理论教育 案例分析:承包商与分包商电缆铺设引发的纠纷

案例分析:承包商与分包商电缆铺设引发的纠纷

时间:2023-06-15 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:承包商在此背景下雇佣了在当地电信局有过注册的一家分包商完成了中心泵站永久供电的电缆铺设,分包费用为71810.67美元。即在原合同价的基础上对承包商所做的工作给予材料上涨的综合考虑,并给予补偿,但不是全额按照分包商的价格支付承包商,承包商的利息索赔不成立。

案例分析:承包商与分包商电缆铺设引发的纠纷

【案例9.1】 污水处理项目中心泵站永久供电的变更

一、合同背景简介

(1)2005年2月14日中国某集团公司与某公司签订了污水处理项目的施工合同:

1)合同额:15424737美元。

2)合同范围:××市五个区的污水管网的建设。

××1区的中心泵站的建设。

两条平行的提升管线的建设。

××2区的9个小型泵站的建设。

灌溉管线的建设。

3)合同工期:1082天。

4)施工合同所引用的合同条件:1999版的标准施工合同条件。

5)工程师:×××

(2)2006年3月14日,合同双方签订了一份谅解备忘录,在此备忘录中承包商与业主达成的主要协议为:业主保证工程师会在此后的工作中加强自己的合同义务执行能力;业主同意授予承包商不多于一年的合同延期;承包商同意复工。

随后在2007年9月17日合同双方就飓风事件签订了补充协议。补充协议规定业主额外支付承包商293.34万美元作为补偿飓风给承包商带来的损失;合同工作范围由原来的5个区管网铺设缩减至2个区,同时也去掉了××2区的9个小型泵站的建设;合同工期顺延至2009年9月30日。

(3)2008年4月13日承包商、业主、工程师三方在84号会议上讨论了若干问题,其中就2007年签订的补充协议中关于承包商的工作范围的变更做了澄清。84号会议还记录了工程师及承包商在未来两个月内应应完成的一些首要工作。

(4)2010年12月6日合同双方再次签订了一份合同补遗,此补遗主要是对2007年签订的补充协议当中成立DAB的条款进行了细化并正式启动。

二、索赔案例摘要

按照招标图纸的规定承包商负责铺设750m的电缆用来连接中心泵站与附近未来的一所变电站,此段电缆的连接是为了实现中心泵站的永久供电。但是在2005年的施工阶段工程师发布的图纸却没有显示变电站的确切位置,直到2009年业主才与当地的电信局达成关于中心泵站永久供电的协议,即从中心泵站引出一条2500m的电缆来连接当时还未建成的一处变电站,电缆的设计尺寸也发生了变更。这就意味着承包商要铺设超出合同范围近2km的电缆,且此工作需要当地的有专业资格分包商来完成,因为按照××电信局的规定,只有在电信局有过注册的承包商才有资格建造动力电缆。

承包商在此背景下雇佣了在当地电信局有过注册的一家分包商完成了中心泵站永久供电的电缆铺设,分包费用为71810.67美元。由于此项工作的工程量及电缆的设计尺寸也发生了变更,另外开始施工的时间也被延迟了很久,承包商就此向业主提出了索赔。承包商是按照付给分包商的实际费用再加上管理费之后向业主进行的索赔,工程师代表对承包商提出的索赔所进行的初始评估为:超出合同的工程量参照原合同的类似单价给予支付。承包商不接受工程师代表的初始评估并按照合同第67款将此索赔正式递交了工程师做决定。工程师在随后的决定中肯定了工程师代表对超出合同的工程量的评估方法。承包商认为工程师的决定并不合理不能被接受,于是将此争议递交了DAB裁决并索赔了利息

DAB对承包商的索赔及工程师的评估进行了综合考虑之后采用了折中的裁决方法。即在原合同价的基础上对承包商所做的工作给予材料上涨的综合考虑,并给予补偿,但不是全额按照分包商的价格支付承包商,承包商的利息索赔不成立。

三、承包商所引用的合同条款及支持文件

The Contractor presents his case based on the relevant Clauses of the Contract.Text in italics is extracted from the Contract Documents for purpose of illustration-with emphasis added where applicable by underlining.

4.1 SCC Clause 51 Variation

(1)The Engineer shall make any variation of the form,quality or quantity of the Works or any part thereof that may have been approved by the Employer and he shall have power to order the Contractor to do and the Contractor shall do any of the following:

(a)increase or decrease the quantity of any work included in the Contract.

(b)omit any such work.

(c)change the character or quality of any work included in the Contract.

(d)change the level,lines position and dimension of any part of the Works,and…

(e)execute additional work of any kind necessary for the completion of the Works.

And no such variation shall in any way vitiate or invalidate the Contract,but the value,if any,of all such variations shall be taken into account in ascertaining the amount of the Contract Price.

