一、法规框架
在日本饲料和饲料添加剂受《饲料安全法》[28]的监管,法规的主要框架如图8-3所示。
图8-3 日本饲料和饲料添加剂法规框架
日本不像美国和欧盟,其没有饲料原料目录。但有一个现有饲料原料的营养价值汇总表[29];日本的饲料添加剂[30]分成3大组16小类。农林渔业部(MAFF)是饲料和饲料添加剂的主管部门,MAFF对各类饲料和饲料添加剂制定生产标准以及产品规格要求[31],对于不符合生产标准和规格要求的产品,任何人不得生产和销售。除了产品规格,日本还专门设定了化学成分限量要求[32],包括农药残留[33]、重金属、化学杂质的限量要求。
表8-2 日本饲料添加剂分类
二、新饲料成分的申请与审批
按照《饲料安全评价标准程序》[34],新饲料成分在日本须经过MAFF下的农产品理事会的安全评价获得批准后方可进入市场。为获得批准必须递交如下资料:①国外使用信息;②成分识别信息包括化学名称、结构、生产工艺、理化特性、质量鉴别;③家畜体内残留信息;④安全毒理信息;⑤家畜体内代谢信息;⑥家畜喂养试验信息。
按照《饲料添加剂评价标准》[35],新饲料必须经过MAFF下的农产品理事会的安全评价并获得批准后方可进入市场。为获得批准必须递交如下资料:①新添加剂发现情况;②规格信息包括化学名称、结构、制造工艺、生物特性、质量鉴定;③技术功效;④家畜体内残留信息;⑤安全毒理信息;⑥家畜喂饲试验信息;⑦菌抗试验信息;⑧其他信息。
基于递交的资料,农产品理事会做出安全评价并得出是否批准的决定。
三、生产与销售市场准入
根据《饲料安全法》的规定,任何人生产特定饲料和饲料添加剂,必须到MAFF进行登记并获批后可从事相关业务活动。申请登记必须递交如下资料信息:①申请人名称及地址;②饲料产品类型;③生产机构名称及地址;④质检设备明细;⑤生产设施及质量管理体系。
境外生产商进口此类特定饲料和饲料添加剂的必须递交与境内企业相同的资料信息方可获得登记批准。
四、产品标识
根据《饲料安全法》的规定,饲料产品必须标识如下信息:①饲料名称;②饲料种类(包括单一饲料、复合饲料、配合饲料);③生产(进口)日期;④营养成分及含量,包括粗蛋白、粗脂肪、钙含量、磷含量、粗纤维、粗灰分、可消化物质总量(TDN)、代谢能量(ME)、挥发新氮;⑤原材料名称;⑥配料比。
根据《饲料安全法》的规定,饲料添加剂产品必须标识如下信息:①饲料添加剂名称;②标明“饲料添加剂”字样;③生产批号;④进口商或经销商名称及地址;⑤生产商名称及地址;⑥有效成分名称及含量、辅料名称及含量;⑦保质期;⑧使用饲料及用量;⑨贮存注意事项。
五、转基因产品的监管
在日本,只有在国外批准的转基因成分才会允许申请用于新饲料或新饲料添加剂的开发,安全评价过程采用《饲料安全评价标准程序》,但评价转基因成分安全性时,MAFF下的农产品理事会将协同食品安全委员会一起评价,评价的结果不仅考虑喂饲动物的安全性,同时还考虑喂饲过的动物为人类提供的食品对人体健康的安全性,当两者的安全性对人类健康没有影响时,MAFF会向公众公示结果,当公众没有反对意见时,MAFF才会批准此转基因成分作为新饲料或新饲料添加剂的用途。
参考文献:
[1]Codex Alimentarius Commission.CAC/RCP 54-2004(revision 2008)Code of practice on good animal feeding[Z].2008.
[2]国务院.饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例[Z].2013.
[3]农业部.饲料原料目录[Z].2013.
[4]农业部.饲料添加剂品种目录(2013)[Z].2013.
[5]农业部.新饲料和新饲料添加剂管理办法[Z].2012.
