5.3.1.1 财产损失险基本概念
1.Actuary 精算师
The CMS Office of the Actuary (OACT) released an update today regarding their annual National Health Expenditures report.(WHITEHOUSE: Health Care Blog/The White House)
精算师CMS办公室（OACT）今天发布了关于年度国民健康支出的最新消息。
2.Annuity 年金
Given costly and limited annuity products, we investigate how annuity market innovation could improve participation and increase individual welfare.(Journal of Risk and Insurance/August 2010/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6975.2010.01381.x )
考虑到年金产品成本昂贵且有限，我们将研究年金市场创新如何提高参与度同时增加个人福利。
3.All-risks insurance 全保险
We offer all risk insurance for domestic, air and ocean shipments.
我们提供国内、国际、海上和航空全保险。
4.Act of God 不可抗力
In the law of contracts, an act of God may be interpreted as an implied defense under the rule of impossibility or impracticability.
在合同法中，不可抗力指不能预见、不能避开并不能客服的客观情况。
5.Beneficiary 受益人
The Office of the Beneficiary works for the beneficiary, to mentor the beneficiary in such areas as work, relationships, and communication.(Journal of Risk and Insurance/October 2015/ https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119118312.ch20)
受益人办公室为受益人工作，在工作、交往和沟通等领域为受益人提供指导。
6.Free from particular average （FPA） 平安险
The three basic risks are Free from Particular Average (FPA), With Particular Averaged(WPA) and All Risks (AR).(www.qzr.cn)
这三种基本险是平安险、水渍险和一切险。
7.Risk aversion 风险规避
We study the relative risk aversion of an individual with particular social preferences: his wellbeing is influenced by his relative wealth, and by how concerned he is about having low relative wealth.(Journal of Risk and Insurance/February 26, 2018/https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12239)
我们研究具有特定社会偏好的个人相对风险厌恶：他的健康受其相对财富以及他对自己相对财富较低的担忧程度的影响。
8.Finite risk insurance 有限风险保险
Finite risk insurance excludes products expressly sold as annuities.(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_risk_insurance)
有限风险保险不包括以年金形式出售的产品。
9.Marine hull insurance 船舶保险
At present，domestic shipping industry is under booming state , but river and marine hull insurance as shipping industry safeguard runs difficultly , due to the high loss ratio.
目前，我国航运业正处于大力发展时期，但作为航运业保障的沿海内河船舶保险却因为赔付率高而经营困难，这不利于国内航运业的发展。
10.Moral hazard 道德风险
By insuring against loss, all forms of insurance can lead to moral hazard and inefficient increases in risky behavior.(Journal of Risk and Insurance/February 11, 2018/https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12240)
通过承保损失，所有形式的保险都可能导致道德风险以及风险行为的无效增加。
11.Claims adjuster 索赔核算员
Claims adjusters work long hours including work nights and weekends.Their work is appointment based and must revolve around the needs of clients.
理赔员工作时间长，包括夜班和周末。他们的工作以预约为基础，必须围绕客户的需要展开。
12.Material fact 重要事实
Misrepresentation of a material fact on an application for insurance may allow an insurance company grounds to rescind an insurance policy.
13.Kidnap and ransom insurance 绑架和赎金保险
Kidnap and ransom insurance policies are indemnity policies – they reimburse a loss incurred by the insured.The policies do not pay ransoms on the behalf of the insured.
绑架和赎金保险单是用来赔偿被保险人遭受的损失的。保单不代表为被保险人支付赎金。
14.Open policy（open cover）预约保险单
The open cover shall be evidenced by an open policy to be issued by the insurer.（http://dict.cn/open％20policy）
预约保险合同应当由保险人签发预约保险单来确定。
15.Particular average 单独海损
The FPA clause does not cover partial loss of the nature of Particular Average, whereas the WPA clause covers such losses.（www.chinaqking.com）(www.daowen.com)
平安险条款不包括单独海损性质部分的损失，但水渍险条款包括。
16.Partial loss 部分损失
For the cover of All Risks the insurance company shall be liable for total or partial loss on land or sea of the insured goods within the period covered by the insurance.（www.crazyenglish.org）
投保“一切险”，在承保期内，保险公司应承担投保货物在海上或陆上产生的部分或全部损失。
17.Premium rebate 保费回扣
Usually we receive a handsome premium rebate from our underwriter at regular interval.（provided by jukuu）
通常，我们可定期从保险公司拿到一笔可观的保险费回扣。
18.Policyholder 投保人
If the policyholder conceals the actual circumstances of the insured property, the insurer shall have the right to rescind the contract or shall not be liable for making indemnity.（provided by jukuu）
投保人如隐瞒被保险财产的真实情况，保险方有权解除合同或不承担赔偿责任。
19.Proportional reinsurance 比例再保险
Proportional reinsurance is composed of quota share reinsurance and surplus reinsurance.