4.2 SCC Clause 52.(1)Valuation of Variation

“All extra or additional works done or work omitted by order of the Engineer shall be valued at the rates and prices set out in the Contract if,in the opinion of the Engineer,the same shall be applicable.If the Contract does not contain any rates or prices applicable to the extra or additional work then suitable rates or prices shall be agreed uponbetween the Engineer and the Contractor.In the event of disagreement the Engineer shall fix such rates or prices as shall,in his opinion,be reasonable and proper.”

4.3 Summary of the Contractor's Case

The Tender drawings did not show any details(such as cable route,or location of substation)for the permanent power supply to Central Pumping Station.The only information available in Tender documents regarding this permanent power supply is included in the Bill of Quantities Page No.d/11.7/13R and Page No.d/13/1 R1.According to Bill of Quantities Page No.d/11.7/13R cable route is 750m.However,Bill of Quantities Page No.d/13/1 R1 provided Provisional Sums of RO 250,000 and RO 20,000 for electrical and power supply related works.

Therefore at tender time the Contractor could not obtain price quotations from Sub-Contractors qualified for this work by the Muscat Power Authority(MEDC)and could only insert a generic rate for this work in BoQ Item Page No.d/11.7/13R since the Central Pumping Station was located in the center of a heavily built-up area of the city with various possible route to substations with different degrees of obstruction.

It is the Contractor's understanding that the Provisional Sum items allowance was included in the BoQ due to the lack of a proper design for this part of the work.Therefore due to the extended delay in finalizing design of this aspect of the works and the very large increase in quantity,with associated design expense the applicable rate for this Variation should be evaluated at the actual market price,i.e.,based on the price of the approved specialist sub-contractor and paid through the existing BOQ rate and Provisional Sums.

Comparison of actual cost incurred and provisions made in Tender document

The Contractor paid to its subcontractor an amount of RO 269,290 for entire power supply work to CPS.The average overhead and profit mark-up as agreed with the Engineer/Employer is 27.7%.Therefore the evaluation of actual market price is:RO 269,290×1.277=RO 343,883,and results in payment by the Employer in accordance with official billing Documents in which the Main Contractor is neither regarded or penalized due to the long delay or changes to this work.

The Provisional Sums of RO 270,000 plus tender Unit rate amount of RO 93,823 for power supply works for CPS=RO 363,823.

After allowance for Inflation[1]this amount would become RO 363,823×(170.2/131)=RO 472,692,which is greater than the amount determined as fair and applicable recompense.

The Engineer's inaction and denial of the Contractor's claim is unreasonable because this unfairly penalizes the Contractor for deficiencies in the Design.Damage to the Contractors Cash Flow due to inappropriate denial should be reimbursed by receipt of Interest.

The Contractor's entitlement of additional cost and the interest due to inappropriate payment of the Contractor's claim are provided in below calculation.

四、索赔计算

The Contractor's entitlement of additional cost and the interest due to inappropriate payment

1.Amount of varied work

To make reasonable evaluation the Building Material Wholesale Price Index[2]published by Sultanate of Oman,Ministry of National Economy was adopted and shown in Table 1 below.

Table 1 Building Material Wholesale Price Index

Value of Works for the quantity included in the BoQ is calculated in Table 2 below:

Table 2 Value of Works included in the BoQ

The Contractor was ready to start the work in July 2006 as evidenced by its letter ref no.OWSP/EPY/1723-2006 dated 4th July 2006.If the works were executed in year 2006 by subcontractor without variation,the cost as executed by sub-contractor will be:

Table 3 The Would-be Cost of Works included in the BoQ at time of July 2006

The above assumed sub-contract unit price was converted and calculated using the actual subcontract unit price from Table -4 below and wholesale price index from Table -1 above,and following formula:

Unit price=Subcontract unit price/{1+(Index 2008-Index 2006)/index 2006}

=101.573/{1+(170.2-131)/131}

=78.179 RO/m

Actual Cost and Unit Price of Works executed in year 2008 by sub-contractor as per sub-contract agreement is shown in Table 3 below:

Table 4 Actual Cost and Unit Price of Works

The above subcontract unit price=Lump sum of measured works/As-built Quantity.Please note that the as -built Quantity[3]as joint measured by the Contractor the Engineer was 2409.88 meters,for the convenience of calculation,the total as-built quantity of varied work is rounded to 2410 meters.

Then the total additional cost=e+f-c

 =244,790+24,500-58,634.250=210,655.750 (g)

The average overhead and profit mark-up as agreed with the Engineer/Employer is 27.7%.

Then the total additional amount claimed=g×(1+27.7%)=269,007 (h)

Then the total amount of varied work=h+a

=269,007+25,283

=294,290(RO)

2.Interest due to inappropriate payment denial of above claim amount

From Interim Payment Certificate No.25 the Engineer has been certifying RO 131,681 only.While the Contractor's claim amount of varied work as calculated in Item A above is RO 294,290.

