设计的历史并不久远，而在这短暂历史的大部分时间里，设计都被看作是一个实践领域。不过，事情总是不断变化的。设计已经进化了，正不断地发展成为一种思想和研究的领域。设计已经从一种单纯的手工艺实践转变成为一种独立的学术领域。设计对研究的日益倚重，反映出人迫切想要超出基本的关切，不愿仅仅只是“手工制作项目”。熟练掌握生产技术、材料性质、技术性技艺对于设计师来说仍然十分重要，但如果我们想要让这个领域继续前进，仅有这些是不够的。所以，设计师也需要学会提出“正确的”疑问，培养自己对人类、文化，甚至信仰体系的理解力。正因为此，在设计教育中引入研究正变得越来越重要。

今天的环境非常复杂，设计身处其中，正力图为既有问题提供新的解决方案，或至少将不甚理想的方案改得更理想。为了让客户和全社会都接纳设计师，将他们视为高效的问题解决者，需要重新审视设计领域，交叉学科的研究方法应该成为设计过程中的一部分。在设计领域中引入交叉学科研究是一个长期的复杂过程，设计师需要持之以恒地培养相关的技能。不过，一旦有了这些技能，设计师不仅仅能对既有问题做出反应，也能防微杜渐，将许多新问题扼杀在萌芽状态。所以，设计师在着手引入方案之前，他们首先要学会预测和理解问题。因此，研究过程总是从这个疑问开始：我们要解决的是什么问题？这个疑问的答案不大可能是直截了当的。找寻这个答案，如同在知识的漫漫田野中跋涉。这个考察的过程不仅指引着设计师穿梭于寻求灵感的创意产业，也穿梭于许多其他学科，而这些学科先前与设计是毫无瓜葛的。

当代设计既是一个找寻问题的过程，也是一个解决问题的过程。一旦问题确定下来，并且被置于特定的语境中，对知识缺口及可能方案的搜寻就开始了。采集到足够的信息后，阐释便开始了，设计方案紧随其后。这种开展设计的方式也许看起来与“传统”设计方式相抵牾，因为后者被看作是一种由个人的技术性技艺和创作热情所驱动的艺术性学科。不过，时光荏苒，对许多设计师来说，他们的任务正在从“产品创作”升级为“过程创作”。

设计行业内部总还是需要那些具备“老派”技能（今天已更新为需要熟练操作设计软件）的传统设计师，而今天的商业界和社会需要的新一代设计师则不仅得设计产品和视觉之物，更得设计生活系统。他们需要的设计师不仅是创意服务的提供者，更是战略策划人、经理人、企业家、人因工程学专家、社会科学家。这不仅为设计专业带来了新机遇，也带来了新挑战。设计技能需要从艺术性、技术性转向概念性、分析性。因此，设计师如想变得更有竞争力，就要拓展自己的知识面，使自己的领域不再局限于工艺美术。

在我们面对遭遇经济危机、全球化、多元文化主义、恐怖主义、人口过剩、环境问题等问题的当今社会时，这种思考设计的方式是很有必要的，我们需要用新的方案、创新概念和替代性方法去解决这些问题。如果设计师想要做出更好的设计成果（也就是说，生产出的方案不仅是美学方面的孜孜以求，而且能对商业界和社会做出有意义的贡献），那专业内的升级就是不可避免的。

不过话又说回来，这一步跳跃也没有乍看起来那么大。在很多情况下，设计师已经扮演了社会科学家和商业战略师的角色，尽管他们自己可能还没意识到。在实际操作中，设计师已经在找出问题、选定目标，并且制作出各种社会或商业解决方案了。不过，很多人却未能认清，大多数的问题都涉及社会、政治、经济等各个方面，而且还与复杂的商业、技术、创新交织在一起。理解并应用各类研究方法，能够帮助设计师更好地理解自己的任务，做出更明智的决策，最终产出全新的原创性成果。

对设计师来说，未来的挑战并不是在问题发生后才去解决，而是要防患于未然。因此，打造又新又好的过程，并且将其与高效的设计发展方法相关联就很有必要。以研究为基础的系统性路径能帮助人洞悉个中要义，并且付诸行动，完成这一任务。而这反过来不仅能让设计实践变得更好、更有同理心，而且也促进了设计学科与其他学科的关系，丰富了设计学科的知识。我希望，《给设计师的研究指南》能指导你完成设计研究的过程，并为你提供有用的资源和学习参考。

注释

序

1　Ken Friedman,“Design Science and Design Education,”in The Challenge of Complexity,ed.P.McCrery(Helsinki:University of Art and Design,1997),54-55;Steven Mithen,The Prehistory of the Mind:A Search for the Origins of Art,Religion and Science(London:Phoenix,1998),105-28;George Ochoa and Melinda Corey,The Timeline Book of Science(New York:Ballantine,1995),1-8;Peter Watson,Ideas:A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud(New York:Harper Collins,2005),23-25.

2　Herbert A.Simon,The Sciences of the Artificial(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1982),129.

3　Merriam-Webster,Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,10th ed.(Springfield,MA:Merriam-Webster,Inc,1993),343.

4　Mary C.Bateson,A Metaphor of Our Own:A Personal Account on the Effects of Conscious Purpose on Human Adaptation(New York:Knopf,1972),104-20.

5　Ken Friedman,Yongqi Lou,Don Norman,Pieter Jan Stappers,Ena Voûte,and Patrick Whitney,“DesignX:A Future Path for Design,”Shanghai:DesignX Collaborative,accessed May 15,2015,https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20141204175515-12181762-designx-a-future-path-fordesign?trk=prof-post.