[6]农业部.进口饲料和饲料添加剂登记管理办法[Z].2004.
[7]农业部.饲料和饲料添加剂生产许可管理办法[Z].2012.
[8]农业部.饲料添加剂和添加剂预混合饲料产品批准文号管理办法[Z].2012.(www.daowen.com)
[9]中国饲料工业协会.GB10648-2013饲料标签[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2013.
[10]农业部.农业转基因生物标识管理办法[Z].2002.
[11]国务院.农业转基因生物安全管理条例[Z].2001.
[12]U.S.Congress.The Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act[Z].1938.
[13]US Food&Drug Administration title 21,Code of Federal Regulation[EB/OL].http:// www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=fcd63247a4e3c0c1c92f2f9f9a268aa3&mc= true&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title21/21cfrv6_02.tpl#0.
[14]US Food&Drug Administration.Memorandum of Understanding between the United States Food and Drug Administration and the Association of American Feed Control Officials[EB/OL].http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/PartnershipsCollaborations/Memorandaof Understanding MOUs/Domestic MOUs/ucm115778.htm.
[15]Association of American Feed Control Officials.A Guide to Submitting New Ingredient Definitions to AAFCO[EB/OL].http://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Regulatory/Committees/Ingredient-Definitions/definition_request_guidelines_020112.pdf.
[16]USFood&Drug Administration.Proposed Rule:Premarket Notice Concerning Bioengineered Foods[Z].State Register,2001,66:4706-4738.
[17]European Communities.Regulation(EC)No.178/2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law,establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety[S].2002.
[18]European Union.Regulation(EC)No.183/2005 laying down requirements for feed hygiene[S].2005.
[19]European Union.Regulation(EC)No.767/2009 on the placing on the market and use of feed[S].2009.
[20]European Union.Council Directive.96/25/EC on the circulation of feed materials [S].1996.
[21]European Union.Regulation(EC)No.1829/2003 on genetically modified food and feed [S].2003.
[22]European Union.Regulation(EC)No.1830/2003 concerning the traceability and labeling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms[S].2003.
[23]European Union.Commission Directive 2008/38/EC establishing a list of intended uses of animal feedingstuffs for particular nutritional purposes[S].2008.
[24]European Union.Regulation(EC)No.1831/2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition [S].2003.
[25]European Communities.Council Directive 90/167/EEC laying down the conditions governing the preparations,placing on the market and use of medicated feedingstuffs in the community[S].1990.
[26]European Union.Council Directive 95/69/EC laying down the conditions and arrangements for approving and registering certain establishments and intermediaries operating in animal feed sector[S].1995.
[27]European Communities.Commission Regulation(EC)No.429/2008 regards the preparation and presentation of applications and the assessment and authorization of feed additive[S].2008.
[28]Japan MAFF.Law concerning safety assurance and quality improvement of feeds [Z].1953.
[29]Japan MAFF.Nutritional values for feed raw materials[EB/OL].http://www.famic. go.jp/ffis/feed/kokuji/k51n756-2.html.
[30]Japan MAFF.Japanese list of feed additives[EB/OL].http://www.famic.go.jp/ffis/ feed/sub3_feedadditives_en.html.
[31]Japan MAFF.Ministerial ordinance on the specification and standards of feeds and feeds additives[EB/OL].http://www.famic.go.jp/ffis/feed/obj/shore_eng.pdf.
[32]Japan MAFF.Administrative guidelines for hazardous substances in feeds[EB/OL].http:// www.famic.go.jp/ffis/feed/r_safety/r_feeds_safety22.html#metals.
[33]Japan MAFF.For hazardous substances,allowable residue levels of pesticide[EB/OL]. http://www.famic.go.jp/ffis/feed/r_safety/r_feeds_safety22.html#pesticides.
[34]Japan MAFF.Safety Evaluation Criteria and Evaluation Procedure for Feeds[EB/OL]. http://www.famic.go.jp/ffis/feed/tuti/20_597_1.html.
[35]Japan MAFF.Establishment of the standards for evaluation of feed additives[S].1993.
免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。