限于:药品活性成分的专利;药品产品专利,包括制剂、组合物的专利;药品使用方法的专利,包括使用方法、适应证等。而药品活性成分的制造方法专利、中间体和代谢物的专利、包装专利等不应列入目录集。其次,应当对后置和补充登记作出时间限制。为了尽可能避免滥用专利登记阻碍通用药进入市场的行为,可以规定品牌制药公司申请补充登记其他专利的时间至少应当早于通用制药公司提交新药注册申请之日,从而避免进行重复登记或补充登记故意触发上市审批暂停机制的反竞争行为。
第二,应当建立专利信息登记的监督机制,以保证信息公示的准确性、刚性与约束力。首先,应规定品牌制药公司不提交专利信息或提交虚假信息的不利后果,即没有记入《中国上市药品目录集》的药品专利将无法触发特殊的专利链接诉讼,进而不会引发自动审批暂停,但是品牌制药商可以寻求专利法下不会进入链接系统的平行诉讼救济。申言之,通用制药商仿制《中国上市药品目录集》以外的其他药品并提出上市申请,品牌制药公司无法提出可以阻止上市审批的专利侵权诉讼。这种倒逼机制可以迫使品牌制药公司及时提交相关专利的所有真实信息。其次,可以增加第三人异议机制,允许第三人对《中国上市药品目录集》中的专利信息提出质疑,以形成外部监督约束。韩国就允许任何对专利清单有异议的人向药品监管部门申请删改官方网站上公布的相关专利清单内容。再者,应当赋予管理专利登记的行政机关实质性审核专利信息的权力以及删除或修改专利信息、适时更新专利信息的权力。最后,学者布沙尔建议可以建立一个独立的行政机构,专门负责在上市前独立评估与新药和创新药相关的专利,正如一些司法辖区对于药品价格管制的做法一样,如加拿大监管药品价格的机构(专利药品价格审查委员会)。[138]一些国家在专利链接制度实施过程中出现药品监管部门对链接专利信息审查这一“辅业”重视程度较低、审核人员配置投入不足和相关行政资源不敷使用等问题,饱受各方诟病,因此这一增设审核药品专利信息的专门性独立机构的提议对我国建立链接机构有一定的参考价值。
(三)反“链接垄断”:规定损害赔偿和规制反竞争协议
越来越多的学者指责美式链接体制的利益天平偏向了品牌制药公司,这主要是因为品牌制药公司可以通过哈奇-韦克斯曼体制为其提供的制度工具来阻碍通用药的申请过程,但是又不需要负担太大的风险。一些制度工具的启动门槛还设置得非常低,品牌制药公司即便失败也不用负担任何赔偿责任。例如,品牌制药商只需要向司法系统提起侵权诉讼的请求就能引发一个长达24个月的暂停审批的禁令。这种禁令不需要进行初步评估,权利人也不需要缴纳担保金,如果被认定为不当行使禁令,也不需要赔偿对方因禁令所遭受的损失。这种利益的失衡导致美式链接制度过度地偏向了品牌制药行业,不仅在美国本土备受指责,而且一旦植入其他国家,往往会阻碍他国通用仿制药行业的发展(典型如加拿大)。因此,必须对美式链接体制进行改良,让品牌制药行业享受的权利与承担的义务相称。近年来,一些国家要求专利持有人对通用药入市申请的审批禁令负担一定的证明义务,以防止对专利链接制度的滥用和任何对通用药市场进入的不必要延迟。在澳大利亚,专利所有人必须证明侵权诉讼是诚实善意的,即他们有胜诉的合理预期,诉讼过程不会存在任何不合理的拖延。在加拿大则存在针对虚假或误导性请求的惩罚条款,这些做法都是值得借鉴的。[139]
我国《专利法》第四次修改送审稿中增加了“申请专利和行使专利权应当遵循诚实信用原则”的内容,这是在专利法中首次引入“诚实信用原则”。在我国的专利链接体制建构中,同样应当规定和落实该原则。当品牌制药公司发起能够中断通用药上市审批进程的专利侵权诉讼时,应当满足诚实信用原则。在诉讼过程中,作为被告的通用制药公司可以主张作为原告的品牌制药公司的诉讼行为违反了诚信与善意义务。如果法院认定违反了诚实信用原则,那么品牌制药公司将承担败诉的后果。此外,还应当规定赔偿条款,如果品牌制药商提起虚假或误导性诉讼导致通用制药商的进入被不当延迟,应当承担赔偿责任。赔偿的数额不仅应当涵盖具体通用制药公司被延迟入市而产生的私人成本,还应当覆盖患者无法及时获得廉价药品、损害生命健康权的社会成本,从而以强威慑保障专利链接的制度秩序和制药行业的竞争过程。
此外,美国大量的判例法还发现专利链接制度会催生大量的反竞争性协议。尤其在专利诉讼和解过程中,品牌制药公司和通用制药公司会达成共谋以分享垄断租金。通用制药公司并不是患者的天然“利益守护者”,其也是趋利避害的理性经济主体。当在与品牌制药公司的共谋中有厚利可图时,通用制药公司往往会忽视患者的利益。在诸反竞争性协议中,反向支付协议近年来非常猖獗,对社会公共福利造成巨大损害。在我国反垄断法的分析框架下,应当将反向支付协议置于“禁止+豁免”的分析模式中,实现竞争利益和非竞争利益的权衡。[140]
总而言之,专利链接制度是一个复杂的制度体系和制度系统,并不存在一个放诸四海皆准的链接标准,应结合本国制药行业发展实际进行能动地制度选择。当今的国际竞争是规则的竞争,专利链接制度成为美国又一个推行规则霸权和争夺规则话语权的领域。从中央高层相关文件精神来看,我国将推行哈奇-韦克斯曼式的强链接体制。但是,该体制蕴含着诸多限制竞争的风险,需要我们不断优化和改良链接体制,实现药品创新和竞争的平衡。
【注释】
