区域贸易与多边贸易是一对既矛盾又互相促进的关系,区域贸易无论发展多么迅猛也是作为世界贸易组织的例外而存在,必须沿着世界贸易组织的要求去发展。现任世界贸易组织总干事拉米倡导说,我们必须想方设法把区域贸易协定抑制全球福利和限制规模经济的风险最小化。换言之,拉米认为我们需要扬区域贸易协定之长而避区域贸易协定之短。他表示,我们应该选择一个强大的、现代化的多边贸易体制,辅以区域贸易协定。后者将不断发挥其有利之处而不是削弱其有利之处。一个强大的、现代化的多边贸易体制将得到新一代区域贸易协定的补充而不是被后者所取代。[61]
【注释】
[1]刘德标、祖月:《彻底搞懂中国自由贸易区优惠》,中国海关出版社2010年版,第3页。
[2]《关税及贸易总协定》第24条第5款规定:“本协定的各项规定,不得阻止缔约各国在其领土之间建立关税联盟或自由贸易区,或为建立关税联盟或自由贸易区的需要采用某种临时协定……”
[3]David A.Gantz,Regional Trade Agreements(Law,Policy and Practice),Carolina Academic Press(2008),at 5.
[4]郑玲丽:《世界贸易组织关于区域贸易协定的法律规范研究》,南京大学出版社2008年版,第81页。
[5]郑玲丽:《世界贸易组织关于区域贸易协定的法律规范研究》,南京大学出版社2008年版,第83页。
[6]Der-Chin Horng,“The EU Model for a Taiwan-China Free Trade Agreement”,Chinese(Taiwan)Yearbook of International Law and Affairs(2008),at 38.
[7]http://rtais.wto.org/UI/PublicMaintainRTAHome.aspx,2012年1月3日访问。
[8]Jeffrey A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics(September,1997),at 1.
[9]John H.Jackson,Legal Problems of International Economic Relations,West Publishing Co.(1995),at 464.
[10]Yoshi Kodama,Asia Pacific Economic Integration and the GATT/WTO Regime,Kluwer Law International(2000),at 12.
[11]Yoshi Kodama,Asia Pacific Economic Integration and the GATT/WTO Regime,Kluwer Law International(2000),at 12.
[12]郑玲丽:《世界贸易组织关于区域贸易协定的法律规范研究》,南京大学出版社2008年版,第102~103页。
[13]Jeffrey A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics(September,1997),at 4.
[14]Rafael Leal-Arcas,“Proliferation of Regional Trade Agreements:Complementing or Supplanting Multilateralism”,Chicago Journal of International Law(Winter 2011),at 597.
[15]Zakir Hafez,Weak Discipline“GATT Article XXIV and the Emerging WTO Jurisprudence on RTAs”,North Dakota Law Review(2003),at 879.
[16]Sungjoon Cho,“Defragmenting World Trade”,Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business(Fall 2006),at 54.
[17]http://www.wto.org/english/the wto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm,2013年2月13日访问。
[18]Colin B.Picker,“Regional Trade Agreements V.The WTO:A Proposal for Reform of Article XXIV to Counter this Institutional Threat”,University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law(Summer 2005),at 275.
[19]Jagdish Bhagwati,V.N.Balasubramanyam,Writings on International Economics,Oxford University Press(1997),at 172.
[20]Chad Damro,The Political Economy of Regional Trade Agreements,Regional Trade Agreements and the WTO Legal System,Edited by Lorand Bartels and Federico Ortino,Oxford University Press(2010),at 29.
[21]J.A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics(1997),at 218.
[22]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 123.
[23]J.A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics(1997),at 218.
[24]R.Higgott,Regionalism and Global Economic Integration:Europe,Asia and the Americas,Routledge(1998),at 42.