6　Ken Friedman,“Models of Design:Envisioning a Future for Design Education,”Visible Language 46,no.1-2(2012):148-51.

7　Mario Bunge,The Dictionary of Philosophy(Amherst,NY:Prometheus,1999),251.

8　Kees Dorst,“Design Research:A Revolution-Waiting-to-Happen,”Design Studies 29,no.1(2008).

9　Tore Kristensen,“Research on Design in Business”(keynote paper delivered at Useful and Critical:The Position of Research in Design International Conference,University of Art and Design UIAH,Helsinki,Finland,September 9-11,1999).

前言

1　Staffan Bengtsson,IKEA the Book:Designers,Products and Other Stuff(Stockholm:Arvinius Förlag AB for IKEA FAMILY,2013),86-88.

2　同上，89。

第二章　设计与研究

1　Peter Downton,Design Research(Melbourne:RMIT University Press,2003),1.

2　Oxford Dictionaries,“Research,”Oxford University Press,accessed December 21,2013,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/research.

3　Gjoko Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”Between Design Journal 5(2012):45.

4　Design Council,Multi-Disciplinary Design Education in the UK:Report and Recommendations from the Multi-Disciplinary Design Network(London:Design Council,2010).

5　同上。

6　Richard Buchanan,“The Study of Design:Doctoral Education and Research in a New Field of Inquiry,”in Proceedings from the Doctoral Education in Design Conference(School of Design,Carnegie Mellon University,October 8-11,1999),1-29.

7　Buchanan,“The Study of Design”;Richard Buchanan,“Design Research and the New Learning,”Design Issues 17,no.4(2001):3-23.

8　Ken Friedman,“Theory Construction in Design Research:Criteria,Approaches,and Methods,”Design Studies 24,no.6(2003):507-22.

9　同上，507。

10　Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”45.

11　Charles L.Owen,“Design Education and Research for the 21st Century,”in Proceedings of the First International Design Forum:Design,Your Competitive Edge(Singapore Trade Development Board,October 20,1989),4,accessed January 13,2014,http://www.id.iit.edu/media/cms_page_media/.../Owen_singapore88.pdf.

12　Victor Margolin,“Design History or Design Studies:Subject Matter and Methods,”Design Studies 13,no.2(1992):113.

13　Angela Schönberger,Preface to Raymond Loewy:Pioneer of American Industrial Design(Munich:Prestel,1990),7.

14　Margolin,“Design History or Design Studies,”113.

15　Gjoko Muratovski,Beyond Design(Skopje:NAM Print,2006),82-83.

16　Cal Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”Design Issues 18,no.2(2002):49.

17　Gjoko Muratovski,“Design and Design Research:The Conflict between the Principles of Design Education and Practices in Industry,”Design Principles and Practices:An International Journal 4,no.2(2010):377-86;Gjoko Muratovski,“In Pursuit of New Knowledge:A Need for a Shift from Multidisciplinary to Transdisciplinary Model of Doctoral Design Education and Research”(presented at the Doctoral Education in Design,Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong Kong,China,May 22-25,2011),accessed July 15,2012,http://www.sd.polyu.edu.hk/DocEduDesign2011/proceeding.php.

18　Nigan Bayazit,“Investigating Design:A Review of Forty Years of Design Research,”Design Issues 20,no.1(2004):17-23.

19　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”49.

20　Bayazit,“Investigating Design,”18-19.

21　Julka Almquist and Julia Lupton,“Affording Meaning:Design-Oriented Research from the Humanities and Social Sciences,”Design Issues 26,no.1(2010):3.

22　Bayazit,“Investigating Design,”27.

23　Marietta Del Favero，“Academic Disciplines——Disciplines and the Structure of Higher Education，Discipline Classification Systems，Discipline Differences，”Education Encyclopedia，第2段，accessed January 12，2014，http：//education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1723/Academic-Disciplines.html。

24　同上，第1段。

25　Paul D.Leedy and Jeanne E.Ormrod,Practical Research:Planning and Design(Boston,MA:Pearson,2010),1.

26　Buchanan,“Design Research and the New Learning,”17.

27　见Owen，“Design Education and Research for the 21st Century，”8。

28　见Peter Downton，Design Research（Melbourne：RMIT University Press，2003），1-12；其他观点可见Friedman，“Theory Construction in Design Research，”519。

29　对此的评论可见Kees Dorst，“Design Research：A Revolution-Waiting-to-Happen，”Design Studies 29，no.1（2008）：6。

30　Bayazit,“Investigating Design,”16.

31　见Buchanan，“Design Research and the New Learning，”17；亦见Dorst，“Design Research，”6。

32　Brenda Laurel,“Introduction:Muscular Design,”in Design Research:Methods and Perspectives,ed.Brenda Laurel(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2003),16-19.

33 Buchanan,“Design Research and the New Learning,”19.

34　Dorst,“Design Research,”4-5.

35　引自Staffan Bengtsson，IKEA the Book：Designers，Products and Other Stuff（Stockholm：Arvinius Förlag AB for IKEA FAMILY，2013），299。

36　Dorst,“Design Research,”4-5.

37　Muratovski,“In Pursuit of New Knowledge.”

38　Owen,“Design Education and Research for the 21st Century,”7-8.

39　David Durling and Brian Griffiths,“From Formgiving to Braingiving,”in Proceedings of the Re-Inventing Design Education in the University Conference,ed.Cal Swann,Ellen Young,and Curtin University of Technology(Perth,Australia:School of Design,Curtin University of Technology,2001),29-36.