[1]John R.Thomas,Pharmaceutical Patent Law(2d ed.),BNA Books,A Division of The Bureau of National Affairs,2010,at ix.
[2]梁志文:“美国自由贸易协定中药品TRIPS-Plus保护”,载《比较法研究》2014年第1期。
[3]Lara J Glasgow,“Stretching the Limits of Intellectual Property Rights:Has the Pharmaceutical Industry Gone Too Far?”,IDEA-Journal of Law and Technology,Vol.41.Iss.2,2001.
[4]Martin J.Adelman,Randall R.Rader and John R.Thomas,Cases and Materials on Patent Law(3d ed.),West Academic Publishing,2009,pp.905-906.
[5]Jack Ellis,“The Promise of Patent Linkage”,available at https://geneva-net⁃work.com/article/patent-linkage,2019-05-10.
[6]Jack Ellis,“The Promise of Patent Linkage”,available at https://geneva-net⁃work.com/article/patent-linkage,2019-05-10.
[7]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[8]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”,available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-05-10.
[9]Sandeep K.Rathod,“Patent Linkage and Data Exclusivity:A Look at Some De⁃velopments in India”,Journal of Generic Medicines,Vol.8,No.3,2011.
[10]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”,available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-05-10.
[11]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-03-10.
[12]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-03-10.
[13]David Branigan,“New Report:Mitigating Patent Linkage To Promote Medicines Access In LMICs”,available at http://www.ip-watch.org/2018/10/26/new-report-miti⁃gating-patent-linkage-mechanisms-promote-medicines-access-lmics,2019-03-10.
[14]张清奎:“TPP条款对我国医药行业可能产生的影响初探”,载《中国发明与专利》2016年第8期。
[15]“USTR 2017 Special 301 Report”,available at https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/301/2017%20Special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF,2019-05-10.
[16]“Bolar例外”(Bolar exception),又称为“Bolar豁免”(Bolar exemption),是指在专利法中对药品专利到期前他人未经专利权人的同意而进口、制造、使用专利药品进行试验,以获取药品管理部门所要求的数据等信息的行为视为不侵犯专利权的例外规定。
[17]See Benjamin P.Liu,“Fighting Poison with Poison?The Chinese Experience with Pharmaceutical Patent Linkage”,John Marshall Review of Intellectual Property Law,Vol.11,Iss.3,2012;Avneet Heer,“Patent Linkage:Balancing Patent Protection and Ge⁃neric Entry”,available at https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/blog/patent-linkage-resolvinginfringement,2018-12-10.
