真正的古希腊是半原始、无文字、极贫困、频战乱的氏族部落社会,始终滞留于史前状态。近现代西方成了“文明的暴发户”,就来认祖归宗,编造谱系。
古希腊由于山多地狭,部落林立,方言闭塞,战斗与破坏皆为常情。一个面积不大的地方,因其可耕地极少而贫瘠,只能够承载微小的人口规模。又由于地形崎岖,而形成数百个“以邻为壑”的族群,每个族群仅5000人左右。[102]人口稍有增加,就会出现生存危机,促使内外战争频繁。这种情况,冲突压倒一切,怎能不是在(前文明的)“自然状态”[103]中恶性循环呢?!
以下七点是西方学者对古希腊的定性:
第一,原始社会。法国历史学家库朗日称:“古希腊是……原始社会的理想类型(the ideal-type of primitive society)。”[104]
第二,“前文明、前国家”的部落社会。人类学家尼尔森教授把希腊城邦定性为“非国家的部落社会”(stateless society with the tribe)。[105]美国学者沃格林说:“希腊城邦是牢固地基于部落氏族(The Greek polis was firmly based on tribal clans)。”[106]
第三,原始经济。两位历史学家沙伊德尔(美国斯坦福大学)和雷敦(德国弗莱堡大学)指出:“古希腊的经济真的是相当原始(ancient Greek economy were really rather primitive)。”[107]两位丹麦学者、经济史家伊萨格和斯伽兹戈尔德说:“希腊农业在城邦国家阶段是相当原始的。”[108]
第四,部落混战时代。法国历史学家查尔斯·罗林说:“希腊人——尤其是斯巴达人和雅典人——始终是好战的。”(People of Greece in all times very warlike,especially the Lacedaemonians and Athenians)。[109]
第五,无文字时代。古典学家乔治·亚历山大·肯尼迪认为:“古希腊依靠口语表达……口语交流实际上贯穿着整个古典阶段。”[110]
第六,反智时代。阿仁斯道夫教授说:“古希腊城邦——特别是雅典——普遍而长期地迫害学者。”[111]
第七,古希腊不可能有“智慧”(科学与哲学)。历史学家乔治·詹姆斯说:古希腊的好战、频繁人祸、极度贫困和群氓迫害的情势,根本否定了产生任何学术的可能性。[112]
毋庸置疑,西方文明的“希腊源头”和有关它的文献与文物,都是被伪造的;[113]柏拉图和亚里士多德等人,都是被杜撰出来的。[114]16世纪法国人文主义哲学家彼得呂斯·拉米斯(Petrus Ramus,1515—1572年)宣称:“亚里士多德所说的全是被伪造的。”(all that Aristotle had said is forged)。[115]
质言之,所谓的“希腊科学、希腊哲学”都是“近代现象”,属于近现代西方的知识系统,它们都是“人类中心主义”和“反自然、害生态、非生命”的。在中华(文化与科技)透过西洋“联通世界”(1492年)之后,欧洲社会才“以空间换时间”驰骋于偌大的生物圈之中,在“繁荣→毁灭”(基督教“创世→末日”)的前一段发挥,在西方内部发挥“正能量”。[116]但是,无论如何,希腊—西方知识系统是不能单独存在于1492年之前的“国土生态、乡土环境”之中的。
【注释】
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