40　Bruce M.Hanington,“Research Education by Design:Assessing the Impact of Pedagogy on Practice,”in Proceedings from the Joining Forces:International Conference on Design Research(Helsinki,Finland:University of Art and Design,September 22-24,2005),accessed April 14,2011,http://www.uiah.fi/joining forces/papers/Hanington.pdf.

41　Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”46.

42　Ken Friedman,“Models of Design:Envisioning a Future for Design Education,”Visible Language 46,no.1-2(2012):144-46;Donald Norman,“Why Design Education Must Change,”Core77,2010,accessed January 15,2014,http://www.core77.com/blog/columns/why_design_education_must_change_17993.as.

43　Muratovski,Beyond Design,259;Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”46-47.

44　Dan Formosa,“Design Thinking”(keynote addressed at agIdeas 2013 Advantage,part of the 2013 agIdeas International Design Week,Design Foundation,Melbourne,Australia),2012,accessed May 4,2013,http://www.agideas.net/coming-event/business-breakfast.

45　同上。

46　Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?”

47　同上，46。

48　见Horst W.J.Rittel and Melvin M.Webber，“Planning Problems Are Wicked Problems，”in Developments in Design Methodology，ed.Nigel Cross（New York：Wiley，1973），135-44。

49　Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”46-47.

50　Jens Aagaard-Hansen,“The Challenges of Cross-Disciplinary Research,”Social Epistemology 21,no.4(2007):425-38.

51　Roderick J.Lawrence and Carole Després,“Introduction:Futures of Transdisciplinarity,”Futures 36,no.4(2004):397-405.

52　Gjoko Muratovski,“Challenges and Opportunities of Cross-Disciplinary Design Education and Research,”in proceedings of ACUADS Conference 2011:Creativity:Brain,Mind,Body,ed.Gordon Bull(Canberra,Australia:University of Canberr,2011),accessed February 26,2013,http://acuads.com.au/conference/2011-conference.

53　见Terry Cutler，Designing Solutions to Wicked Problems：A Manifesto for Transdisciplinary Research and Design（Melbourne，VA：RMIT University，2009）.

54　Muratovski,“In Pursuit of New Knowledge.”

55　Ken Friedman,“Conclusion:Toward an Integrative Design Profession,”in Creating Breakthrough Ideas:The Collaboration of Anthropologists and Designers in the Product Development Industry,ed.Susan Squires and Bryan Byrne(London:Bergin &Garvey,2002),199-214.

56　同上。

57　Victor Margolin,“Doctoral Education in Design:Problems and Prospects,”Design Issues 26,no.3(2010):71.

58　Friedman,“Conclusion.”

59　同上。

60　Friedman,“Theory Construction in Design Research,”508.

61　同上。

62　Buchanan,“The Study of Design.”

63　Friedman,“Conclusion.”

64　同上。

65　同上。

66　Terence Love,“New Roles for Design Education in University Settings,”in Proceedings of the Re-Inventing Design Education in the University Conference,ed.Cal Swann,Ellen Young,and Curtin University of Technology(Perth,Australia:School of Design,Curtin University of Technology,2001),249-55.

67　同上。

68　Jens Aagaard-Hansen and John H.Ouma,“Managing Interdisciplinary Health Research:Theoretical and Practical Aspects,”International Journal of Health Planning and Management 17,no.3,(2002):195-212;Patricia L.Rosenfield,“The Potential of Transdisciplinary Research for Sustaining and Extending Linkages between the Health and Social Sciences,”Social Science and Medicine 35,no.11(1992):1343-57.

69　Muratovski,“In Pursuit of New Knowledge;”Muratovski,“Challenges and Opportunities.”

70　同上。

71　见Aagaard-Hansen，“The Challenges of Cross-Disciplinary Research。”

72　Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?;”Muratovski,“The Importance of Research and Strategy in Design and Branding:Conversation with Dana Arnett,”in Design for Business,Volume 1,ed.Gjoko Muratovski(Melbourne:agIdeas Press/Bristol:Intellect,2012),16-23.

73　Aagaard-Hansen,“The Challenges of Cross-Disciplinary Research;”Muratovski,“Challenges and Opportunities.”

74　Aagaard-Hansen,“The Challenges of Cross-Disciplinary Research”。

75　同上；Muratovski，“In Pursuit of New Knowledge”；Muratovski，“Challenges and Opportunities”。

76　Swann，“Action Research and the Practice of Design，”49；亦见Richard Buchanan，“Education and Professional Practice in Design，”Design Issues 14，no.2（1998）：63-66。

77　Friedman,“Models of Design,”144.

78　同上，149。

79　见Christopher Ireland，“The Changing Role of Research，”in Design Research：Methods and Perspectives，ed.Brenda Laurel（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，2003），22；Eric Zimmerman，“Creating a Culture of Design Research，”in Design Research：Methods and Perspectives，ed.Brenda Laurel（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，2003），185-92。

80　Rachel Cooper and Mike Press,“Academic Design Research,”Design Council,accessed September 1,2009,https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/en/About-Design/Design-Techniques/Academic-Design-Research-by-Rachel-Cooper-and-Mike-Press/.

81　Margolin,“Doctoral Education in Design.”

82　Bruce M.Hanington,“Relevant and Rigorous:Human-Centered Research and Design Education,”Design Issues 26,no.3(2010):18-26.