[18]张永华:“药品专利链接制度的解读与建议”,载《中国食品药品监管》2018年第6期。
[19]Jack Ellis,“The Promise of Patent Linkage”,available at https://geneva-net⁃work.com/article/patent-linkage,2019-03-10.
[20]Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTABased on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[21]Generally Glaxo,Inc.v.Novopharm,Ltd.,110 F.3d 1562(Fed.Cir.1997).
[22]21 U.S.C.§355(j)(5)(B)(iii).
[23]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-05-10.
[24]梁志文:“药品专利链接制度的移植与创制”,载《政治与法律》2017年第8期。
[25]David Branigan,“New Report:Mitigating Patent Linkage To Promote Medicines Access In LMICs”,available at http://www.ip-watch.org/2018/10/26/new-report-miti⁃gating-patent-linkage-mechanisms-promote-medicines-access-lmics,2019-03-10.
[26]Medecins Sans Frontieres,“Access to Medicines at Risk Across the Globe:What to Watch Out For in Free Trade Agreements with the United States”,available at http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/publications/reports/2004/ftaa_05-2004.pdf,2019-03-10.
[27]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-03-10.
[28]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[29]European Union-DG Competition,“Pharmaceutical Sector Enquiry:Final Re⁃port”,08 July,2009,available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuti⁃cals/inquiry/staff_working_paper_part1.pdf,2019-03-10.
[30]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-05-01.
[31]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Empirical Analysis of Drug Approval-Drug Patenting Linkage for High Value Pharmaceuticals”,Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property,Vol.8,Iss.2,2010.
[32]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[33]Lara J Glasgow,“Stretching the Limits of Intellectual Property Rights:Has the Pharmaceutical Industry Gone Too Far?”,IDEA-Journal of Law and Technology,Vol.41,Iss.2,2001.
[34]重磅炸弹药物通常指年销售额在10亿美元以上的畅销药物。
[35]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[36]肖雅心:“仿制药注册中的专利链接问题——基于三方利益衡量对《药品注册管理办法》第18、19条的修改建议”,载《中国发明与专利》2017年第6期。
[37]转引自陈敬、史录文:“美国药品专利链接制度研究”,载《中国新药杂志》2012年第22期。
[38]陈敬、史录文:“美国药品专利链接制度中专利登记规则研究”,载《中国新药杂志》2017年第13期。
[39]European Commission-Competition DG,“Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Prelim⁃inary Report”,DG Competition Staff Working Paper,28 November 2008,available at ht⁃tp://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf,2019-05-01.
[40]European Commission-Competition DG,“Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Prelim⁃inary Report”,DG Competition Staff Working Paper,28 November 2008,available at ht⁃tp://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf,2019-05-01.
[41]王艳、胡允银:“制药行业产品跳跃:垄断还是创新”,载《科技管理研究》2017年第11期。
[42]Abbott Labs.v.Teva Pharms.USA,Inc.432 F.Supp.2d 408.(D.Del.2006),421,422.
[43]European Commission-Competition DG,“Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Prelim⁃inary Report”,DG Competition Staff Working Paper,28 November 2008,available at ht⁃tp://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf,2019-05-01.
[44]Ernst R.Berndt et al.,“Authorized Generic Drugs,Price Competition,And Consumers’Welfare”,Health Affairs,Vol.26,Iss.3,2007.
[45]Mylan Pharmaceuticals,Inc.v.U.S.Food and Drug Administration,454 F.3d 270(4th cir.2006).
[46]Federal Trade Commission,“Authorized Generic Drugs:Short-Term Effects and Long-Term Impact:A Report of the Federal Trade Commission”,August 2011,available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/08/genericdrugs.shtm,2018-04-10.
[47]European Commission-Competition DG,“Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Prelim⁃inary Report”,DG Competition Staff Working Paper,28 November 2008,available at ht⁃tp://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf,2019-05-01.
[48]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1/,2019-05-01.
[49]European Commission-Competition DG,“Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Prelim⁃inary Report”,DG Competition Staff Working Paper,28 November 2008,available at ht⁃tp://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuticals/inquiry/preliminary_report.pdf,2019-05-10.
[50]Michael A.Carrier,“A Real-World Analysis of Pharmaceutical Settlements:The Missing Dimension of Product-Hopping”,Florida Law Review,Vol.62,Iss.4,2010.
