四种互动结构调整技巧手段中,本文主要讨论要求澄清说明、确认是否理解和容忍歧义。
例4
Teacher:Why did the ant work so hard?
Student:Winter is coming soon.It'll be very cold and it'll snow,too.It'll be difficult to find any food.
Teacher:So do you mean because it is difficult to find food in winter?
Student:Yes,because it is difficult to find food in winter.
同样的Detail Question,这个问题在原文中有相应的答案,所以学生可能会用原文中the ant说的话直接进行回答,容易造成内容上的累赘繁复,语法上的失范不当。这种情况下,就需要教师进行引导,提出澄清请求,让学生回答出关键部分。
例5
Student:The ant likes a warm house.The ant worked hard.The grasshopper played all year.(www.daowen.com)
Teacher:So you say that the ant worked hard to have enough food and a warm house in winter and the grasshopper did not.
技巧手段里的确认是否理解与策略手段里的理解确认有所不同。策略手段中语言水平较高者确认语言水平较低者是否理解自己的话,而在技巧手段里则是指语言水平较高者确认自己是否理解语言水平较低者的话语。学生表述时更倾向于使用简单句,没有联系词表达句子之间的逻辑关系,所以教师需要根据意思对内容进行重新组合,并向学生确认自己是否理解正确。这样才是有意义的沟通互动。
例6
Student:The ant was kind and invite(d)the grass(hop)per into his house.Er...
Teacher:Then what did the grasshopper promise the ant?
Student:The grass(hop)per promise(d)(to)work hard next spring.
遇到学生常犯的语音、语法错误时,很多教师会当场进行纠正,但在Retell环节中,学生试图用自己的理解、自己的话语进行文章概括时,教师要做的应是帮助学生完善概述思路。如果一味地纠正语音、语调、语法错误,将会破坏学生的表述过程,也在一定程度上打击学生的积极性。所以,在这一环节中,运用容忍歧义的手段可以加强互动理解。
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