83　Muratovski,“In Pursuit of New Knowledge.”

84　Aagaard-Hansen,“The Challenges of Cross-Disciplinary Research.”

85　Muratovski,“Challenges and Opportunities.”

第三章　研究的基本要素

1　Paul D.Leedy and Jeanne E.Ormrod,Practical Research:Planning and Design(Boston,MA:Pearson,2010),xvi.

2　同上。

3　同上，45。

4　同上。

5　同上，47。

6　同上，47-48。

7　同上，48。

8　同上，49。

9　同上。

10　John S.Stevens,Design as a Strategic Resource:Design’s Contributions to Competitive Advantage Aligned with Strategy Models(PhD dissertation,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,2009),1-2.

11　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,52-54.

12　Stevens,“Design as a Strategic Resource,”1-2.

13　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,4.

14　同上，56。

15　同上，4。

16　同上，56。

17　同上，66。

18　Judith Bell,Doing Your Research Project:A Guide to First-Time Researchers in Education,Health and Social Sciences(Maidenhead:Open University Press,2005),99.

19　同上。

20　同上，100。

21　同上。

22　Gretchen McAllister and Alison Furlong,“Understanding Literature Reviews,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and Marylynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),22-24.

23　同上，24-25。

24　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,77.

25　同上。

26　同上，58。

27　Nick Moore,How to Do Research:The Complete Guide to Designing and Managing Research Projects(London:Library Association,2000),39.

28　Oxford Dictionaries,“Method,”Oxford University Press,accessed February 15,2013,http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/method?q=method;and“Methodology”from http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/methodology?q=methodology.

29　Raymond Madden,Being Ethnographic:A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Ethnography(London:SAGE,2010),24-25.

30　同上，26。

31　M.A.Heckman,K.Sherry,and E.Gonzalez de Mejia,“Energy Drinks:An Assessment of Their Market Size,Consumer Demographics,Ingredient Profile,Functionality,and Regulations in the United States,”Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9,no.3(2010):303-17.

32　Christopher Crouch and Jane Pearce,Doing Research in Design(London:Berg,2012),53.

33　Moore,How to Do Research,101.

34　Lisa M.Given,The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2008).

35　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,135.

36　Michael S.Lewis-Beck,Alan Bryman,and Tim F.Liao,The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2004),896.

37　John W.Creswell,Research Design:Qualitative,Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2003),125-26.

38　Jean McNiff and Jack Whitehead,All You Need to Know about Action Research(London:SAGE,2012),7.

39　Cal Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”Design Issues 18,no.2(2002):50.

40　Linda Candy,“Differences between Practice-Based and Practice-Led Research,”Creativity and Cognition Studios,accessed February 14,2013,https://www.creativityandcognition.com/research/practice-based-research.

41　Robert K.Yin,Case Study Research:Design and Methods(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,1994),92.

42　Alan Bryman,“Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Research:How Is It Done?,”Qualitative Research 6,no.1(2006):97-98.

43　Paul A.Schutz,Sharon L.Nichols,and Kelly A.Rodgers,“Using Multiple Methods Approaches,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and MaryLynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),244.

44　同上，247-48。

45　Kristin Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and Marylynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),3.

46　同上，6。

47　同上；亦见Herman Aguinis and Christine A.Henle，“Ethics in Research，”in Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence，ed.Gerald Adams and Michael Berzonsky（Oxford：Blackwell，2004），38。

48　Larson，“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants，”13-14；亦见Aguinis and Henle，“Ethics in Research”。

49　Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”2.

50　同上，14。

51　Moore,How to Do Research,29.

52　同上，30-31。

53　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,117-18.

54　Moore,How to Do Research,33-34.

55　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,1.

56　Moore,How to Do Research,vi-xi.

第四章　定性研究

1　Gjoko Muratovski,Beyond Design(Skopje:NAM Print,2006),24-25.

2　Gjoko Muratovski,“What Is Design,and Where It Is Going?,”Between Design Journal 5(2012):45-46.

3　Paul D.Leedy and Jeanne E.Ormrod,Practical Research:Planning and Design(Boston,MA:Pearson,2010),136-37.

4　同上，136。

5　同上，135。

6　Pamela Baxter and Susan Jack,“Qualitative Case Study Methodology:Study Design and Implementation for Novice Researchers,”The Qualitative Report 13,no.4(2008):544.

7　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,137.

8　同上，137-38。

9　Baxter and Jack,“Qualitative Case Study Methodology,”546-47.

10　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,137.

11　Robert K.Yin,Case Study Research:Design and Methods(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,1994),78-80.

12　Jane Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies(London:SAGE,2011),108-09.

13　Yin,Case Study Research,83.

14　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,110.

15　同上，113-14。

16　Yin,Case Study Research,81.

17　同上。

18　同上，78-80。

19　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,138.

20　Baxter and Jack,“Qualitative Case Study Methodology,”555-56.

21　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,138.

22　Raymond Madden,Being Ethnographic:A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Ethnography(London:SAGE,2010).

23　Scott Reeves,Ayelet Kuper,and Brian D.Hodges,“Qualitative Research Methodologies:Ethnography,”British Medical Journal 337,(August,2008):512.

24　同上。

25　Christopher Crouch and Jane Pearce,Doing Research in Design(London:Berg,2012),85.

26　Reeves et al.,“Qualitative Research Methodologies,”512.

27　Madden,Being Ethnographic,175-76.

28　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,84.

