1.埃及商务礼仪

礼节礼仪

埃及人与宾朋相见或送别时，一般都惯以握手为礼，或施拥抱礼。还时兴亲吻礼，并有多种亲吻礼节：“亲吻礼”有男女间亲昵性的亲吻，抚爱性亲吻，敬重性亲吻，崇敬性亲吻。“亲手礼”往往是对恩人的亲吻礼的另一种形式。“飞吻”是情人间的一种亲吻礼。“亲脸”多是妇女们相见时的一种礼节。即先亲一下右颊，后亲左颊；若亲戚或关系密切者，再亲一下右颊；男人间也亲吻，不过他们是先亲左颊，再亲右颊，若亲戚或关系密切者，再亲一下左颊。

一般礼仪

埃及人认为，在生意成交之前建立友谊和信任的感情是很重要的。

进入清真寺之前要记住脱掉鞋子。

称谓与问候

见面礼节十分讲究，并充分表现其殷勤好客。主人往往对来访者再三表示欢迎。

约会与准时

每周的工作日是从星期六到星期四。星期五是穆斯林的休息日。

款待与馈赠

社交活动的时间通常比美国开始得晚些，晚餐可能要在10:30或更晚一些时候。

应邀去吃饭时，习惯要带鲜花或巧克力作礼物。递送或接受礼物时要用双手或右手，切忌用左手。

招待埃及客人时，一定要备有非酒类饮料，尽管酒类饮料的消费正日益广泛地被人接受。

不要把你盘子里的食品吃光，这被认为是不礼貌的。

交谈

必须回避的一个话题：中东的政治问题。

恰当的话题：埃及的进步与成就、埃及领导人的杰出声誉、埃及的优质棉花和古老的文明。

信仰忌讳

埃及大多信奉伊斯兰教。他们绝对禁食死物、血液和猪肉，以及非奉真主之名而宰的动物，也禁止使用猪制品。埃及还有少数信奉基督教和犹太教的教徒。他们有忌讳“13”的习俗。因其认为“13”是不吉祥的数字。

埃及人在吃饭时，一般都不与人随意交谈。他们认为边谈话边吃饭会浪费粮食，是对“安拉”（即“神”的意思）的不敬。他们忌讳黑色与蓝色。他们把这两种颜色看成是“不祥”的色彩。因此，他们常把蓝天说成是绿色的。埃及人还忌讳黄色。认为黄色为叛逆、嫉妒、怀疑、不信任、色情、忧郁、缺乏理智的代表色。埃及人不喜欢世人昵爱的珍稀动物大熊猫。因为他们认为大熊猫的样子与猪的形象很近似。他们忌讳左手传递东西或食物。认为左手是肮脏、下贱之手，是承包厕所任务的手。因此，使用左手为他人服务是蔑视人的作法，并有污辱人的意思。他们特别忌讳谈“针”这个字和借针使用。尤其是每日下午三点到五点这段时间内，无论说“针”字或借针使用，都会遭到冷遇的。他们忌讳称赞女人窈窕。否则会招来对方的斥责和臭骂，因为他们认为体态丰腴才算美。他们忌讳当众吐唾沫。因为在他们看来，吐唾沫是对仇人的诅咒举动。

一些埃及人迷信很深。认为眼皮跳预示着将会有某种事情发生，“右眼跳灾，左眼跳福”是他们的信仰。一些埃及人还认为手的悸动也预示着要发生什么事情，如是右手悸动，他可能会打人，如是左手悸动，他可能会向别人贺喜，或自己发财。

埃及人在闲聊时，不愿谈论中东政治问题的话题。他们不吃海参、蟹等怪状海味品；对动物内脏，除肝可以吃外，其余均不吃。埃及人还不吃红烩带汁和没熟透的菜；他们也不喜欢吃整鱼和带骨刺的鱼。

Relationships & Communication

●Egyptians prefer to do business with those they know and respect,therefore expect to spend time cultivating a personal relationship before business is conducted.

●Who you know is more important than what you know,so it is important to network and cultivate a number of contacts.

●Expect to be offered coffee or tea whenever you meet someone,as this demonstrates hospitality.Even if you do not take a sip,always accept the beverage.Declining the offer is viewed as rejecting the person.

●Since Egyptians judge people on appearances,wear good quality conservative clothes and present yourself well at all times.

●Egyptians believe direct eye contact is a sign of honesty and sincerity,so be prepared for disconcertingly intense stares.

●Egyptians are emotive and use hand gestures when they are excited.In general,they speak softly,although they may also shout or pound the table.This is not indicative of anger; it is merely an attempt to demonstrate a point.

●You should demonstrate deference to the most senior person in the group,who will also be their spokesperson.This is a country where hierarchy and rank are very important.

Business Meeting Etiquette

●Appointments are necessary and should be made in advance.

●Confirm the meeting one week in advance,either in writing or by telephone.

●Reconfirm again a day or two before the meeting.

●Meetings are generally not private unless there is a need to discuss matters confidentially.In general,Egyptians have an open-door policy,even when they are in a meeting.This means you may experience frequent interruptions.Others may even wander into the room and start a different discussion.You may join in,but do not try to bring the topic back to the original discussion until the new person leaves.

●High-level government officials often adhere to more western business practices and hold private meetings without interruptions.

●Business meetings generally start after prolonged inquiries about health,family,etc.

●If you send an agenda and presentation materials in advance of the meeting,send both an English and Egyptian Arabic translation.

Business Negotiation

●The social side of business is very important.Egyptians must know and like you to conduct business.Personal relationships are necessary for long-term business.

●Business is hierarchical.The highest ranking person makes decisions,after obtaining group consensus.