So,the amount of inappropriate payment denial

=the Contractor's claim amount-payment certified by the Engineer[4]

=294,290-131,681

=RO 162,609

Interim Payment Certificate No.25 was certified on 2nd August 2009.Considering 30th June 2011 as the expected DAB decision date,amount of interest shall be calculated for 697days.Interest rate shall be 7%in accordance with SCC clause 60.9.

Thus,amount of interest=RO 162,609×7%×697/365=RO 21,736

Summary of the Contractor's Entitlement:

(1)Total amount of varied work as claimed under this referral:RO 294,290

(2)Amount certified by the Engineer:RO 131,681

(3)Interest due to inappropriate payment denial:RO 21,736

Contractor's entitlement=(1)-(2)+(3)=RO 184,345

五、DAB对承包商索赔的最终评估

(1)首先承包商将电缆铺设的分包成本加上自身的管理费后打包转嫁给业主的索赔方法是不能被DAB认可的。因为合同中明确规定了“承包商在工程师指令下或者没有指令下所做的额外工作都应该按照合同中相应的单价获得支付,如果合同中没有适用的单价那么工程师应在合同价的基础上对新的工作给予重新评估”。

(2)但是由于永久供电设计变更及变电站最终位置的确定时间较晚,使得原材料的购买及工程施工都被迫延误。而由于时间的拖延承包商在购买材料方面确实遭受了物价上涨所带来的损失。DAB认为此项目的主合同为固定单价合同且不赋予材料调差的考虑,那么一般情况下在合同工期内的物价上涨属于承包商的风险。但是就永久供电的案例来看电缆价格的上涨是由于变电站位置的确定时间较晚及后来电缆设计尺寸发生了变更等综合因素导致的。而上述综合因素的影响并非承包商单方面可以消除,所以在这种情况下在具体评估承包商的索赔时应将电缆价格的上涨因素给予适当的考虑。

(3)DAB认为2005年7月的电缆价格可以反映承包商按照原设计施工应采购的电缆价格,而经过设计变更及重新确定变电站的位置而使得实际的采购时间遭到延误的最终采购时间应为2008年5月。而从2005年7月至2008年5月期间DAB根据××建筑材料的上涨指数推算出铜的价格上涨了2.47倍。DAB将铜价上涨指数及动力电缆尺寸由原设计的400mm2变更为240mm2这两个因素进行了综合考虑之后得出:变更后的动力电缆的原材料铜的单价(RO/m)上涨了1.48倍具体计算如下:

240mm2/400mm2×2.47=1.48(increase cost factor due to 240mm2 cable)

(4)原合同中2No×3c×240mm2(变更后的动力电缆)的材料价格为20.027RO/m,经物价上涨之后的价格应为 20.027×1.48=RO29.640

(5)所以,DAB将铜价上涨指数及动力电缆尺寸由原设计的400mm2变更为240mm2这两个因素进行了综合考虑之后得出:由于物价上涨及设计变更而造成的承包商铺设电缆的成本的增加量为RO9.513/m。具体计算如下:

29.64-20.027=RO9.513/m

(6)动力电缆的原设计尺寸为400mm2而铺设此电缆的合同单价为RO33.71/m,经过设计变更后动力电缆的设计尺寸为240mm2。综合考虑电缆设计尺寸的减小及物价的上涨后,DAB认为最终铺设尺寸为240mm2电缆的单价应为33.71+9.513=RO43.223/m。

(7)DAB最终决定铺设动力电缆的新价RO43.223/m应适用于变更后的工程量2288m,合价为2288m×RO43.223/m=RO98894.224从而代替工程师的评估2288m×RO33.71/m=RO58799.312,永久供电的其他附属工作按照工程师的评估不变。(www.daowen.com)

(8)DAB的裁决相比工程师的评估增量为

RO98894.224-RO58799.312=RO40094.912

签订合同时承包商同意了给予业主3.3%的折扣,那么按照此推算经DAB裁决后相比工程师的评估最终的增量为

RO40094.912×(1-3.3%)=RO38771.780

思考题

(1)国际工程承包合同按承包的形式和业务内容分为哪些类型,按计价方法分为哪些类型?

