这些评估报告和先进制造背后的努力的最后一个问题涉及国会立法。要使政府行动持久，必须由国会授权，并且紧跟定期和相对稳定的拨款。行政部门的努力，可以启动政策之船，但除非有国会的授权和拨款，否则海上没有真正的风。政府的努力最终还是要依据法律，通过财政拨款而非行政命令来实现。若制造业新项目没有走这些程序，就无法在政府更替中存续。当然，寻求国会批准很难，特别在政党间有分歧时。你永远无法知道国会的决定是什么。

国会在2010年有严重的意识形态分歧，包括国会党派内部，相应地导致无力推动法案。即使如此，在关键的制造业立法方面，两党却意见一致，这充分说明了制造业对政治的影响力。美国的地方政治需要制造业，因为它能带来就业和居民收入。相关企业的努力，使得来自国家制造业协会（National Association of Manufacturers）和其他商会的提案得到支持。

参议院率先行动。2013年8月1日，看似不太可能的两党联立组合，时任俄亥俄州民主党自由派参议员谢罗德·布朗（Sherrod Brown）和密苏里州共和党保守派参议员罗伊·布伦特（Roy Blunt），共同提出了《振兴美国制造业和创新法案》。89该法案的核心是批准成立由国家标准与技术研究院领导下的15家制造创新研究所。随后，另一联立组黛比·斯塔博诺（Debbie Stabenow）（密歇根州民主党）和林赛·格雷厄姆（Lindsey Graham）（南卡罗来纳州共和党）加入阵营，因为他们所代表州的制造业都陷入低迷。随后，参议院共有12对人员加入，形成了两党“诺亚方舟”组合。他们的提案得到了主要制造业协会和劳工组织的支持。例如，布朗在俄亥俄州得到65万生产工人的支持，他是总部位于俄亥俄州扬斯敦市的第一家3D打印制造研究所的最早支持者。

2013年8月2日，另一对两党联立组，纽约州北部共和党保守派议员汤姆·里德（Tom Reed）和马萨诸塞州的民主党自由派乔·肯尼迪（Joe Kennedy），向众议院提出《振兴美国制造业和创新法案》。该法案最终在众议院获得惊人的100支持票，包括民主党的51票和共和党的49票，两党再次形成“诺亚方舟”组合。当地制造业岗位和企业的重要性凸显了该法案的政治性。

但此时还不意味着法案会获众议院和参议院批准。对于该法案的最终获批，众议院科学、空间和技术委员会（House Science，Space and Technology Committee）主席、保守派众议员拉马尔·史密斯（Lamar Smith）功不可没。20世纪70年代，他在波士顿的《基督教科学箴言报》（The Christian Science Monitor）当过两年记者，熟悉这座城市和肯尼迪家族。他是第五代得克萨斯人，在众议院工作了26年，对空间技术和科学有浓厚兴趣。众议员乔·肯尼迪是史密斯的科学委员会的新人，并由于国家标准与技术研究院属于该委员会的管辖范围而被分配到该委员会。《振兴美国制造业和创新法案》是他的第一个重大立法项目。作为罗伯特·肯尼迪（Robert Kennedy）参议员的孙子，乔·肯尼迪留着一头红发，聪明、友善、勤奋，毕业于注重制造业研究的斯坦福大学，所生活的波士顿区紧靠当地的强大技术集群，因此深谙技术的重要性。当他向史密斯主席提出该法案时，史密斯决定推动它。

2013年夏季和秋季，科学委员会的研究与技术委员会（Subcommittee on Research and Technology）先后举行了三次听证会，听取小型制造企业、竞争力委员会（Council on Competitiveness）、高校技术专家、通用电气的科学家、半导体行业协会，以及肯尼迪议员和里德议员这个两党联立发起人的意见。90科学委员会内部就法案进行了讨论。2014年7月，科学委员会再次审定该法案，讨论史密斯主席和肯尼迪议员提交的替代修正案，以及其余六项修正案。立法推动可谓深思熟虑——委员会的多数派和少数派都参与其中。这些修正案在封闭环境中进行了审议，只是采取口头表决——这意味着双方达成的协议无需再进行争议性笔录表决。在撰写了该法案的详细报告后，2014年9月15日，科学委员会向众议院提出法案。提案的陈述时间非常有限，需要陈述人精心把控。然而，史密斯已经在众议院设计了一种暂停口头辩论的“暂停议程”，适用于具有两党联立支持基础的一些小法案。得到两党联立大力支持的史密斯、里德和肯尼迪，呼吁众议院高层采用这个议程。这样，在9月15日，这项法案跳过辩论环节只用口头表决便迅速获得批准。91在众议院的顺风顺水能否在参议院延续呢？

