《海商法》第103条规定，多式联运经营人对多式联运货物的责任期间，自接收货物时起至交付货物时止。《海商法》第104条规定，多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，并对全程运输负责。多式联运经营人与参加多式联运的各区段承运人，可以就多式联运合同的各区段运输，另以合同约定相互之间的责任。但是，此项合同不得影响多式联运经营人对全程运输所承担的责任。《海商法》第105条规定，货物的灭失或者损坏发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。《海商法》第106条规定，货物的灭失或者损坏发生的运输区段不能确定的，多式联运经营人应当依照本章关于承运人赔偿责任和责任限额的规定负赔偿责任。

课外阅读资料

一、货运单证（Shipping documents）

The documents commonly used in carriage of goods by sea are bills of lading，sea waybills，manifests，shipping notes，delivery orders and mate’s receipts.

1．Bill of lading（提单）. The bill of lading by itself is not a contract of carriage as it is signed only by the carrier. However，it provides evidence of contract of carriage. It serves as a receipt for goods delivered to the carrier. Besides，the bill of lading serves as a document of title enabling the goods to be transferred from the shipper to the consignee or any other party by endorsement.

2．Sea waybill（海运单）. A sea waybill is the replacement of the traditional ocean bill of lading. The waybill is a non-negotiable document and made out to a named consignee who is allowed，upon production of proper identification，to claim the goods without presenting the waybill.

3．Cargo manifest（货物舱单）. A cargo manifest provides information regarding cargo on board. A freight manifest gives information regarding freight rates，surcharges，rebates，etc. The manifest is prepared by the carrier’s agent but the freight forwarder has to handle it while dealing with the customs and port authorities.

4．Shipping note（托运单）. A shipping note is issued by the shipper to the carrier requesting allocation of shipping space.It is a commitment on the part of the shipper to ship the goods and serves as the basis for the preparation of the bill of lading.

5．Delivery order（提货单）. A delivery order is issued by the carrier or his agent to enable the consignee or his forwarding agent to take delivery of the cargo （import cargo）from the vessel.

6．Mate’s receipts（大副收据）.　A mate’s receipt is the receipt issued by the carrier in the acknowledgement of the goods received on board （export cargo）which is subsequently exchange for the bill of lading.

二、海运提单的种类

1．Direct Bills of Lading versus Through Bills of Lading　

Direct bills of lading （直达提单）are those covering shipments between direct ports of loading or discharge. Through bills of lading（联运提单）cover shipment from or to ports involving　transport by two or more shipping or railways companies. The shipping company，for additional freight，undertakes to make all arrangements to get the goods to their destination.　

2．Clean versus Foul Bills of Lading

（1）Clean bill of lading （清洁提单）.The clean bill of lading bears an indication that the goods were received without damages，irregularities or short shipment，usually the words “apparent good order and condition”，“clean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L.

（2）Foul bills of lading （不清洁提单）.The foul bill of lading－unclean bill of lading，dirty bill of lading or claused bill of lading －is the opposite of the clean bill of lading. It bears an indication that the goods were received with damages，irregularities or short shipment，usually the words　“unclean on board” or the like are indicated on the B/L，for example，“insufficient packing”，“missing safety seal” and “one carton short”.

三、海运提单的格式与制作

A marine bill of lading can be drawn up in a variety of ways， but it is nearly always prepared on a pre-printed form. This form may relate to a specific general cargo trade.

Whatever its form，a bill of lading may contain some main elements，such as quantity of cargo，accurate cargo description and condition，date of the bill of lading，names of shipper and consignee，ports of loading and discharging，ship’s name，terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.

The ship’s port agent，in fact，may be given the task of drawing up bills of lading. If these are subsequently required for letter of credit transactions，it is useful that the agent be supplied with appropriate details of that letter of credit, so that all relevant material can be included in wording.

四、提单正面的主要事项

1．Ship’s name.

2．Carrier: Carrier is the person or company who has concluded a contract with the shipper for carriage of goods.

3．Shipper: The shipper is the person，usually the exporter，who sends the goods.

4．Consignee: Consignee refers to the person entitled to take delivery of the goods.

5．Notify Party: Notify Party is the party that the carrier must notify when the goods arrive at the port of destination. The carrier issues an Arrival Notice informing the Notify Party about the cargo discharge point，number of packages and other information.

6．Port of Loading.

7．Port of Discharging.(www.daowen.com)

8．Description.

9．Marks.