●Decisions are reached after great deliberation.

●If the government is involved,discussions will take even longer since approval must often be given by the ministers of several departments.

●Business moves at a slow pace.The society is extremely bureaucratic.It may take several visits to accomplish a simple task.

●It is advisable to include older people with impressive titles in your team since Egyptians respect age and experience.

●Expect a fair amount of haggling.Egyptians seldom see an offer as final.

●Egyptians do not like confrontation and abhor saying“no”.If they do not respond,it usually is a negative sign.

●Always include research and documentation to support your claims.

●Do not use high-pressure tactics.

●Egyptians are tough negotiators.(www.daowen.com)

Dress Etiquette

●Business attire is formal and conservative.Dress well if you want to make a good impression.

●Men should wear dark-coloured,lightweight,conservative business suits,at least to the first meeting.

●Men should avoid wearing visible jewellery,especially around the face and neck.

●Women must be careful to cover themselves appropriately.Skirts and dresses should cover the knee and sleeves should cover most of the arm.

Business Cards

●Business cards are given without formal ritual.

●Have one side of your card translated into Egyptian Arabic.

●Always hand the card so the recipient may read it.

●Make a point of studying any business card you receive before putting into your business card case.

Activity 1:True(T)or False(F).

1.Who you know is more important than what you know,so it is important to network and cultivate a number of contacts.

2.In general,Egyptians have an open-door policy,even when they are in a meeting.This means you may experience frequent interruptions.High-level government officials often adhere to more western business practices and hold private meetings without interruptions.

3.Egyptians are tender negotiators.

2.南非商务礼仪

南非商务礼仪可以概括为“黑白分明”“英式为主”。所谓“黑白分明”是指：受到种族、宗教、习俗的制约，南非的黑人和白人所遵从的商务礼仪不同；英式为主是指：在很长的一段历史时期内，白人掌握南非政权，白人的商务礼仪特别是英国式社交礼仪广泛地流行于南非社会。以目前而论，在社交场合，南非人所采用的普遍见面礼节是握手礼，他们对交往对象的称呼则主要是“先生”“小姐”或“夫人”。在黑人部族中，尤其是广大农村，南非黑人往往会表现出与社会主流不同的风格。比如，他们习惯以鸵鸟毛或孔雀毛赠予贵宾，客人此刻得体的做法是将这些珍贵的羽毛插在自己的帽子上或头发上。

南非商人十分保守，交易方式力求正式。许多生意在私人俱乐部或对方家中做成。在此地做生意施用过于细腻的手段或说话兜圈子常不被人了解，想以这种方式达到目的多半行不通，想说的话就大胆直率地说出来好了。南非黑人对自己的传统情有独钟。有些黑人行拥抱礼，有些行亲吻礼，有些则行独特的握手礼，即先用自己的左手握住自己的右手腕，再用右手去与人握手。如果是特别亲热者，则先握一下他的手掌，然后再握对方的拇指，最后紧紧握一下他的手。女子相见，双膝微屈，行屈膝礼。农村妇女们相遇，一边围着对方转，一边发出有节奏的尖叫声。男子对女子，一律要尊称“妈妈”。送客时往往列队相送，载歌载舞，欢呼狂啸。黑人的姓名大多已经西方化，但仍喜欢在姓氏之后加上相应的辈分，如称其为“乔治爷爷”“海伦大婶”，往往令其喜笑颜开。绝对不要直呼黑人为“Black People”，而应称为“Africa People”。

Relationships & Communication

●South Africans are transactional and do not need to establish long-standing personal relationships before conducting business.

●If your company is not known in South Africa,a more formal introduction may help you gain access to decision-makers and not be shunted off to gatekeepers.

●Networking and relationship building are crucial for long-term business success.

●Relationships are built in the office.

●Most businessmen are looking for long-term business relationships.

●Although the country leans towards egalitarianism,businesspeople respect senior executives and those who have attained their position through hard work and perseverance.

●There are major differences in communication styles depending upon the individual's cultural heritage.

●For the most part,South Africans want to maintain harmonious working relationships,so they avoid confrontations.

●They often use metaphors and sports analogies to demonstrate a point.

●Most South Africans,regardless of ethnicity,prefer face-to-face meetings to more impersonal communication mediums such as email,letter or telephone.

Business Meeting Etiquette

●Appointments are necessary and should be made as far in advance as possible.

●It may be difficult to arrange meetings with senior level managers on short notice,although you may be able to do so with lower-level managers.

●It is often difficult to schedule meetings from mid December to mid January or the two weeks surrounding Easter,as these are prime vacation times.

●Personal relationships are important.The initial meeting is often used to establish a personal rapport and to determine if you are trustworthy.

●After a meeting,send a letter summarizing what was decided and the next steps.

Business Negotiation

●It is imperative to develop mutual trust before negotiating.

●Women have yet to attain senior level positions.

●Do not interrupt a South African while they are speaking.

●South Africans strive for consensus and win-win situations.

●Include delivery dates in contracts.Deadlines are often viewed as fluid rather than firm commitments.

●Start negotiating with a realistic figure.South Africans do not like haggling over price.

●Decision-making may be concentrated at the top of the company and decisions are often made after consultation with subordinates,so the process can be slow and protracted.

Dress Etiquette

●Business attire is becoming more informal in many companies.However,for the first meeting,it is best to dress more conservatively.

●Men should wear dark-coloured conservative business suits.

●Women should wear elegant business suits or dresses.

Activity 2:True(T)or False(F).

1.Relationships are built out of the office.

2.Personal relationships are important.The initial meeting is often used to establish a personal rapport and to determine if you are trustworthy.

3.Do not interrupt a South African while they are speaking.