鉴于托勒密《天文学大成》是伪造的,所以包括该书在内的近代早期的西方所有的相关成就,都不能不是来自中国的,都是《授时历》的“爆炸性效应”。它们包括哥白尼的日心说、《格里高利历》和斯卡利杰所设计的“古代历法”。
科学史不在其自身,它倚靠“尽精微而致广大”的道的智慧和亘古文明,若无后两者,纵然把“科学传统”说得天花乱坠(例如古希腊),那只能是子虚乌有。在1492年之后,全球已被打通,有着极大的“生态缓冲”,所以,科学能够“独当一面”。而在之前,人与自然是生命攸关,动辄自毁家园,所以科学必需“因道而生、遵道而行”。
以下是董并生所写《哥白尼“日心说”来源于中国》[86]的节录:
按照孟席斯的说法,“哥白尼革命”应该改为“郭守敬革命”。
哥白尼的理论直接来自雷乔蒙塔纳斯(Regiomontanus),而雷乔蒙塔纳斯的天文学知识则源于中国元朝郭守敬的《授时历》。
哥白尼认为,“地球每天绕自己的轴自转,每年绕静止的太阳公转”,这是雷乔蒙塔纳斯书中的话。芝加哥大学教授诺埃尔·斯瓦德罗的研究论文《哥白尼行星理论初稿与起源》称……大约从1504年起,哥白尼已在波隆那获得雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》和《天文学概要》……之后,哥白尼采用雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《概要》第十一卷,其中包含导致哥白尼的革命性理论的分析。
比较郑和的《星历表》与雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》,我们可以大概了解到雷乔蒙塔纳斯透过托斯卡内利(而不是希腊天文学家),从中国人那儿继承的一部分东西。……青纳等人宣称,雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》是使用经过观测后修正的阿方索星表的结果。如果雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》根据阿方索星表,那么,它们将无法测定太阳、月球和行星的位置,也少了足够的精确度来预测日月食乃至经度。因为阿方索星表是奠基于一个完全错误的宇宙体系,它把地球当成宇宙的中心,行星绕地球转动。
雷乔蒙塔纳斯很了解,用旧的阿方索星表是无益的。他在自己的1475—1531年历书中指出,阿方索星表里的1475—1531年的56年间,有30年的复活节(在天主教教会里最重要的一天)的日期是错误的……
郑和的《星历表》则是以郭守敬为基础……在雷乔蒙塔纳斯去世后多年,哥伦布、韦斯普奇等人真的利用雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》来预测日月食、纬度和经度……雷乔蒙塔纳斯一定从托斯卡内利那儿获得他的资料……
自1474年雷乔蒙塔纳斯的《星历表》出版后,欧洲人首次可以计算纬度和经度,知道他们在海上的位置,到达新世界,精确地将它标示在图上,并且安全地返回家园——这是一场海洋探险的革命。
中国的天文学才是欧洲近代天文学的基础。欧洲近代天文学的来源既不是古希腊,也不是托勒密。
正如在1434年之后,亚里士多德—托勒密的宇宙规范被束之高阁。郭守敬的赤基黄道仪——欧洲现代仪器如天文罗盘的先驱——至今尚存于世。从那时开始,欧洲天文学家就仿效中国的方法。
1434年《授时历》传入欧洲,经过百余年的发酵,到1543年由哥白尼“发扬光大”于《天体运行论》,对欧洲的神学体系产生了巨大冲击。
从文艺复兴之“人文主义”开始,欧洲人的世界观和方法论,无不打上中国烙印。达·芬奇绘制的大量“机械制图”和提出的“机械原理”,都是源于中国元代的《农书》,后者在天文、物理、光学、数学、医学、建筑、军事、水利、地质学、生物学等领域,对近代科学的形成产生重大影响。哥白尼的“日心说”源于中国元朝的《授时历》,对于西方宇宙观的影响既深且久。
【注释】
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[86]该文是董并生的读书笔记,载于董并生新浪博客。
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