参议院商务委员会（Senate Commerce Committee）受理该法案，2013年11月举行听证会，并于2014年4月上报该法案。但这个法案被搁置了。92参议院通常会让事情复杂化。参议院被命名为参议院并非偶然。当副总统托马斯·杰斐逊（Jefferson）主持参议院工作时，直接参照罗马参议院的实践制定了规则。罗马参议院发明了阻挠议事。在美国，任何态度坚决的参议员都可无理由地搁置法案。所以，当众议院已通过的《振兴美国制造业和创新法案》到了参议院，参议院商业委员会主席杰伊·洛克菲勒在（Jay Rockefeller）（西弗吉尼亚民主党）和其他支持者就遇到了搁置的麻烦，法案无法进入参议院审议。最终，该法案在国会两院获得了两党人士足够票数，以及发起人和委员会领导者的大力支持后，被纳入当时财政年度所有政府机构综合拨款法案中——这是一个“必须通过”的法案。终于，它像是舰队中的一只小艇，于2014年12月和13日分别获参众两院通过后开始起航。

该法案在全国范围内批准成立15家地区性制造创新研究所，每一家都关注一个与先进制造业相关的独特技术、材料或工艺。93正如AMP研究阐述的，这些研究所将构成一个网络。国家标准与技术研究院是该网络的领导机构，它与其他政府部门合作选择和资助研究所，并由产业界和所在州、当地政府分摊资金。国家标准与技术研究院必须制定并定期更新的创新网络发展战略。创新研究所须与现有的制造业扩展合作伙伴关系项目对接，后者为每个州的小生产企业提供有关效率和技术的建议。国家标准与技术研究院还要求创新研究所开展相关教育和培训。

与此同时，其他一系列制造研究所相继成立，其中包括由国防部制造和工业基地政策办公室（Defense Department's Manufacturing and Industrial Base Policy office）领导的“制造技术”项目、能源部能源效率和可再生能源办公室支持的机构。法案批准的国家标准与技术研究院领导新型研究所的方式，可能并不能真正跟上时代发展步伐，却表明了国会对制造研究所模式的充分认可。法案还呼吁制定创新研究所网络可持续发展战略，允许国家标准与技术研究院在筹集到足够的资金时有权资助它的研究所——到现在为止尚未实现。在2015年的预算案中，国会向国家标准与技术研究院提供了启动资金，以成立一家或更多的研究所。一个因分歧而闻名的国会，在两党联立的基础上走到了一起，共同祝福制造创新研究所，推动了先进制造业的发展。

我们如何还原2010年到2015年这五年间的制造业拼图？这五年是制造业创新发酵的时期。首先，很多文章和报道开始为新政策的出台做铺垫。接下来，白宫，在总统、“制造业之王”罗姆·布卢姆、国家经济委员会和科技政策办公室的领导下，围绕创新战略团结起来，以求改革美国制造业。政府对创新政策并不陌生——很多人知道它助推了近年的IT和生物科技浪潮，但政府将创新政策应用于制造业却是前所未有。创新政策不是唯一所需的，但它是核心。94

与此同时，麻省理工学院也在开展“创新经济中的生产”研究，并及时向政策制定者汇报研究结果。“创新经济中的生产”通过对制造业的深入研究，提出衰弱的生态系统不仅对制造业有害，还会危及创新体系本身，而创新是美国重要的比较优势。它将生产视为创新体系的关键环节——一个薄弱环节。AMP1.0报告的主要贡献，在于通过支持先进制造创新研究所，将制造业创新转化为政府政策。2014年的AMP2.0报告又将创新政策具体化，提出围绕先进制造技术和工艺流程的公私协作的技术战略，基于该战略连接政府研究机构和新成立的创新研究所，建设分享学习和最佳实践、培训员工的研究所网络。国家工程院2015年的报告里增加了一个更大的框架——先进制造业将服务和生产整合为新的“价值”模式，成为未来经济的核心，需要更加宽泛的教育改革，以准备劳动力，让他们实现这种新价值模式，并在其中高效工作。最后，国会批准的《振兴美国制造业和创新法案》对制造创新研究所进行了背书，增加了整个项目安全渡过当时政治动荡的可能性。