(2)简述各种国际工程承包合同的特点与适用条件。

(3)简述国际工程承包合同中的通用条件和专用条件编写,各主要条款之间的相互关系。

(4)简述国际工程承包合同通用合同条件。

(5)简述国际工程承包合同,承包商合同管理的主要阶段和任务。

(6)简述国际工程承包合同工程变更方式与程序。

(7)简述国际工程承包合同索赔管理与反索赔管理。

(8)简述国际工程承包合同争议解决方式。

(9)简述FIDIC施工合同文件的组成。

(10)简述FIDIC施工合同担保类型。

(11)简述FIDIC施工合同争议的解决方式。

(12)简述FIDI施工合同的质量、进度和费用控制。

(13)简述FIDI施工合同的工程变更与索赔要求。

习 题

一、单选题

(1)《永久设备和设计-建造合同条件》的合同计价方式采用( )。

A.固定单价合同 B.总价合同

C.变动单价合同 D.成本加酬金合同

(2)FIDIC系列合同条件中,适用于由承包商做绝大部分设计的工程项目,承包商要按照业主的要求进行设计、提供设备以及建造其他工程的是( )。

A.《施工合同条件》 B.《永久设备和设计-建造合同条件》

C.《简明合同格式》 D.《EPC交钥匙项目合同条件》

(3)通过( )方式解决合同争议,合同双方关系仍比较友好,不伤感情。

A.仲裁 B.诉讼

C.调解 D.特聘争议裁决委员会

(4)在施工承包合同争议的解决方式中,具有保密性特点的是( )。

A.协商解决 B.调解 C.仲裁 D.DAB方式

(5)国际工程承包合同的争议解决应该首选( )方式。

A.协商 B.调解 C.仲裁 D.诉讼

(6)FIDIC系列合同条件中,采用固定总价方式计价,只有在出现某些特定风险时才能调整价格的合同是( )。

A.施工合同条件 B.EPC交钥匙项目合同条件

C.永久设备和设计-建造合同条件 D.简明合同格式

(7)根据《FIDIC施工合同条件》,履约担保的保证期限到( )为止。

A.圆满完成施工和保修的义务

B.工程师颁发工程接收证书

C.结清单生效

D.合同工期结束

(8)根据《FIDIC施工合同条件》,业主凭保履约函索赔的情形是( )。

A.施工过程中实际进度落后于计划进度

B.承包商未按约定向分包商支付工程款

C.承包商为严格执行工程师的变更指令

D.缺陷通知期内承包商接到业主修补缺陷通知后42天内未派人修补

(9)在FIDIC的《施工合同条件》中,争议裁决委员会的成员在与本工程有关的其他工作中( )。

A.不得担任业主咨询顾问,但提交仲裁时可任仲裁员

B.不得担任业主咨询顾问,提交仲裁时也不得任仲裁员

C.可以担任业主咨询顾问,但提交仲裁时不得任仲裁员

D.可以担任业主咨询顾问,提交仲裁时也可担任仲裁员

(10)FIDIC施工合同条件中关于争议裁决委员会的规定,下列表述正确的是( )。

A.争议裁决委员会由仲裁委员会指定

B.争议裁决委员会成员的报酬应由业主承担

C.争议裁决委员会的裁决是合同争议的最终解决方式

D.争议裁决委员会的裁决属于非强制性但具有法律效力的行为

(11)按照FIDIC《施工合同条件》规定,如果指定分包商不是因执行承包商的错误指令而出现违约行为时,( )。

A.业主可将指定分包商的违约行为视为承包商的违约

B.应由选定指定分包商的工程师和指定分包商共同承担责任

C.应由承包商和指定分包商共同承担责任

D.应由指定分包商直接对业主承担责任

二、多选题

(1)通过调解解决合同争议的优点包括( )。

A.能较好地表达双方对协商谈判结果的不满意和争取解决争议的决心

B.具有保密性

C.程序简单,灵活性较大,调解不成,不影响采取其他解决途径

D.增加了解决争议的公正性,双方都会顾及声誉和影响,容易接受调解人的劝说和意见

E.节约时间、精力和费用

(2)与诉讼方式相比,采用仲裁方式解决国际工程承包合同争议的优点有( )。

A.效率高 B.周期短 C.约束力强

D.费用少 E.保密性好

(3)在FIDIC的《施工合同条件》中,指定分包商与一般分包商的不同之处表现在( )等方面。

A.选择分包单位的权利不同 B.分包合同的工作内容不同

C.分包合同的当事人不同 D.工程款的支付开支项目不同

E.业主对分包商利益的保护不同

(4)FIDIC 1999年版《施工合同条件》(新红皮书)主要用于( )的施工项目。

A.由咨询工程师设计的土木工程

B.由咨询工程师设计的房屋建筑工程

C.由承包人设计的土木工程

D.由承包人设计的房屋建筑工程

E.由发包人设计的房屋建筑工程

(5)仲裁的特点主要有( )。

A.效率高、周期短 B.保密性 C.费用多 D.专业化

E.费用少

【注释】

[1]Refer Table-1 in Annex 1 below.

[2].The Building Material Wholesale Price Index published by XX,Ministry of National Economy is attached in Appendix-Ci-tem 12

[3]Refer joint measurement sheet as attached in Appendix -C Item 13.

[4]Refer extracted copy of payment of claim and variation in Interim Payment Certificate No.25 and 30.

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