29　同上。

30　Madden,Being Ethnographic,16-17.

31　同上，59-62。

32　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,139.

33　Madden,Being Ethnographic,80.

34　Tim Plowman,“Ethnography and Critical Design Practice,”in Design Research:Methods and Perspectives,ed.Brenda Laurel(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2003),35.

35　Madden,Being Ethnographic,16-17.

36　F.J.Riemer,“Ethnography Research,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Laplan and Marylynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),205-06.

37　Reeves et al.,“Qualitative Research Methodologies:Ethnography,”513;Gillian Rose,Visual Methodologies:An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials(London:SAGE,2012),297-327.

38　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,139.

39　同上。

40　Madden,Being Ethnographic,67-68.

41　同上，69。

42　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,114.

43　同上，117-18。

44　Nick Moore,How to Do Research:The Complete Guide to Designing and Managing Research Projects(London:Library Association,2000),121.

45　同上，121-22。

46　同上，111。

47　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,149-52;Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,117-20.

48　Madden,Being Ethnographic,101-04.

49　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,101.

50　Madden,Being Ethnographic,96-97.

51　同上，77。

52　同上，77-80。

53　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,120-21.

54　同上，122-23。

55　同上，123-24。

56　William W.Gaver,Andrew Boucher,Sarah Pennington,and Brendan Walker,“Cultural Probes and the Value of Uncertainty,”interactions 11,no.5(2004):53.

57　Peter Wyeth and Carla Diercke,“Designing Cultural Probes for Children,”in OZCHI ’06 Proceedings of the 18th Australia Conference on Computer-Human Interaction:Design:Activities,Artefacts and Environments(Sydney:ACM,2006),385,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1228252.

58　Donald Norman,The Design of Everyday Things:Revised and Extended Edition(New York:Basic Books,2013).

59　Dorothy Leonard and Jeffrey F.Rayport,“Spark Innovation through Empathic Design,”Harvard Business Review 75,no.6(1997):102-13,accessed March 3,2013,http://hbr.org/1997/11/spark-innovation-through-empathic-design/ar/1.

60　Muratovski,Beyond Design,87.

61　Chadia Abras,Diane Maloney-Krichmar,and Jenny Preece,“User-Centered Design,”in Berkshire Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction,ed.William S.Bainbridge(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2004),767.

62　Gaver et al.,“Cultural Probes and the Value of Uncertainty,”53.

63　Claudia Mitchell,Doing Visual Research(London:SAGE,2012).

64　同上，4-5；亦见Rose，Visual Methodologies，298。

65　Rose,Visual Methodologies,304.

66　同上，305-06。

67　同上，307。

68　Wyeth and Diercke,“Designing Cultural Probes for Children.”

69　同上，386。

70　同上。

71　同上，386-87。

72　同上，387。

73　同上，388。

74　Bill Gaver,Tony Dunne,and Elena Pacenti,“Design:Cultural Probes,”interactions 6,no.1(1999):21-29.

75　同上，22。

76　同上，26。

77　同上，22-24。

78　同上，22。

79　同上，25。

80　同上，28。

81　Herman Aguinis and Christine A.Henle,“Ethics in Research,”in Blackwell Handbook of Adolescence,ed.Gerald Adams and Michael Berzonsky(Oxford:Blackwell,2004),39-40.

82　Kristin Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and Marylynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),1-17.

83　Aguinis and Henle,“Ethics in Research,”39-40;Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”7.

84　Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”7-8.

85　同上，8。

86　同上，9。

87　同上，8-9。

88　Aguinis and Henle,“Ethics in Research,”35.

89　Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”10.

90　同上，11；Aguinis and Henle，“Ethics in Research，”42-43。

91　Larson,“Research Ethics and the Use of Human Participants,”12.

92　同上。

93　同上，12-13。

94　Madden,Being Ethnographic,175-76.

95　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,140.

96　同上，140-41.

97　Rose,Visual Methodologies,317-27.

98　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,108.

99　同上，141。

100　Susann M.Laverty,“Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology:A Comparison of Historical and Methodological Considerations,”International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2,no.3(2003):4,accessed February 20,2013,http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/160940690300200303.

101　Muratovski,Beyond Design,89-101.

102　Steven S.Holt,“Beauty and the Blob:Product Culture Now,”in Design Culture Now:National Design Triennial,ed.Donald Albrecht,Ellen Lupton,and Steven S.Holt(New York:Princeton Architectural Press,2000),21-24.

103　Stan Lester,“An Introduction to Phenomenological Research,”Stan Lester Developments,1999,accessed February 22,2013,http://www.sld.demon.co.uk/resmethv.pdf.(www.daowen.com)

104　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,141.

105　Lester,“An Introduction to Phenomenological Research,”1999.

106　Laverty,“Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology,”18.

107　David W.Smith,“Phenomenology,”Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,2008,accessed February 13,2013,http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/.

108　Laverty,“Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology,”19.

109　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,141.

110　Laverty,“Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology,”18.

111　Moore,How to do Research,124.

112　同上。

113　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,124-25.

114　Yin,Case Study Research,84-85;Moore,How to Do Research,122.

115　Moore,How to Do Research,123.

116　Gjoko Muratovski,“The Importance of Research and Strategy in Design and Branding:Conversation with Dana Arnett,”in Design for Business,Volume 1,ed.Gjoko Muratovski(Melbourne:agIdeas Press/Bristol:Intellect,2012),16-23.

117　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,141.