特朗普政府于2017年上台，承诺重振美国制造业，这是总统竞选的核心问题。2017财年国会全额资助制造研究所。但是2018财年是一个更复杂的故事。美国政府2017年3月提交的2018财年联邦预算初稿，削减了众多联邦机构的科学和技术计划，却避免了对制造研究所的明显削减。由于国防开支计划增加，当最终预算于5月提交国会时，国防部运营的八家研究所似乎状况良好。但是能源部的能源效率和可再生能源项目以及它的五家研究所被砍掉了。虽然国家标准与技术研究院面临紧缩，但其研究所似乎是可持续的。当然，预算只是特朗普政府的提议，国会将开启重写它的过程。目前尚不清楚有关制造研究所的最终结果。然而，制造业创新政策的更新可能需要超越对维持研究所预算的关注。

其他国家的先进制造业正在如火如荼地进行中。受到美国发展的刺激，德国、英国、新加坡、日本和中国，都在发展各自的先进制造业。在这样的背景下，美国要想继续待在制造业游戏之中，除了追逐先进制造，别无他法，因为对手现在都在采取类似的策略。95

注释

1.Bureau of Labor Statistics（BLS），Spotlight on Statistics，The Recession of 2007-2009（Washington，DC：Bureau of Labor Statistics，February 2012），2，http：//www.bls.gov/spotlight/2012/recession/pdf/recession_bls_spotlight.pdf.

2.Bureau of Labor Statistics（BLS），The Economics Daily，December 8，2009，http：//www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2009/ted_20091208.htm.

3.The authors gratefully acknowledge that material for this chapter and chapters 6 and 7 initially appeared in William B.Bonvillian，Advanced Manufacturing：A New Policy Challenge，Annalsin Science and Technology 1，no.1（2017）.

4.Gregory Tassey，Beyond the Business Cycle：The Need for a Technology-Based Growth Strategy（paper，NIST Economic Analysis Office，Washington，DC，February 2012），2，http：//www.nist.gov/director/planning/upload/beyond-business-cycle.pdf.

5.In this period，there were a number of significant articles on the U.S.manufacturing predicament that provided a foundation for the studies reviewed here，although the MIT study discussed was in many ways the most extensive and far-reaching.Such articles included the following：Gregory Tassey，Rationales and Mechanisms for Revitalizing U.S.Manufacturing R&DStrategies，Journal of Technology Transfer 35，no.3（June 2010）；Erica Fuchs and Randolph Kirchain，Design for Location？The Impact of Manufacturing Offshore on Technology Competitiveness in the Optoelectronics Industry，Management Science 56，no.12（December 2010）：2323-2349；Susan Houseman，Christopher Kurz，Paul Lengermann，and Benjamin Mandel，Offshoring Bias in U.S.Manufacturing，Journal of Economic Perspectives 25，no.2（2011）；Dan Breznitz and Peter Cowhey，America's Two Systems of Innovation：Recommendations for Policy Changes to Support Innovation Production and Job Creation，report（San Diego，CA：Connect Innovation Institute，February 2012）；Robert D.Atkinson，Luke A.Stewart，Scott M.Andes，and Stephen Ezell，Worse than the Great Depression：What the Experts Are Missing about American Manufacturing Decline（Washington，DC：Information Technology and Innovation Foundation，March 2012）；Susan Helper，Timothy Kruger，and Howard Wial，Why Does Manufacturing Matter？Which Manufacturing Matters？（paper，Metropolitan Policy Program，Brookings Institution，Washington，DC，February 2016），https：//www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/0222_manufacturing_helper_krueger_wial.pdf.；Stephanie Shipp，N.Gupta，B.Lal，J.Scott，C.Weber，M.Finin，M.Blake，S.Newsome，and S.Thomas，Emerging Global Trends in Advanced Manufacturing，Report P-4603（Arlington，VA：Institute for Defense Analysis，March 2012），https：//www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Emerging_Global_Trends_in_Advanced_Manufacturing.pdf；William B.Bonvillian，Reinventing American Manufacturing：The Role of Innovation，Innovations 7，no.3（2012）；Gary P.Pisano and Willy C.Shih，Producing Prosperity（Cambridge，MA：Harvard Business School Publishing，2012）.Numerous reports on manufacturing in this period are listed and summarized in Yiliu Zhang，Daniel Kuhner，Kathryn Hewitt，and Queenie Chan，Future of U.S.Manufacturing—A Literature Review，pts.I-III，MIT Washington Office，Washington，DC，August 2011，January 2012，July 2012，http：//dc.mit.edu/resources/policy-resources.

