1.分隔一系列的、其中含有逗号的单词、短语或数据。如：

We thank Zachary Axelrod，University of Michigan，for spectral data；Caroline Fleissner，Harvard University，for helpful discussions；and the National Science Foundation for financial support（Grant XYZ 123456）.

Figure 1.Cyclic voltammograms in dichloromethane：（a）compound 1，23℃；（b）compound 2，-40℃；（c）compound 4，23℃.

The compounds studied were methyl ethyl ketone；sodium benzoate；and acetic，benzoic，and cinnamic acids.

The color order was red，yellow，blue；blue，yellow，red；or yellow，red，blue.

（Davis&Hueter，1994；Pettigrew，1993）

The order of deposition was quartz and pyrite；massive galena，sphalerite，and pyrite；brown carbonates and quartz；and small amounts of all those named，together with fluorite，barite，calcite，and kaolin.

Much of the unit is red，pink，or gray；medium to coarse grained；and equigranular or slightly porphyritic.

2.分隔由连接副词或转折性短语（that is，however，therefore，hence，indeed，accordingly，besides，thus，moreover，nevertheless，furthermore，consequently等）引导的独立子句。如：

The rate at which bleaching occurred was dependent on cluster size；that is，the degradation of the mononuclear cluster was about 5 times faster than that of the tetranuclear cluster.

Many kinetic models have been investigated；however，the first-order reactions were studied most extensively.(www.daowen.com)

The proposed intermediate is not easily accessible；therefore，the final product is observed initially.

The efficiency of the cross-coupling depends on the nature of X in RX;thus，the reaction is performed at room temperature by slow addition of the ester.

但：The activity on bromopyruvate was decreased，whereas the activity on pyruvate was enhanced.

In-place rock was sampled whenever possible；however，most plugs were taken from cores or from boulders around quarries or construction-site borrow pits.

或：In-place rock was sampled whenever possible；most plugs，however，were taken from cores or from boulders around quarries or construction-site borrow pits.

但：In-place rock was sampled whenever（wherever）possible，but most plugs were taken from cores or from boulders around quarries....

3.分隔没有连词连接的独立子句。如：

Only tungsten and tin are sufficiently concentrated to be potential resources；other elements shown in figures 4-6 are possible“pathfinder”elements for exploring other prospects.

The participants in the first study were paid；those in the second were unpaid.

All solvents were distilled from an appropriate drying agent；tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether were also pretreated with activity I alumina.