理论教育 英国司法任命委员会及其职责

英国司法任命委员会及其职责

时间:2023-07-03 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:为了更好地监督任命过程,2001年3月,英国成立了一个司法任命委员会。该委员会共有8名委员,其中一名是主席,由科林·康贝尔爵士出任,另外7名委员是普通委员,其中一名委员同样任职于北爱尔兰司法任命委员会。司法任命委员会的职责包括:第一,对司法任命与筛选过程进行审查。

英国司法任命委员会及其职责

为了更好地监督任命过程,2001年3月,英国成立了一个司法任命委员会。该委员会共有8名委员,其中一名是主席(First Commissioner),由科林·康贝尔爵士(Sir Colin Cambell)出任,另外7名委员是普通委员(Deputy Commissioner),其中一名委员同样任职于北爱尔兰司法任命委员会。

司法任命委员会的职责包括:第一,对司法任命与筛选过程进行审查。他们有权对筛选与面试过程进行考察,有权翻阅任何文件,并有权就司法任命相关事务提出任何意见;第二,考察任何个案中对这些程序的投诉;第三,听取任何个人或组织关于任命过程的评论;第四,给御前大臣提供进一步改进程序的建议。

2002年10月,该委员会第一次发布年度报告。该报告称,唯才是举的任命指导原则没有问题,任命过程是无瑕疵的。但是这并不能说明人们对现行任命制度没有任何抱怨,在2003年的宪法改革中,人们仍然对任命制度提出了诸多新的要求,这些内容将会在本书后面详述。[63]

【注释】

[1]“chancellor”这个英文单词在英国法的语境中通常被译为“大法官”,但由于2005年的这次改革将该职位的司法功能彻底剥离,再将其译为“大法官”不太妥当,因此本书使用《元照英美法词典》中的翻译,将“chancellor”一词译为“御前大臣”。

[2]Diana Woodhouse,The Office of Lord Chancellor,Oxford:Hart Publishing,2001,p.1.

[3]SeeWilliam Holdsworth,AHistory ofthe English Law,Vol.1,London:Sweet&Maxwell Ltd.,1945,1991 Reprinted,pp.36~37.

[4]SeeWilliam Holdsworth,AHistory of the English Law,Vol.1,London:Sweet&Maxwell Ltd.,1945,1991 Reprinted,pp.396~397.

[5]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,p.211.

[6]现在可以被称为“大法官法院”,因为司法已经成为其主要事务。

[7]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,p.212;Dr.Stephen Cretney,“Abolishing the Office of Lord Chancellor:the Question of DepartmentalResponsibility and Some Other Consequential Issues”,Centrefor Public Law,Cambridge University,4(October)2002,p.6,http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/faculty-resources/summary/judicial-reform-function-appointment-and-structure-by-drstephen-cretney/860.

[8]DianaWoodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time Toabandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,p.129.

[9]Dr.Stephen Cretney,“Abolishing the Office of Lord Chancellor:the Question of Departmental Responsibility and Some Other Consequential Issues”,Centre for Public Law,Cambridge University,4(October)2002,p.6.

[10]Diana Woodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time Toabandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,p.130.

[11]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.16~17.

[12]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,p.17.

[13]在这里必须解释一下本书所使用的“法律贵族”(Law Lord)一词的概念。法律贵族一般有广义与狭义两种含义。广义地说,所谓法律贵族就是担任或曾经担任过某些高级司法职位的上议院贵族。他们包括所有担任或曾经担任过御前大臣、首席法官(Lord Chief Justice)、卷档主事官(Master of the Rolls)、苏格兰最高民事法院院长(Lord President of the Court of Session in Scotland)、上议院上诉委员会成员、枢密院司法委员会成员等职位的上议院贵族。但是,有时,该概念也被狭义地理解为仅仅只是上议院上诉委员会的12位成员,这12位成员也可以被称为上议院上诉委员会常任法律贵族,或者在特定的语境下,被直接称为法官。

[14]See A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:a New Way of Appointing Judges,CP 10/03,(July)2003,pp.11~13.

[15]See A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.16~18.

[16]See A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.58~59.

[17]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.19~22,pp.47~49;Diana Woodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time Toabandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,p.129.

[18]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.23~27.

[19]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional reform:Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.28~34.

[20]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional reform:Reform:Reforming the Office of the Lord Chancellor,CP 13/03,(September)2003,pp.49~55.

[21]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,p.213.

[22]2006年上议院才引入了副议长来协助议长的工作。

[23]David Pannick,“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than that a Judge Should’(Jeremy Bentham):Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,p.728.

[24]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,pp.216~218;DianaWoodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time Toabandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,p.134.

[25]2003年5月上议院共有14天会期,欧文勋爵就有5天因内阁事务而请假。Hansard,HL,Deb 08,May,2003,vol.647,c.1226;Hansard,HL,Deb 07,May,2003,vol.647,c.1085.

[26]DianaWoodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor”,Public Law,(Win.)1998,p.624.

[27]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,p.214.

[28]Oonagh Gay and Richard Kelly,The Constitutional Reform Bill[HL]-the ofFice of Lord ChancellorBill No.18 of2004-5,House ofCommons Library,Parliamentand Constitution Centre,Research Paper,05/05,12(January)2005,p.16.

[29]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,pp.218~219.