6.For disclosure，author Bonvillian，as director of MIT's Washington Office，served as an adviser on these efforts to President Hockfield and to MIT's subsequent Production in the Innovation Economy（PIE）studies，http：//web.mit.edu/pie/.

7.MIT Roundtable on Developing National Innovation Policies，Summary，March 1，2010，http：//dc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/MIT%20Innovation%20Roundtable.pdf.

8.MIT Washington Office，MIT Reports to the President，2009-2010，MIT Efforts on Policy Innovation Challenges，（Cambridge，MA.：Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2010），1-32-1-33，http：//dc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/2010%20MIT%20DC%20Annual%20Report.pdf[and search：dc.mit.edu under“Policy Resources/Manufacturing”].

9.Ibid.，1-33-1-34；MIT Roundtable on The Future of Manufacturing Innovation—Advanced Technologies，Summary，March 29，2010，http：//dc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/pdf/Roundtable%20The%20Future%20of%20Manufacturing%20Innovation.pdf[search：dc.mit.edu under“Policy Resources/Manufacturing”]；Peter Dizikes，A Manufacturing Renaissance for America？At an MIT Forum Experts Examine New Ways to Pursue a Good Old Idea：Making Things，MIT News Office，March 31，2009，http：//news.mit.edu/2010/future-manufacture-0331.

10.Michael Dertouzos，Robert Solow，Richard Lester，and the MIT Commission on Industrial Production，Made in America：Regaining the Productive Edge（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，1989）；James Womack，Daniel T.Jones，and Daniel Roos，The Machine That Changed the World：The Story of Lean Production（New York：Free Press，1990）.

11.MIT Roundtable，The Future of Manufacturing Innovation—Advanced Technologies，March 29，2010，3.

12.Suzanne Berger and the MIT Industrial Performance Center，How We Compete：What Companies around the World Are Doing to Make It in Today's Global Economy（New York：Doubleday Currency，2006）.

13.MIT Roundtable，The Future of Manufacturing Innovation—Advanced Technologies，March 29，2010，5.

14.Ibid.，5-8.

15.Suzanne Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production and Innovation，Making in America（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，2013），vi-vii.

16.Christina Romer，Do Manufacturers Need Special Treatment？，New York Times，February 4，2012，http：//www.nytimes.com/2012/02/05/business/do-manufacturers-need-special-treatment-economic-view.html？_r=0.

17.Stephen Ezell，Our Manufacturers Need a U.S.Competitiveness Strategy，Not Special Treatment，The Innovation Files，Information Technology and Innovation Foundation（ITIF），February 9，2016，http：//www.innovationfiles.org/our-manufacturers-need-a-u-s-competitiveness-strategy-not-specialtreatment/.

18.President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology（PCAST），Report to the President on Ensuring American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing（Washington，DC：PCAST，June 24，2011），https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast-advanced-manufacturingjune2011.pdf.

19.Ibid.，PCAST Chairs'introductory letter，i.

20.Senator Barack Obama，2004 Democratic National Convention Keynote Address（speech，Democratic National Convention，Boston，July 27，2004）.

21.PCAST，Ensuring American Leadership in Advanced Manufacturing，ii.

22.Ibid.，v.

23.Ibid.，iii.

24.Ibid.，iii-v，33.

25.Ibid.，iv.

26.White House，Office of the Press Secretary，President Obama Launches Advanced Manufacturing Partnership，June 24，2011，https：//obamawhi tehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/24/president-obama-launchesadvanced-manufacturing-partnership.

27.Andrew Liveris，Make It in America：The Case for Reinventing the Economy（Hoboken，NJ：John Wiley and Sons，2011）.