[25]李一平:“地区主义与中国——东盟关系的新发展”,载《当代亚太》2003年第12期。
[26]Louise Fawcett,Andrew Hurrell,“Introduction”,in Regionalism in World Politics,edited by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell,Oxford University Press(1995),at 1~6.
[27]Norman D.Palmer,The New Regionalism in Asia and Pacific,Lexington Books(1991),at 1~19.
[28]Sungjoon Cho,“Defragmenting World Trade”,Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business(Fall 2006),at 49.
[29]Sungjoon Cho,“Defragmenting World Trade”,Northwestern Journal of International Law and Business(Fall 2006),at 53.
[30]http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/region_e.htm,2014年3月5日访问。(www.daowen.com)
[31]Stephen Joseph Powell,Patricia Camino Pérez,Global Lawa,“Local Lives:Impact of the New Regionalism on Human Rights Compliance”,Buffalo Human Rights Law Review(2011),at 122.
[32]Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell,“Introduction”in Regionalism in World Politics,edited by Louise Fawcett and Andrew Hurrell,Oxford University Press(1995),at 1~6.
[33]Survey on Free Trade and Economic Transition in the Mediterranean,European Commission,DG/BA.4,April,1999.
[34]Kishore Mahbubani,“The Pacific Way”,Foreign Affairs,Vol.74,No.1(1995),at 100~111.
[35]Economic Research Service/USDA,“EU Enlargement:Negotiations Give Rise to New Issues”,Agricultural Outlook(Jan/Feb 2001),at 19~22.
[36]R.Higgott,Regionalism and Global Economic Integration:Europe,Asia and the Americas,Routledge(1998),at 42.
[37]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 117.
[38]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 122.
[39]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 122.
[40]M.P.Karns and K.A.Mingst,International Organizations,Boulder,Co.(2004),at 149.
[41]M.P.Karns and K.A.Mingst,International Organizations,Boulder,Co.(2004),at 205.
[42]M.P.Karns and K.A.Mingst,International Organizations,Boulder,Co.(2004),at 205.
[43]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 122.
[44]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 122.
[45]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 122~123.
[46]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 123.
[47][美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建》,周琪等译,新华出版社1998年版,第160页。
[48]转引自曾昭耀主编:《现代化战略选择与国际关系》,社会科学文献出版社2000年版,第107页。
[49]转引自曾昭耀主编:《现代化战略选择与国际关系》,社会科学文献出版社2000年版,第107页。
[50]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 123.
[51]See J.A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics(1997),at 218.
[52]J.Ravenhill,Global Political Economy,Oxford University Press(2005),at 123.
[53]http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/region_e/region_e.htm,2013年2月13日访问。
[54]J.A.Crawford and R.V.Fiorentino,The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements,WTO Discussion Paper No.8(2005),at 3.
[55]J.A.Crawford and R.V.Fiorentino,The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements,WTO Discussion Paper No.8(2005),at 8.
[56]J.A.Crawford and R.V.Fiorentino,The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements,WTO Discussion Paper No.8(2005),at 3.
[57]J.A.Crawford and R.V.Fiorentino,The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements,WTO Discussion Paper No.8(2005),at 4.
[58]J.A.Crawford and R.V.Fiorentino,The Changing Landscape of Regional Trade Agreements,WTO Discussion Paper No.8(2005),at 1.
[59]Jeffrey A.Frankel,Regional Trading Blocs in the World Economic System,Institute for International Economics,Washington D.C.(1997),at 207~225.
[60]Colin B.Picker,“Regional Trade Agreements V.the WTO:A Proposal for Reform of Article XXIV to Counter this Instititional Threat”,University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law(Summer 2005),at 275.
[61]“世界贸易组织现任总干事拉米论区域贸易协定”,载http://www.lawtime.cn/info/wto/quyumaoyixieding/20100608920.html,2013年3月19日访问。
免责声明:以上内容源自网络,版权归原作者所有,如有侵犯您的原创版权请告知,我们将尽快删除相关内容。