理论教育 生产网络与区域经济一体化的影响机制

生产网络与区域经济一体化的影响机制

时间:2023-06-08 理论教育 版权反馈
【摘要】:区域经济一体化是经济全球化的主要趋势,生产网络是经济全球化的重要推动力,二者相互影响和促进。原产地规则推动区域生产网络的发展原产地规则是许多自贸协定中的必备内容,是根据相关原产地标准确定货物生产或制造的国家或地区,被形象地称为商品的“经济国籍”。自贸协定中的原产地规则会增加从区域内成员国的进口,减少区域外高成本国家的进口。据测算,原产地规则的实施会使约40%的自贸区内出口代替传统高成本的进口。

生产网络与区域经济一体化的影响机制

区域经济一体化是经济全球化的主要趋势,生产网络是经济全球化的重要推动力,二者相互影响和促进。

(1)区域生产网络促进区域贸易投资更加自由化和便利化

随着全球价值链和生产网络的发展,各个国家根据比较优势承担着不同的生产环节,在生产过程中产生大量最终产品和中间产品的多次跨境流动,进而会因为跨境次数增多,跨境贸易成本增加,所以大幅度地增加了贸易成本。所以,签订自贸协定时要更加注意贸易和投资的自由化与便利化,消除贸易和投资壁垒。通过改善通关环境、提高流通效率,不仅可以降低贸易和投资成本,促进生产要素的自由流动,而且能够有效保障全球价值链各环节的衔接,为全球价值链的高效运转提供条件。

(2)区域生产网络发展要求增加自贸协定谈判议题

现有多边贸易谈判进展缓慢说明多边贸易体制已不能满足全球生产网络发展的要求,而区域自贸协定谈判议题的拓展将填补多边贸易规则的缺口,发挥推动区域生产网络延伸的作用。货物贸易、服务贸易和投资既是区域自由贸易协定的传统议题,也是现有多边贸易体制的主要组成部分。而以TPP和TIPP为代表的高标准自贸区谈判对传统议题内容进行了深化,将谈判议题从边境外扩展到边境内,不仅提高了原有贸易、投资自由化的标准,也设置了高标准的知识产权保护、政府采购、环境和劳工规则等议题。通过议题范畴的扩展,可以适应全球价值链和生产网络的发展需要,同时也可以对自贸协定外的国家产生排他效应。

(3)原产地规则推动区域生产网络的发展

原产地规则是许多自贸协定中的必备内容,是根据相关原产地标准确定货物生产或制造的国家或地区,被形象地称为商品的“经济国籍”。货物的原产地在国际贸易中具有重要作用,它可以作为使用海关税则、数量限制或有关其他贸易措施等海关待遇的依据。自贸协定中的原产地规则会增加从区域内成员国的进口,减少区域外高成本国家的进口。据测算,原产地规则的实施会使约40%的自贸区内出口代替传统高成本的进口。因此,多边自贸区协定的签订会增加区域内成员国的经贸联系,促进区域生产网络的扩展和延伸。

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