理论教育 《圣经》反复调整时间的意义和影响

《圣经》反复调整时间的意义和影响

时间:2023-07-26 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:与日俱增的欧洲学者倾向于否定《圣经》的世界历史的意义。福修斯宣称,诺亚洪水是地方性的,裴瑞尔斯支持这个立场,他主张,中国历史证明《圣经》不是世界历史。攻击《圣经》的人有增无减。他提及在尧统治的时期发生的大洪水,他推想这就是《圣经》中的诺亚洪水。

《圣经》反复调整时间的意义和影响

在斯卡利杰之后的两百年中,“圣经编年”及其所展开的“世界历史”,在受到来自中国的相关资讯的冲击过程中,不断地与之妥协而被修改。

《圣经》本身是很迟被编纂的,其产生的时间地点和它的内容所覆盖的时间空间都是一笔糊涂账;何况又不止一个版本与语言,它们的时间也都不一样。在中华文明及历史的冲击下,西方的神职学者必须把《圣经》变成古今世界的“主宰”,把其中的神话故事变成“真实的”各国历史,这可怎么办?那就只好照着中国的样子来改造啰!

16—17世纪之交的那一代编年史家(斯卡利杰等)参照中国历史修正了“圣经编年”,但仍然存在着严重的问题(如世界开始的时间);因而不久便接受更详细、更准确的中国信息的考验,“圣经编年”和圣经体系均深陷危机。与日俱增的欧洲学者倾向于否定《圣经》的世界历史的意义。

哲学家理查·波普金说:关于中国古代(历史)的争论加剧了宗教怀疑。福修斯宣称,诺亚洪水是地方性的,裴瑞尔斯支持这个立场,他主张,中国历史证明《圣经》不是世界历史。福修斯还说,中国的文字记录比摩西更早。……斯宾诺莎在其所著《神学政治论》(1670年)中……断言:中华民族的古老超过其他任何民族……诺亚洪水只是巴勒斯坦一隅之事。[153]

到17—18世纪之交,不少欧洲学者(莱布尼茨等)试图做一些折中的处理,主张放弃权威的拉丁文译本《圣经》(编年);而采用在时间上能与中国历史衔接的七十士译本,这样就使“圣经编年”逃过一劫。

两位学者高特和波普金主编《莱布尼茨:神秘与宗教》一书,这样写道:传统上讲,开始于世界被创造的“圣经编年”是普遍适用的,《圣经》所描述的事件也被认为是“世界历史事件”,它们的时间都是由严肃的学术所确定的。然而,事件的编年史又是根据不同编年史家和不同的圣经版本,表现出灵活多样性。最盛行、最权威的版本是拉丁文版本(Vulgate),它被希伯来摩西记述所支持的是公元7—10世纪犹太学者的成果。另一个版本是在公元前3世纪被七十个亚历山大学者所写的。

这两个版本的“创世纪”的时间是在公元前6000至公元前4004年之间。使“圣经历史”在时间上合并于(synchronize)中国历史,与之吻合……不能超越上述时限。按照卫匡国的计算,据说是中国第一个帝王的伏羲,登基的时间是公元前2952年,这是在被普遍接受的诺亚洪水(约公元前2349年)之前600年。伏羲的天文学知识是可以被证实的……即便是按照柏应理(Couplet)的较保守的计算,中国的真实历史开始于洪水之前的300年……

《圣经》所描述的人类历史在斯宾诺莎那里受到抨击……裴瑞尔斯(La Peyrere)的《亚当前史》提出……《圣经》只是犹太历史而已。……荷兰学者福修斯写道:为了接纳中国历史,有必要采用七十士译本,并且把洪水视为地方现象。他追溯中国历史为4500年,相信这个时间是能够被年鉴和碑文所证实的。福修斯宣称,中国编年史驳斥了“圣经编年”,后者是传统的西方的历史画面的根基。他强调,中国人的一些著述远在摩西之前……攻击《圣经》的人有增无减。西方教会使用拉丁文《圣经》已有许多世纪了,现在叫它们改用七十士译本(希腊文《圣经》),这等于向宗教怀疑的人投降,而且它们也没有七十士译本的正版。

福修斯的挑战引发了论战,也加深了捍卫传统历史画面的困境……英国建筑师约翰·韦布(1611—1672年)力证诺亚是中国的建立者(诺亚Noa=尧Yao),以否定犹太历史。1700年,巴黎的160个神学博士歪曲中国古代,来谴责在华耶稣会士李明和郭弼恩。在怀疑“圣经历史学”的欧洲学者群中,中国历史是确定的主题……

莱布尼茨乐于接受中国古代编年史。他评论……中国历史在准确性和悠久性两个方面,均超过所有其他的民族,它的可信性也是源于其治理的连续不断的。……莱布尼茨主张,鉴于中国最早的帝王诸如伏羲和黄帝,在时间上与诺亚洪水接近,所以欧洲人应该采用七十士译本(圣经)。[154]

拉赫教授揭示了亚洲——主要是中国——在思想、制度、艺术和技术上塑造了现代欧洲。在他看来,卫匡国的《中国上古史》为西方提供了标准的历史、制度和时间以及编年的计算方法。他写道:

卫匡国的《中国上古史》始于伏羲——第一个传奇圣王,卫匡国计算他的登基时间是公元前2952年……卫匡国的书介绍了中国上古的三皇五帝,诸如伏羲、炎帝、黄帝、少昊、颛顼、帝喾、尧和舜,以及他们在位时的事迹与成就。他还讨论了中国古代的数学和天文学,以及六十年周期的干支纪年法。

他提及在尧统治的时期发生的大洪水,他推想这就是《圣经》中的诺亚洪水。大多数欧洲的史学后辈都认同卫匡国的中国历史的开始时间……他们思考怎样才能使中国古代编年与“创世纪”妥协……由此,在华耶稣会士采用七十士版本《旧约》作为他们的编年,这样就容易与中国编年史吻合……

卫匡国介绍了夏商周三朝和它们的圣王,反映了儒家经典与历史的特征……他对周朝描绘地很翔实,超过100页;在赞扬了武王和周公的智慧和道德管理之后,历史进入了封建诸侯的阴谋、暗杀和战争,这就是战国阶段(公元前403年—公元前221年)……[155]

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