118　同上，142。

119　Laverty,“Hermeneutic Phenomenology and Phenomenology,”23.

120　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,164.

121　DJ.Huppatz and Grace Lees-Maffei,“Why Design History? A Multi-National Perspective on the State and Purpose of the Field,”Arts &Humanities in Higher Education 12,no.2-3(2013):311.

122　Clive Dilnot,“The State of Design History,Part I:Mapping the Field,”Design Issues 1,no.1(1984):12.

123　Victor Margolin,“Design History or Design Studies:Subject Matter and Methods,”Design Studies 13,no.2(1992):115.

124　Clive Dilnot,“The State of Design History,Part II:Problems and Possibilities,”Design Issues 1,no.2(1984):20.

125　Muratovski,Beyond Design,91.

126　见Bridgette Engeler Newbury，“Design Thinking and Futures Thinking，Strategic Business Partners or Competitors？ Exploring Commonalities，Differences and Opportunities，”in Design for Business，Volume 1.，ed.Gjoko Muratovski（Melbourne：agIdeas Press，2012），26-41。

127　Muratovski,Beyond Design,76.

128　WGSN,“About WGSN,”Worth Global Style Network,accessed February 26,2013,http://www.wgsn.com.

129　Muratovski,Beyond Design,77.

130　Christian Sandström,“The Rise of Digital Imaging and the Fall of the Old Camera Industry,”The Luminous Landscape,2009,accessed February 26,2013,http://www.luminous-landscape.com/essays/rise-fall.shtml.

131　Engeler Newbury,“Design Thinking and Futures Thinking,”30.

132　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,164.

133　L.M.Hines,“Evaluating Historical Research,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and MaryLynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),148-49.

134　同上，146-47。

135　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,172-75.

136　见Hines，“Evaluating Historical Research，”147。

137　Jeremy Coulter,The World’s Great Cars(London:Marshall Cavendish,1989).

138　Hines,“Evaluating Historical Research,”152-54.

139　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,114.

140　Yin,Case Study Research,81-82.

141　同上，83-84。

142　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,165.

143　Hines,“Evaluating Historical Research,”156.

144　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,169-71.

145　同上，168-69。

146　Hines,“Evaluating Historical Research,”147.

147　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,175.

148　同上，177。

149　同上，142。

150　M.L.Jones,George K.Kriflik,and M.Zanko,“Grounded Theory:A Theoretical and Practical Application in the Australian Film Industry,”in Proceedings of the International Qualitative Research Convention 2005(QRC05),ed.A.Hafidz Bin Hj(Kuala Lumpur:Qualitative Research Association of Malaysia,2005),accessed February 20,2013,http://ro.uow.edu.au/commpapers/46.

151　见Muratovski，Beyond Design，26-29。

152　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,108.

153　见Gjoko Muratovski，Design Research：Corporate Communication Strategies——From Religious Propaganda to Strategic Brand Management（PhD dissertation，University of South Australia，2010）。

154　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,142-43.

155　同上，143。

156　同上。

157　同上，143-44。

158　同上，157。

第五章　定量研究

1　Peter Zec,“Design Value,”DMI Review 22,no.2(2011):39.

2　Anna Whicher,Gisele Raulik-Murphy,and Gavin Cawood,“Evaluating Design:Understanding the Return on Investment,”DMI Review 22,no.2(2011):47.

3　C.Williams,“Research Methods,”Journal of Business &Economic Research 5,no.3(2007):66.

4　Gabriella Belli,“Nonexperimental Quantitative Research,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and MaryLynn T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2009),60.

5　John W.Creswell,Research Design:Qualitative,Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2003),125-26.

6　Michael S.Lewis-Beck,Alan Bryman,and Tim F.Liao,The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods(Thousand Oaks,CA:SAGE,2004),869.

7　Randall R.Cottrell and James F.McKenzie,Health Promotion &Education Research:Using the Five-Chapter Thesis/Dissertation Model(London:Jones and Bartlett,2011),172-73.

8　Lewis-Beck et al.,The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods,896.

9　Nick Moore,How to Do Research:The Complete Guide to Designing and Managing Research Projects(London:Library Association,2000),104-05.

10　Creswell,Research Design,156-58.

11　Paul D.Leedy and Jeanne E.Ormrod,Practical Research:Planning and Design(Boston,MA:Pearson,2010),182-87.

12　同上，187；Jane Stokes，How to Do Media &Cultural Studies（London：SAGE，2011），141-42。

13　Pamela L.Alreck and Robert B.Settle,The Survey Research Handbook(Homewood,IL:Irwin,1985),97.

14　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,187-88;Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,142.

15　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,191-92.

16　Alreck and Settle,The Survey Research Handbook,97-128;Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,194-97.

17　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,188-89.

18　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,141-42.

19　IBM,“User-Centred Design,”IBM Design,2007,accessed April 21,2013,http://www-01.ibm.com/software/ucd/ucd.html;UXPA,“What Is User-Centered Design?,”User Experience Professionals Association,2010,accessed February 13,2013,http://www.upassoc.org/usability_resources/about_usability/what_is_ucd.html.

20　IBM,“User-Centred Design.”

21　同上。

22　同上。

23　Keith F.Punch,Introduction to Social Research:Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches(London:SAGE,2005),68-69.

24　Moore,How to Do Research,xii.

25　见Leedy and Ormrod，Practical Research，108。

26　IBM,“User-Centred Design.”

27　同上。

28　同上。

29　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,182-83.