[51]Seung Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTA-Based on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),a⁃vailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[52]See Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984,Pub.L.No.98-417,98 Stat.1585(1984)(codified as amended in scattered sections of 15,21,and 35 U.S.C.).
[53]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1/,2019-03-10.
[54]21 U.S.C.§355(a).
[55]Martin J.Adelman,Randall R.Rader and John R.Thomas,Cases and Materials on Patent Law(3d ed.),West Academic Publishing,2009,p.926.
[56]21 U.S.C.§355(j)(2)(A).
[57]H.R.REP.No.98-857,pt.2,at 4(1984),available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-bill/3605,2019-03-10.
[58]21 U.S.C.§355(b)(1).
[59]21 U.S.C.§355(b)(1).
[60]37 C.F.R.§314.53(d)(2).
[61]21 C.F.R.§314.53(b)(1).
[62]aaiPharma,Inc.v.Thompson,296 F.3d 227,242-243,63 USPQ2d 1670,1680(4th Cir.2002).
[63]21 U.S.C.§355(j)(2)(A)(vii).(www.daowen.com)
[64]21 U.S.C.§355(j)(5)(B)(iii).
[65]21 U.S.C.§355(j)(5)(B)(iv).
[66]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[67]“President Takes Action to Lower Prescription Drug Prices”,Press Release,the White House,Oct.22,2002,available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/10/20021021-2.html,2019-01-08.
[68]“FTC Charges Bristol-Myers Squibb with Pattern of Abusing Government Proces⁃ses to Stifle Generic Drug Competition”,Press release,Federal Trade Commission,Mar.7,2003.
[69]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[70]“USTR 2017 Special 301 Report”,available at https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/301/2017%20Special%20301%20Report%20FINAL.PDF,2019-05-10.
[71]张伟君、陈滢:“论药品专利链接制度与现行《专利法》的衔接”,载《中国发明与专利》2018年第3期。
[72]吴汉东:“中国知识产权法律变迁的基本面向”,载《中国社会科学》2018年第8期。
[73]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[74]在1993年《NOC条例》之前,加拿大专利法允许向通用药制造商授予进口专利活性成分的强制许可,要求通用药制造商向专利权人支付一笔名义上的专利许可使用费。这种强制许可制度极大促进了加拿大通用仿制药的发展。
[75]Joel Lexchin,“Intellectual Property Rights and the Canadian Pharmaceutical Marketplace:Where Do We Go from Here?”,International Journal of Health Services,Vol.35,No.2,2005;Joel Lexchin,“After Compulsory Licensing:Coming Issues in Cana⁃dian Pharmaceutical Policy and Politics”,Health Policy,Vol.40,Iss.1,1997.
[76]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[77]“Release of the Therapeutic Products Directorate Statistical Report 2017/2018 for the Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulations and Data Protection”,availa⁃ble at https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/reportspublications/drug-products/statistical-report-patented-medicines-data-protection.html,2019-05-10.
[78]Health Canada,Guidance Document:Patented Medicines(Notice of Compli⁃ance)Regulations(2012),at 8.
[79]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007;Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association,“The patented medicines(notice of compli⁃ance)regulations”,available at http://www.cdmaacfpp.org/en/issues/noc_regulations.html,2019-05-10.
[80]Government of Canada.Canada Gazette Part II Regulations Amending the Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulations 2006,140(21):1503-1525.
[81]Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulations,ss.5(1)(b),5(1.1),and 5(2).
[82]Government of Canada,Regulatory Impact Analysis Statement,Canada Gazette Part 11,vol.132,No.7,at 1055;Regulations Amending the Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulations,SOR/98-166,March 12,1998,s.6(1)(2)(3),amending s.7(1)(e)and 7(5).
[83]Bayer AG v.Canada(Minister of National Health&Welfare),[1993]51 C.P.R.(3d)329,para.13(Can.).
[84]“Canadian Generic Pharmaceutical Association:The Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulations”,available at http://www.cdmaacfpp.org/en/issues/noc_regulations.html,2019-05-10.
[85]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[86]Regulations Amending the Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regula⁃tions,SOR/98-166,March 12,1998,s.8,amending s.8.
[87]European Union-DG Competition,“Pharmaceutical Sector Enquiry:Final Re⁃port”,08 July,2009,available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuti⁃cals/inquiry/staff_working_paper_part1.pdf,2019-04-11.
