在18—19世纪,共济会等西方神秘组织与中国文化进行“天涯神交”,因而它通过汲取“道”的成分,在非宗教与形而上的方面补缺那正在蓬勃兴起的西方文化。由此,共济会成为东方智慧与西方哲学之间的隐秘中介。
在西方哲学形成的过程中,它吸收中国圣贤思想是“一明一暗”。在此之前还有一段混沌期,它体现于布鲁诺——他是文艺复兴的思想家中在宇宙观、自然法和泛神论等方面,最接近中国文化的,[84]而且布鲁诺的理论、赫尔墨斯哲学和中国的相关思想三者,则是十分相似的。[85]另一方面,布鲁诺的理论又与稍后出现的共济会和玫瑰十字会都有很大关系。[86]这两个神秘组织在其前辈的基础上变本加厉地采摘东方的“智慧果”。
共济会等吸收中国圣贤思想的“明”的方面是,从莱布尼茨到启蒙运动(魁奈和伏尔泰等人)已是彰明昭著了。最后,“一明一暗”合流于“后启蒙时代”(康德和黑格尔等人)。
很多学者认为,黑格尔是共济会会员,而且与共济会的极端派有深交。[87]还有人说,黑格尔是玫瑰十字会的会员。[88]黑格尔撷取中国思想也是“一明一暗”:明的渠道是从法国汉学家那儿学得老子的道,暗的渠道是从共济会导师那儿学得赫尔墨斯。[89]但是,到了黑格尔这里,这“一明一暗”都消失在他的缜密的辩证法之中——他自己便成了“首创者”!
道格拉斯·罗宾逊揭示,由于共济会及其神秘主义学者的努力,中国的古老智慧深刻而广泛地影响了新兴的欧美文化,其中也包括德国古典哲学。他写道:在18世纪后期,欧洲的神秘主义导师,像斯威登堡(Emanuel Swedenborg,1688—1772年)搜觅中国古代的哲学文献。1731年开办的瑞典东印度公司是由詹姆斯党共济会和前法国帽子党经营的,从亚洲的贸易中获取暴利。但另一方面,他们也是硕果累累,那就是该公司秘密地雇用了斯威登堡作为其文化间谍(intelligence agent)……在斯威登堡的深奥的文字中,这一点是明显的。另外,他的探索成果之一是揭示了卡巴拉(犹太哲学)是早先对“中国瑜伽”(禅宗)启示的改头换面。斯威登堡所掌握的中国思想,大部分来自摩拉维亚弟兄会。
亨利·詹姆斯爵士(1811—1882年)是忠诚的斯威登堡主义和傅里叶主义者。所有的先验主义者无不认真阅读斯威登堡的著作,他们包括:爱默生、梭罗(Henry David Thoreau,1817—1862年,美国作家、哲学家)、奥尔柯特(Bronson Alcott,1799—1888年,美国作家和哲学家)、惠特曼和梅尔维尔(Herman Melville,1819—1891年,美国小说家);在大西洋这边,有凯瑟琳大帝、康德、歌德、拉瓦特尔(Lavater,1741—1801年,瑞士神学家、哲学家)、柯勒律治(Coleridge,1772—1834年,英国诗人、浪漫主义文学的奠基人之一)、凯雷(Thomas Carlyle,1795—1881年,苏格兰哲学家)、巴尔扎克、波德莱尔和许多别的有影响的思想家。
根据庞思奋(Stephen R.Palmquist)教授的研究,康德在其所著《批判宗教》中发展了“哥白尼假设”……这是他阅读斯威登堡著作的心得。如果庞思奋说的都是对的,那么,近两个多世纪以来,在背后推动哲学发展的有影响和最具浪漫主义的力量,则应当归因于康德对斯威登堡主义的批判性的解读,它浸透着共济会、玫瑰十字会、犹太卡巴拉和中国古代思想。
换句话说,在19世纪初,中国古代的各种思想和西方的深奥思想都是在欧洲的知识血管中进行循环的,尤其是该时代的浪漫主义和理想主义的持异议者,以及乌托邦精神更是如此。颇为讽刺的是,中国思想在很大程度上最终塑造了浪漫主义和理想主义……然而起先,德国浪漫主义和理想主义是中国哲学和文学的反动……(莱布尼茨之后的德国)民族主义拒绝启蒙运动颂扬“中国风”。(引者按:那时,具有浓厚的民族主义倾向的德国学者们嫉妒法国倚靠中国文化而成为欧洲文明的中心,所以迁怒于中国,并且加紧塑造“古希腊”。但不管怎么样,总离不开中国源头)。[90]
表解18—19世纪之交德国民族主义及浪漫主义的学术与中国的不解之缘
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