30　IBM,“User-Centred Design.”

31　同上。

32　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,183.

33　Steven Gimbel,ed.,introduction to Exploring the Scientific Method:Cases and Questions(Chicago,IL:University of Chicago Press,2011),xi.

34　Williams,“Research Methods,”66;Belli,“Nonexperimental Quantitative Research,”60.

35　Steve Sato and Deborah Mrazek,“Measuring the Impact of Design on Business”(presented at the Design Management Institute,Seattle,April 11-12,2013).

36　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,182.

37　Punch,Introduction to Social Research,68-69.

第六章　视觉研究

1　John Berger,Ways of Seeing(London:Penguin,1972).

2　Bjørn Ramberg and Kristin Gjesdal,“Hermeneutics,”Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,1972,accessed December 13,2013,http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hermeneutics/,129.

3　Oxford Dictionaries,“Culture,”Oxford University Press,accessed December 15,2013,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/culture.

4　Oxford Dictionaries,“Form,”Oxford University Press,accessed July 8,2014,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/form.

5　Oxford Dictionaries,“Object,”Oxford University Press,accessed July 8,2014,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/object?q=object.

6　Oxford Dictionaries,“Image,”Oxford University Press,accessed December 14,2013,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/image.

7　Gillian Rose,Visual Methodologies:An Introduction to Researching with Visual Materials(London:SAGE,2012),52.

8　同上，52-57。

9　Nicholas Mirzoeff,“What Is Visual Culture?,”in The Visual Culture Reader,ed.Nicholas Mirzoeff(London:Routledge,1999),5.

10　Ian Woodward,Understanding Material Culture(London:SAGE,2007),3.

11　Mirzoeff,“What Is Visual Culture?,”5

12　同上，5-6；Nicholas Mirzoeff，An Introduction to Visual Culture（London：Routledge，2009）。

13　Woodward,Understanding Material Culture,3.

14　同上，4。

15　同上。

16　同上。

17　见Rose，Visual Methodologies，11-12；Woodward，Understanding Material Culture，3-16。

18　见Jean Kilbourne，Jean Kilbourne，accessed December 15，2013，http：//www.jeankilbourne.com。

19　Tanner Higgin,“Blackless Fantasy:The Disappearance of Race in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games,”Games and Culture 4,no.1(2009):3-26.

20　同上。

21　Rose,Visual Methodologies,12.

22　见同上，261-96。

23　同上，13。

24　Berger,Ways of Seeing,8-9.

25　同上，9。

26　见Rose，Visual Methodologies，15。

27　Oxford Dictionaries,“Culture.”

28　Rose,Visual Methodologies,16.

29　同上，51。

30　同上，55。

31　同上，55-56。

32　同上，58-79。

33　Terry Barrett，Criticizing Art：Understanding the Contemporary（Mountain View，CA：Mayfield，1994）；同上，51-80。

34　Jane Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies(London:SAGE,2011),56.

35　Rose,Visual Methodologies,81.

36　见Rose，Visual Methodologies，82；Stokes，How to Do Media &Cultural Studies，56-57。

37　Rose,Visual Methodologies,87.

38　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,61-64.

39　同上，61。

40　同上。

41　Rose,Visual Methodologies,91.

42　同上，96。

43　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,62-63.

44　同上，63-64。

45　同上。

46　Rose,Visual Methodologies,102.

47　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,66.

48　Rose,Visual Methodologies,105.

49　见Stokes，How to Do Media &Cultural Studies，72。

50　同上，72-73。

51　同上，74-75。

52　Oxford Dictionaries,“Sign,”Oxford University Press,accessed December 26,2013,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/sign.

53　Rose,Visual Methodologies,113.

54　同上，119。

55　见Per Mollerup，Wayshowing：A Guide to Environmental Signage Principles and Practices（Zürich：Lars Müller，2005）。

56　Kurt M.A.Goldammer,“Religious Symbolism and Iconography,”The New Encyclopaedia Britannica:Macropaedia 17,no.1(1995):591.

57　Rose,Visual Methodologies,119.

58　Carl G.Jung et al.,Man and His Symbols(London:Aldus,1964),4.

59　同上，67。

60　同上，5。

61　同上，20。

62　同上，4。

63　Goldammer,“Religious Symbolism and Iconography,”591-92.

64　Rose,Visual Methodologies,109.

65　同上，16-17。

66　Maurice Cranston,“Ideology,”The New Encyclopaedia Britannica:Macropaedia 20,no.1(1995):768.

67　Barrett,Criticizing Art.

68　Rose,Visual Methodologies,111.

69　同上，123。

70　Jonathan Bignell,Media Semiotics:An Introduction(Manchester:Manchester University Press,1997),30-55.

71　Jean Baudrillard,The Consumer Society:Myths and Structures(London:SAGE,1998),95-96.

72　同上，97。

73　Gjoko Muratovski,Design Research:Corporate Communication Strategies——From Religious Propaganda to Strategic Brand Management(PhD dissertation,University of South Australia,2010),84-85.

74　同上，134。

75　Mary Jo Hatch and Majken Shultz,Taking Brand Initiative:How Companies Can Align Strategy,Culture,and Identity through Corporate Branding(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2008),26.