28.Names of AMP1.0 Steering Committee members from companies and universities can be found in President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology（PCAST），Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage in Advanced Manufacturing（Washington，DC：PCAST，July 2012），vii，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast_amp_steering_committee_report_final_july_17_2012.pdf；White House，Office of the Press Secretary，Report to President Outlines Approaches to Spur Domestic Manufacturing Investment and Innovation，press release，July 12，2012，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/07/17/report-president-outlines-approaches-spur-domesticmanufacturing-investm

29.White House，Office of the Press Secretary，President Obama Launches Advanced Manufacturing Partnership，statement at Carnegie Mellon University，June 24，2011.

30.MIT News Office，Hockfield to Co-chair U.S.Manufacturing Partnership，June 24，2011，http：//news.mit.edu/2011/hockfield-obama-manufacturing-0624.

31.Overseen by the AMP Steering Committee（which consisted of the industry CEOs and university presidents），the effort was led by staff from the firms，universities，and agencies listed（mixed in with outside experts consulted）in Appendix B，47-50 and vi，in PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage in Advanced Manufacturing，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/pcast_amp_steering_committee_report_final_july_17_2012.pdf.For disclosure，author Bonvillian worked on the AMP1.0 and AMP2.0 reports as a member of the assigned MIT support group.

32.Jessica Chu，American Made？MIT Forum Examines the Role of Manufacturing in Rebuilding the Economy，MIT News Office，September 16，2011，http：//news.mit.edu/2011/manufacturing-event-pie-0916.

33.Ibid.

34.Appendix B lists names of both outside experts and AMP participants from its member universities and companies；names from the participant organizations identify those who participated in the work groups and in development of the report proposals.See PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage in Advanced Manufacturing，July 2012，Appendix B，47-50.Annexes to the report that contain detailed reports from each work group can be accessed through https：//www.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/eop/ostp/pcast/docsreports.

35.PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage，July 2012，Annex 6，Regional Meeting Summaries，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/amp_final_report_annex_6_amp_regi onal_meeting_summaries_july_update.pdf.

36.Eliza Eddison，Survey of Federal Manufacturing Efforts，MIT Washington Office，Washington，DC，September 2010，http：//dc.mit.edu/resources/policy-resources；Aneesh Anand，Survey of Selected Federal Manufacturing Programs at NIST，DOD，DOE，and NSF，MIT Washington Office，Washington，DC，September 2014，http：//dc.mit.edu/resources/policyresources.

37.President's State of the Union Address，Full Text，Wall Street Journal，February 12，2012，http：//blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2013/02/12/full-textobamas-state-of-the-union-address/.

38.White House，President Obama to Announce New Efforts to Support Manufacturing Innovation—Administration Proposed New National Network to Support Manufacturing，March 9，2012，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/03/09/president-obama-announce-newefforts-support-manufacturing-innovation-en；https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/photos-and-video/video/2012/03/09/president-obama-speaks-manufacturing#transcript.

39.White House，Remarks by the President in the State of the Union Address，February 12，2013，https：//www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/remarks-president-state-union-address.

40.Communication with Jason S.Miller，August 29，2016.

41.PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President on Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage，July 2012，4.

42.Ibid.，1-2.(www.daowen.com)

43.Ibid.，9.

44.Ibid.，12.

45.Ibid.，17.

46.AMP's focus was on production technologies，but it was not the first to pursue development of critical technology lists.In 1989，Senator Jeff Bingaman（D-N.Mex.）pushed the Defense Department and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy to study and develop critical technologies needed across civilian and military sectors.This effort was also taken up by the Young Commission（see chapter 3），which surveyed nine industries on their critical technology needs.See Kent H.Hughes，Building the Next American Century—The Past and Future of American Economic Competitiveness（Washington，DC：Woodrow Wilson Center Press，2005），249，255-257.

47.PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President for Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage，July 2012，21-24.

48.In the United States，both the Defense Department（DOD）and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）have developed similar but somewhat different Technology Readiness Levels（TRLs）；AMP applied the DOD terminology.See Department of Defense（DOD），Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Engineering，Technology Readiness Levels Guidance，updated May 13，2011，http：//www.acq.osd.mil/chieftechnologist/publications/docs/TRA2011.pdf.

49.PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership Steering Committee，Report to the President for Capturing Domestic Competitive Advantage，July 2012，28-29.

50.The faculty commission and researchers are named at the front of the first volume：Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，ii-iv.For disclosure，author Bonvillian was adviser to the study.

51.Ibid.

52.Richard M.Locke and Rachel L.Wellhausen，eds.，Production in the Innovation Economy（Cambridge，MA：MIT Press，2014）.