[30]McGonnell v.United Kingdom EHRR08/02/2000.(www.daowen.com)

[31]See DianaWoodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time to Abandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,pp.132~134.

[32]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,pp.218~219.

[33]DianaWoodhouse,“The Office of Lord Chancellor:Time Toabandon the Judicial Role-the RestWillfollow”,Legal Studies,12,2002,pp.135~136.

[34]Tom Bingham,“The Old Older Changeth”,Law Quarterly Review,122(Apr.)2006,pp.221~222.

[35]Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 1,p.2.

[36]伊丽莎白一世在其55年统治期间内仅召集过10次下议院,平均每次会期少于14周。[美]哈罗德J.伯尔曼:《法律与革命——新教改革对西方法律传统的影响》(第2卷),袁瑜埩、苗文龙译,法律出版社2008年版,第225页。

[37]Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 1,p.3.

[38]See Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 1,pp.4~6.

[39]See Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 2,pp.7~8.

[40]David Pannick,“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than that a Judge Should’,Jeremy Bentham:Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,pp.724~726.

[41]Lord Bingham of Cornhill,“A New Supreme Court for the United Kingdom”,the Constitution Unit Spring Lecture,2002,p.3.

[42]See Radcliffe,Cross:The English Legal System,London:Butterworths,1977,Sixth Edition,p.274;T.W.D.,“The English Judicial System”,The American Law Register(1852~1891),17,1869,pp.69~70.

[43]David Pannick,“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than that a Judge Should’,Jeremy Bentham,Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,p.725

[44]See Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 2,pp.9~13.

[45]SeeWilliam Holdsworth,AHistory of the English Law,Vol.5,London:Sweet&Maxwell Ltd.,1945,1991 Reprinted,pp.638~640.

[46]毛玲:《英国民事诉讼的演进与发展》,中国政法大学出版社2005年版,第282页。

[47]毛玲:《英国民事诉讼的演进与发展》,中国政法大学出版社2005年版,第297页。

[48]毛玲:《英国民事诉讼的演进与发展》,中国政法大学出版社2005年版,第297页。

[49]Radcliffe,Cross:The English Legal System,London:Butterworths,1977,Sixth Edition,p.307.当然,普通法与衡平法的冲突并没有被一劳永逸地消除,它仍存在于英格兰地产法之中,直到1925年的立法,才将地产权中的普通法权利与衡平法权利的划分一笔勾销,See Radcliffe,Cross:The English Legal System,London:Butterworths,1977,Sixth Edition,p.308.

[50]David Pannick,“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than that a Judge Should,Jeremy Bentham:Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,p.727.

[51]所谓“上诉贵族”在较宽泛的意义上可以被视为是法律贵族的同义词,指的是拥有或者曾经拥有高级司法职位的上议院贵族,包括御前大臣、上议院上诉委员会的“常任上诉法官”(Lords of Appeal in Ordinary)以及曾任职于高级法院法官及以上司法职位的上议院贵族。若把法律贵族做一个较为狭义的解释则是专指上议院上诉委员会的“常任上诉法官”(Lords of Appeal in Ordinary),为避免不必要的误解,本书对“法律贵族”这个概念取宽泛的解释。Robin Cooke,“The Law Lords:an Endangered Heritage”,Law Quarterly Review,119(Jan.)2003,p.54.

[52]David Pannick,“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than thata Judge Should’,(Jeremy Bentham):Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,p.727.

[53]See Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 3,pp.7~9;David Pannick:“‘Better that a Horse Should Have a Voice in the House[of Lords]than that a Judge Should’,Jeremy Bentham,Replacing the Law Lords by a Supreme Court”,Public Law,(Oct.)2009,p.728.

[54]See Louis Blom,Brice Dickson and Gavin Drewry,The Judicial House of Lords 1876~2009,Oxford University Press,2009,Chapter 4,pp.1~3.

[55]Stewart Jay,“Servants of Monarchs and Lords:the Advisory Role of Early English Judges”,American Journal of Legal History,4,1994,p.131.

[56]John Hostettler,Sir Edward Coke A Force for Freedom,Chichester:Barry Rose Law Publishers Ltd.,1997,p.328.

[57]Memphis Tenn,“the Rivals”,Virginia Law Review,14,1927~1928,p.509.

[58]他曾用天体来比喻君主与臣民的关系,又用蜜蜂王国来比喻人类的王国。Humphry W.Woolrych,Life of the Right Honorable Sir Edward Coke,London:Portugal-Street Lincoln's Inc.,1826,p.30.

[59]Stewart Jay,“Servants of Monarchs and Lords:the Advisory Role of Early English Judges”,American Journal of Legal History,4,1994,pp.146~147;“Empire:Sir Edwrd Coke's British Jurisprudence”,Law&History Review,(Fall)2003,p.451.

[60]See Stewart Jay,“Servants ofMonarchs and Lords:the Advisory Role of Early English Judges”,American Journal of Legal History,4,1994,pp.118~131.

[61]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:a New Way of Appointing Judges,CP 10/03,(July)2003,pp.11~12.

[62]A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:a New Way of Appointing Judges,CP 10/03,(July)2003,p.13.

[63]See A Department for Constitutional Affairs Consultation Paper——Constitutional Reform:a New Way of Appointing Judges,CP 10/03,(July)2003,pp.13~16.

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