76　Jung et al.,Man and His Symbols,3.

77　Ferdinand de Saussure,Course in General Linguistics(London:Duckworth,1983).

78　Jung et al.,Man and His Symbols,41.

79　同上。

80　Cees B.M.van Riel and Charles J.Fombrun,Essentials of Corporate Communication(London:Routledge,2007),103.

81　Wolff Olins,The New Guide to Identity(London:The Design Council,1995),11.

82　Muratovski,“Design Research.”

83　Garth S.Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell,Propaganda and Persuasion(London:SAGE,2006),146.

84　Sut Jhally,“Advertising at the Edge of the Apocalypse,”in Critical Studies in Media Commercialism,ed.Robin Andersen and Lance Strate(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000),27-39.

85　Michael Schudson,Advertising,the Uneasy Persuasion:Its Dubious Impact on the American Society(London:Routledge,1993),6.

86　同上，209。

87　同上，209-33。

88　Alexander Fadayev，“Socialist Realism，”Encyclopedia of World Literature in the Twentieth Century 3，no.1（1971）：299；转引自同上，125。

89　Schudson,Advertising,the Uneasy Persuasion,215.

90　同上，233。

91　William Leiss,Stephen Kline,and Sut Jhally,Social Communication in Advertising(New York:Routledge,1997),193.

92　Leiss et al.,Social Communication in Advertising.

93　Jib Fowles,Advertising and Popular Culture(London:SAGE,1996),167.

94　Fowles,Advertising and Popular Culture.

95　Leiss et al.,Social Communication in Advertising,240.

96　同上，245。

97　同上，246-54。

98　同上，259-62。

99　Muratovski,“Design Research,”84-85.

100　Barrett,Criticizing Art;“About Art Interpretation for Art Education,”Studies in Art Education 42,no.1(2000):5-19.

101　Barrett,“About Art Interpretation for Art Education,”5-6.

102　同上，6。

103　Rose,Visual Methodologies,77-79.

104　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,58.

105　同上，58-59。

106　Rose,Visual Methodologies,101.

107　见同上，105-06。

108　Stokes,How to Do Media &Cultural Studies,72.

109　同上，73。

110　同上，75-76。

第七章　应用研究

1　Christopher Crouch and Jane Pearce,Doing Research in Design(London:Berg,2012),35-37.

2　Anne Burdick,“Design(as) Research,”in Design Research:Methods and Perspectives,ed.Brenda Laurel(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,2003),82.

3　Cal Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”Design Issues 18,no.2(2002):51.

4　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,143.

5　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”50-51.

6　同上，53。

7　见Swann，“Action Research and the Practice of Design”，亦见Crouch and Pearce，Doing Research in Design，146。

8　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,146.

9　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”56.

10　同上，53-54。

11　同上，56。

12　见Linda Candy，“Practice Based Research：A Guide，”Creativity and Cognition Studios，2006，accessed November 29，2013，https：//www.creativityandcognition.com/research/practice-basedresearch。

13　见Linda Candy，“Differences between Practice-Based and Practice-Led Research，”Creativity and Cognition Studios，2006，accessed February 14，2013，https：//www.creativityandcognition.com/research/practice-based-research。

14　同上，第2节。

15　Candy,“Differences between Practice-Based and Practice-Led Research.”

16　同上，第4节。

17　Donald A.Schön,The Reflective Practitioner:How Professionals Think in Action(New York:Basic Books,1983).

18　David Hopkins and Elpida Ahtaridou,“Applying Research Methods to Professional Practice,”in Research Essentials:An Introduction to Designs and Practices,ed.Stephen D.Lapan and Marylynn.T.Quartaroli(San Francisco,CA:Jossey-Bass,2006),276.

19　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”50.

20　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,143.

21　Robert B.Burns,Introduction to Research Methods(Frenchs Forest:Longman,2000),443.

22　Jean McNiff and Jack Whitehead,All You Need to Know about Action Research(London:SAGE,2012),14.

23　同上。

24　Hopkins and Ahtaridou,“Applying Research Methods to Professional Practice,”282.

25　McNiff and Whitehead,All You Need to Know about Action Research,7.

26 Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”55.

27　McNiff and Whitehead,All You Need to Know about Action Research,7.

28　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,151.

29　同上，27-29。

30　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”56-57.

31　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,151.

32　Julienne Meyer,“Using Qualitative Methods in Health Related Action Research,”British Medical Journal 320(2000):178.

33　同上。

34　同上。

35　同上，180。

36　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”53.

37　同上。

38　同上，51；Crouch and Pearce，Doing Research in Design，147。

39　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”58.

40　同上，59。

41　同上，52。

42　同上，51。

43　同上，51-52。

44　同上，52。

45　见Candy，“Practice Based Research”。

46　见McNiff and Whitehead，All You Need to Know about Action Research，8。

47　Meyer,“Using Qualitative Methods in Health Related Action Research,”178.

48　Burns,Introduction to Research Methods,443.

49　Crouch and Pearce,Doing Research in Design,145.

50　Swann,“Action Research and the Practice of Design,”61.

51　Meyer,“Using Qualitative Methods in Health Related Action Research,”180.

第八章　研究与设计

1　Paul D.Leedy and Jeanne E.Ormrod,Practical Research:Planning and Design(Boston,MA:Pearson,2010),291.

2　Eric J.Arnould,“Getting a Manuscript to Publication Standard,”Design Research Quarterly 1,no.1(2006):21-23.

3　同上，21。

4　同上。

5　同上。

6　同上，21-22。

7　同上，22。

8　同上。

9　Oxford Dictionaries,“Empirical,”Oxford University Press,accessed December 31,2013,http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/empirical.

10　Leedy and Ormrod,Practical Research,304.