3.2.9.1 信托的特点
1.Separation of ownership and interest 所有权与收益权相分离
Family trust is characterized by the separation of ownership and income rights.Once the property is put into the family trust structure, it will not involve the trust property because of the client’s death, divorce or bankruptcy, and will not have to pay inheritance tax in the future,so as to reduce the cost of inheritance.(http://trust.jrj.com.cn/2016/06/23072621103019.shtml)
家族信托的特点在于所有权与收益权的分离。财产一旦被纳入家族信托架构,就不会因为委托人身故、离异或破产而牵连信托财产,日后也不用缴纳遗产税,从而降低继承成本。
注:family trust 家族信托,是一种信托机构受个人或家族的委托,代为管理、处置家庭财产的财产管理方式,以实现富人的财富规划及传承目标。
2.Independence of property 独立运作财产
After the establishment of the trust, the trustor no longer has the ownership of the trust property, but only has the right to supervise the trust.(http://finance.sina.com.cn/trust/xthydt/2018-10-11/doc-ihmhafiq8692921.shtml)
信托设立后,委托人对信托财产不再享有所有权,仅享有对信托的监督权。
注:相关术语:movable property 动产,指能脱离原有位置而存在的资产,如各种流动资产、各项长期投资和除不动产以外的各项固定资产;immovable property 不动产,指依照其物理性质不能移动或者移动将严重损害其经济价值的有形物体;intellectual property 知识财产,具有商业价值的知识或信息。一般分为艺术财产(如艺术品、文学作品、音乐作品等)和工业财产(如发明、商标、商业秘密等)。
3.2.9.2 代理(www.daowen.com)
1.Agency 委托代理
The act of agency is the act of an agent.That is to say, the acts of the agent in the name of the principal to the third party are of legal significance.It includes civil legal acts, litigation acts and other acts of legal significance.(https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E5%95%86/849539?fr=aladdin)
代理行为是代理人的行为,即代理人以被代理人名义对第三人进行具有法律意义的行为,包括民事法律行为、诉讼行为和其他具有法律意义的行为。
注:(1)civil legal acts 民事法律行为,指民事主体通过意思表示设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的行为。民事法律行为可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。法律规定用特定形式的,应当依照法律规定。(2)词义辨析:agent是一个独立主体,负责完成任务但不负责执行任务,具有一定的自主决策能力;broker是一个独立主体,但没有自主决策能力,只负责订约过程。
2.Differences between agency and trust 代理与信托的区别
Principal-agent refers to the legal acts between the agent and the third party within the scope of authorization in the name of the principal-agent.The legal consequences of such acts are directly borne by the principal-agent.The so-called trust refers to the act that the trustee transfers his property rights to the trustee on the basis of trust in the trustee, and the trustee manages or disposes of the property in his own name for the benefit of the beneficiary according to the wishes of the trustee.(https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E4%BF%A1%E6%89%98/221065?fr=aladdin)
委托代理是指受托人以被委托代理的名义,在授权范围内与第三者发生法律行为,这种行为的法律后果直接由被委托代理人承担。所谓信托,是指委托人基于对受托人的信任,将其财产权转移给受托人,受托人按委托人之意愿,以自己的名义为受益人的利益而管理或处分财产的行为。
注:principal agent theory 委托代理理论。20世纪30年代,美国经济学家伯利和米恩斯因为洞悉企业所有者兼具经营者的做法存在着极大的弊端,于是提出“委托代理理论”,倡导所有权和经营权分离,企业所有者保留剩余索取权,而将经营权利让渡。
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