比例再保险又分为成数分保方式和溢额分保方式。
20.Proximate cause 近因原则
Principle of proximate cause is the fundamental in the phase of claiming damages and claiming setting for marine insurance.（dict.cnki.net）
近因原则是在海上保险中索赔理赔阶段应当遵循的原则。
21.Property insurance 财产保险
An insurer shall not concurrently engage in business of both property insurance and insurance of persons.（www.dictall.com）
同一保险人不得同时经营财产保险业务和人身保险业务。
22.Primary insurance amount 基本保险金额
Whether the benefit is for the worker or for a spouse, child or other relative, it is necessary to compute a “primary insurance amount” or “PIA” that is based on the worker’s earnings averaged over much of his or her career.(3920 Computing The Primary Insurance Amount For Social Security /2008/Human resources management.Employment relations)
无论是为劳动者还是为配偶、子女或其他亲属提供福利，都必须依据劳动者在其职业生涯中的平均收入计算一个“基本保险金额”或“PIA”。
23.Right of subrogation 代位求偿权
The insurer may deduct a corresponding sum from the amount of indemnity if it is not able to exercise the right of indemnity by subrogation due to the fault of the insured.（www.dictall.com）
由于被保险人的过错致使保险人不能行使代位赔偿权利（代位求偿权），保险人可以相应扣减保险赔偿金。
24.Salvage charge 救助费用
Expenses incurred by or on behalf of the assured for the safety or preservation of the subject matter insured, other than general average and salvage charges, are called particular charges.（averageadjusting.net ）
除共同海损和救助费用外，由被保险人或为保险标的的安全或保存所产生的费用，叫作特别费用。
5.3.1.2 财产损失险实务
1.General average 共同海损
Under the BIMCO Standard General Average Absorption Clause， hull insurers pay the costs of general average up to an agreed sum thus eliminating low value claims where the costs are often disproportionate to the eventual recovery.（BIMCO： Changes To Specialist General Average Clauses.2017.07.05 海商法研究中心）
根据BIMCO标准通用条款，船舶保险公司按照约定金额支付共同海损费用，从而消除了低价值索赔，因为索赔费用往往与最终赔偿不成比例。
2.Hedge 对冲
We find that unless the risk premium on the bond is close to zero, the robust optimal hedge is significantly less sensitive to variations in the underlying probability distribution.(Journal of Risk and Insurance/January 2017//https://doi.org/10.1111/jori.12201)
我们发现，除非债券风险溢价接近于零，否则稳健的最优套期保值会对潜在概率分布变化不太敏感。
3.National Insurance Company Limited 印度国家保险有限公司
National Insurance Company Limited was spun off as a distinct company under the General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act in 2002.
印度国家保险有限公司是根据2002年《一般保险业务（国有化）修正案》剥离出来的一家独立公司。
4.Insurable interest 保险利益
In summary, for indemnity insurance other than marine the lack of an insurable interest will not render the contract unenforceable.(Journal of Business Law/May, 2005/Insurable Interest: As Intended?)
总而言之，除海运保险以外的赔偿保险，缺少可保利益合同依然可以执行。
5.Valued insurance contract 定值保险合同
Chapter 3 “Current situation of valued insurance contract in China and suggestion on perfection” is the essence of analysis and research in this paper, and is also the key point of this paper.
第三章“我国定值保险合同现状及完善建议”是本文研究的实质，也是本文的研究重点。
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