[88]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1/,2019-04-11.
[89]European Union-DG Competition,“Pharmaceutical Sector Enquiry:Final Re⁃port”,08 July,2009,available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuti⁃cals/inquiry/staff_working_paper_part1.pdf,2019-04-11.
[90]European Union-DG Competition,“Pharmaceutical Sector Enquiry:Final Re⁃port”,08 July,2009,available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuti⁃cals/inquiry/staff_working_paper_part1.pdf,2019-04-11.
[91]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-04-12.
[92]“EU Unlikely to Follow US with‘Patent Linkage’System,Says Expert”,avail⁃able at https://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2017/july/eu-unlikely-to-follow-us-withpatent-linkage-system-says-expert,2019-04-12.
[93]耿文军、丁锦希:“影响药品专利链接制度的重要因素和解决路径”,载《知识产权》2018年第7期。
[94]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-04-12.
[95]“EU Unlikely to Follow US with‘Patent Linkage’System,Says Expert”,avail⁃able at https://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2017/july/eu-unlikely-to-follow-us-withpatent-linkage-system-says-expert,2019-04-12.
[96]European Union-DG Competition,“Pharmaceutical Sector Enquiry:Final Re⁃port”,08 July,2009,available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/sectors/pharmaceuti⁃cals/inquiry/staff_working_paper_part1.pdf,2019-04-12.
[97]“EU Unlikely to Follow US with‘Patent Linkage’System,Says Expert”,avail⁃able at https://www.out-law.com/en/articles/2017/july/eu-unlikely-to-follow-us-withpatent-linkage-system-says-expert,2019-04-12.
[98]Aktiebolaget Hassle v Alphapharm Pty Ltd,212 CLR 411,para 101,2002.
[99]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[100]“药品福利计划”(Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme,PBS)是澳大利亚政府为澳大利亚居民提供处方药补贴的一项计划,旨在确保澳大利亚居民能够负担得起各种必需的药物。但随着成本的增加,PBS已经面临越来越严格的审查。
[101]“Senate Select Committee on the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and the United States of America”,available at https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Busi⁃ness/Committees/Senate/Former_Committees/freetrade/index,2019-05-05.
[102]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[103]Thomas A Faunce and Joel Lexchin,“‘Linkage’Pharmaceutical Evergreening in Canada and Australia,Australia and New Zealand”,Health Policy,Vol.4,No.1,2007.
[104]S.Deady Special Negotiator,Office of Trade Negotiations,Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade,Commonwealth of Australia:Evidence to Senate Select Committee on the FTA Between Australia and the USA,Parliament of Australia,Canberra.Monday 21 June 2004:31,33,48.
[105]“Letter From Robert Zoellick,USTR,to Mark Vaile,Australian Minister for Trade”,available at https://ustr.gov/archive/assets/Trade_Agreements/Bilateral/Australia_FTA/Implementation/asset_upload_file393_6951.pdf,2019-05-05.
[106]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[107]Catherine Drew,“Mexico's Patent Linkage System:Current State,Effects and Flaws”,available at https://www.lifesciencesipreview.com/contributed-article/mexico-spatent-linkage-system-current-state-effects-and-flaws,2019-05-05.
[108]Catherine Drew,“Mexico's Patent Linkage System:Current State,Effects and Flaws”,available at https://www.lifesciencesipreview.com/contributed-article/mexico-spatent-linkage-system-current-state-effects-and-flaws,2019-05-05.
[109]Catherine Drew,“Mexico's Patent Linkage System:Current State,Effects and Flaws”,available at https://www.lifesciencesipreview.com/contributed-article/mexico-spatent-linkage-system-current-state-effects-and-flaws,2019-05-05.
[110]Ashutosh Kumar,“Patent or Patient,Link Them Properly:Patent Linkage and Competition(A Comparative Study)”,available at https://works.bepress.com/ashutosh_kumar/1,2019-05-05.
[111]Sandeep K.Rathod,“Patent Linkage and Data Exclusivity:A Look at Some De⁃velopments in India”,Journal of Generic Medicines,Vol.8,No.3,2011.
[112]Bayer Corporation&Ors.v.Union of India&Ors.LPA 443/2009(Dehli H.C.)(India),at para 28.