10. Number and kind of Packages.

11. Weight or Measurement.

12. Freight and other Charges.

13. Cargo’s Apparent Order and Condition.

It is important to date bills of lading correctly，and as per the date on which the cargo is actually loaded. Cargo quantity and condition should also be adequately and correctly described in the bills of lading. Relevant comments should be entered in either tally or mate’s receipts，and thereafter in bills of lading.

五、海运提单的电子交付

Bill of Lading software can also be used to create，view，e-mail，and print a formatted bill of lading.An easy-to-use online Bill of Lading generator will save time and provide the documents instantly.The electronic delivery of the bill of lading document，which allows a buyer to take title to the goods once they have arrived at port，will speed up the trade finance process. Exporters are driving the push towards electronic delivery of bills of lading. This approach reduces the cycle time for the forwarding and presentation of documents. The exporter gets paid more quickly and the importer gets title to the goods sooner.It also eliminates the risk of errors and reduces the costs related to manual document preparation.

【注释】

[1]中华人民共和国商务部综合司：《中国对外贸易形势报告（2008年春季）》，见http://zhs.mofcom.gov.cn。

[2]北京数字中商信息技术有限公司：《 2008年中国海运市场研究报告》，2008年5月，见http://www.51report.com/research/detail/85221292.html。

[3]杜宇、林红梅：《我国港口货物吞吐量、集装箱吞吐量均居世界第一》，见新华网：http://news.tom.com/1002/20050524-2158871.html。

[4]交通部部长：《我国已成为世界航运大国和港口大国》，见中华人民共和国交通运输部网站：http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/zhengcejiedu/guihuajiedu/neihehangdaoyukangkou_BJGHJD/meitibaodao/200709/t 20070927_422307.html。

[5]顾丽亚主编：《远洋运输业务》，人民交通出版社，2007年版，第2页。

[6]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第96页。

[7]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第105页。

[8]计算单位，是指国际货币基金组织（International Monetary Fund，IMF）的特别提款权(Special Drawing Rights，SDR)。特别提款权是国际货币基金组织于1969年创设的，作为国际储备的计算单位，具有价值相对稳定的优点。我国《海商法》第277条规定，特别提款权的人民币数额，按法院判决之日、仲裁机构裁决之日或者当事人协议之日，国家外汇主管机关规定的特别提款权对人民币的换算办法进行计算。目前这种换算通过美元进行，即根据国际货币基金组织公布的特别提款权对应的美元数额以及国家外汇主管机关同日公布的美元与人民币的兑换率，将特别提款权换算成人民币数额。

[9]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第108页。

[10]顾丽亚主编：《远洋运输业务》，人民交通出版社，2007年版，第97页。

[11]1924年《海牙规则》第4条第（l）款a项规定了船长船员、引水员或其他受雇人员，在驾驶管理船舶中的过失可以免责；因免责过失引起的共同海损损失，各受益方应按获救财产价值比例分摊共同海损。但根据美国法律，《海牙规则》中免责只能解释为驾驶船舶过失所致的损害，船舶所有人可以免责，但不能再请求货方分摊共同海损损失。承运人为保护自己利益，根据意思自治，在去美国港口的船舶提单中加订“共同海损疏忽条款”（General average negligence clause），即如果承运人已尽到了船舶适航义务，由于其雇佣人员的航海过失或管船过失导致的共同海损，货主应参加分摊。1910年美国最高法院正式肯定了共同海损疏忽条款，并将其命名为“杰森条款”（Jason Clause）。此后，凡去美国港口的船舶提单中都有了“杰森条款”。1936年美国出台海上货物运输法( US COGSA)。为了符合新法律，各船公司又纷纷修改了提单中的杰森条款，并将其命名为“新杰森条款”，新条款增加了姐妹船救助视为第三方救助，且救助报酬可作为共同海损费用，由包括货方在内的各受益方分摊。

[12]该条款源于1953年英国一个案例，英国东方及半岛公司(P&O)所属的“喜马拉雅号”客轮( Himalaya)有一次靠港时，因舷梯未搭好致使女乘客Alder摔伤。因承运人依据客票上规定享有免责权利，Alder以侵权行为控告该船水手长Dickson。法院判决水手长作为承运人受雇人员，无权援引客票上的免责条款。该案反响很大，此后承运人纷纷在提单中增加新条款，即喜马拉雅条款。

[13]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第132页。

[14]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第134页。

[15]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第136页。

[16]司玉琢主编：《海商法》，法律出版社，2007年版，第203页。