[113]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”,available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-05-13.
[114]Sandeep K.Rathod,“Patent Linkage and Data Exclusivity:A Look at Some De⁃velopments in India”,Journal of Generic Medicines,Vol.8,No.3,2011.
[115]Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan,“Comprehensive Economic Partnership A⁃greement Between Japan and the Republic of India(2011)”,available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/epa201102/pdfs/ijcepa_ba_e.pdf,2019-05-09.
[116]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”,available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-05-09.
[117]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-05-09.
[118]Seung Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTA-Based on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),a⁃vailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[119]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[120]Seung Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTA-Based on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),a⁃vailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[121]See Korea Food and Drug Administration,“Guideline on Patent-Drug Approval Linkage”,December 29,2011,available at http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?mid=102&pageNo=9&seq=512603&cmd=v,2018-12-10.加拿大的NOC法规也规定,不允许在专利登记上列出与盐和酯类等特定形式相关的专利。
[122]Seung Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTA-Based on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),a⁃vailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[123]Korea Food and Drug Administration,“Guideline on Patent-Drug Approval Linkage”,December 29,2011,available at http://www.mfds.go.kr/index.do?mid=102&pageNo=9&seq=512603&cmd=v,2018-09-10.
[124]Korea Fair Trade Commission,“Review Guidelines on Unfair Exercise of Intel⁃lectual Property Rights”,available at http://eng.ftc.go.kr/files/static/Legal_Authority/Review%20Guidelines%20on%20Unfair%20Exercise%20of%20Intellectual%20Property%20Rights_mar%2014%202012.pdf,2018-12-10.
[125]Seung Joo Jeong,“Patent-Drug Approval Linkage in Korea Under Korea-U.S.FTA-Based on Comparative Study on U.S.Hatch-Waxman Act and Canadian Patented Medicines(Notice of Compliance)Regulation”,MIPLC Master Thesis Series(2012/13),a⁃vailable at https://ssrn.com/abstract=2407320,2018-12-10.
[126]Mirandah Asia,“Patent Linkage in Asian Countries Compared to the US”,a⁃vailable at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=73ee9ee5-1873-457e-b24f-8af6e96721ff,2018-12-10.
[127]张永华:“药品专利链接制度的解读与建议”,载《中国食品药品监管》2018年第6期。
[128]Avneet Heer,“Patent Linkage:Balancing Patent Protection and Generic Entry”,available at https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/blog/patent-linkage-resolving-infringe⁃ment/,2018-12-10.
[129]Mirandah Asia,“Patent Linkage in Asian Countries Compared to the US”,avail⁃able at https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=73ee9ee5-1873-457e-b24f-8af6e96721ff,2018-12-10.
[130]吴汉东:“知识产权法价值的中国语境解读”,载《中国法学》2013年第4期。
[131]汤宗舜:《专利法教程》,法律出版社1988年版,第66页。
[132]张伟君:《规制知识产权滥用法律制度研究》,知识产权出版社2008年版,第291—293页。
[133]程永顺、吴莉娟:“中国药品专利链接制度建立的探究”,载《科技与法律》2018年第3期。
[134]Shamnad Basheer,“Drug Patent Linkage Controversy:A Middle Path Solution?”,available at https://spicyip.com/2008/07/drug-patent-linkage-controversy-middle.html,2019-03-10.
[135]梁志文:“药品专利链接制度的移植与创制”,载《政治与法律》2017年第8期。
[136]参见张浩然:“竞争视野下中国药品专利链接制度的继受与调适”,载《知识产权》2019年第4期。
[137]“食品药品监管总局关于发布《中国上市药品目录集》的公告”,载http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-12/29/content_5251405.htm,访问时间:2018年5月10日。
[138]Ron A.Bouchard et al.,“Structure-Function Analysis of Global Pharmaceutical Linkage Regulations”,Minnesota Journal of Law,Science&Technology,Vol.12,No.2,2011.
[139]David Branigan,“New Report:Mitigating Patent Linkage To Promote Medicines Access In LMICs”,available at http://www.ip-watch.org/2018/10/26/new-report-miti⁃gating-patent-linkage-mechanisms-promote-medicines-access-lmics,2019-05-10.
[140]参见本书关于反向支付协议反垄断规制原理的专章探讨。
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