53.These study areas are delineated in more detail on the MIT Production in the Innovation Economy（PIE）website，http：//web.mit.edu/pie/research/index.html.

54.The major and Main Street firms are discussed in Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，25-64，91-120.

55.Ibid.，65-90.

56.Ibid.，121-154.

57.Ibid.，155-178.

58.Ibid.，179-198.

59.Ibid.，6-7.See also statement on the PIE website，http：//web.mit.edu/pie/research/index.html.

60.Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，7.

61.As listed in note 5 of this chapter，a number of articles and studies had considered aspects of innovation in developing manufacturing policies，although the MIT PIE study was the most far-reaching.

62.Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，17-20，44-64.

63.Ibid.，20.

64.Jonas Nahm and Edward S.Steinfeld，The Role of Innovative Manufacturing in High-Tech Product Development：Evidence from China's Renewable Energy Sector，in Locke and Wellhausen，Production in the Innovation Economy，139-174.

65.Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，91-102，104-111.

66.Ibid.，111-114.

67.Elizabeth Reynolds，Hiram Semel，and Joyce Lawrence，Learning by Building：Complementary Assets and the Migration of Capabilities in U.S.Innovative Firms，in Locke and Wellhausen，Production in the Innovation Economy，51-80.

68.Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，155-178.Sanjay Sarma of MIT was a major contributor on the“mass customization”model.

69.See，for example，Deloitte Ltd.and the Manufacturing Institute，Boiling Point？The Skills Gap in U.S.Manufacturing（2011），6，www.themanu facturinginstitute.org/～/media/A07730B2A798437D98501E798C2E13AA.ashx，which found that 82% of manufacturing senior executives reported moderate to serious gaps in availability of qualified，skilled candidates；74%of manufacturers reported that these shortages affected their ability to expand operations.

70.Andrew Weaver and Paul Osterman，Skills and Skills Gaps in Manufacturing，in Locke and Wellhausen，Production in the Innovation Economy，17-50.

71.Andrew Weaver and Paul Osterman，The New Skill Production System，in Locke and Wellhausen，Production in the Innovation Economy，76-77.

72.Berger and the MIT Task Force on Production in the Innovation Economy，Making in America，21-23.

73.PCAST，Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 Steering Committee，Report to the President on Accelerating U.S.Advanced Manufacturing（Washington，DC：PCAST，October 2014），vii（list of AMP2.0 participants），https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/amp20_report_final.pdf.

74.Participants in AMP2.0 from Steering Committee firms and schools，as well as Obama administration participants，are listed in ibid.，52-55.For disclosure，author Bonvillian was a participant for MIT.

75.Ibid.，17.

76.Ibid.，66-70.

77.Ibid.，18.

78.Peter Dizikes，Reif Briefs Obamain White House—Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 Delivers Report on Developing Innovation Based Growth，MIT News Office，October 28，2014，http：//news.mit.edu/2014/reif-briefsobama-innovation-economy-1028.

79.White House，Office of the Press Secretary，Fact Sheet：President Obama Announces New Actions to Further Strengthen U.S.Manufacturing，Oct.27，2014，https：//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/10/27/fact-sheet-president-obama-announces-new-actions-further-strengthen-us-m.

80.National Academies，Board on Science，Technology and Economic Policy，Innovation Policy Forum on Reinventing U.S.Advanced Manufacturing—A Review of the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership 2.0 Report，October 27，2014，http：//sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/step/PGA_152473.

81.National Academy of Engineering（NAE），Making Value for America，report（Washington，DC：National Academies Press，2016），http：//www.nap.edu/catalog/19483/making-value-for-america-embracing-the-future-of-manufa cturing-technology.

82.Ibid.，vii.

83.Ibid.，1.

84.Ibid.，11.

85.Ibid.，20-45.

86.Ibid.，47-59.

87.Ibid.，40-45.

88.Ibid.，71-81，104-107.

89.S.1468，113th Cong.，2nd Sess.（2014），https：//www.govtrack.us/cong ress/bills/113/s1468/text.It was reported as amended by the Senate Commerce Committee，chaired by Senator Jay Rockefeller（D-W.Va.），on August 26，2014.

90.Report of the Committee on Science，Space and Technology，Report on H.R.2996，Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act，H.R.Rep.No.113-599，113th Cong.，2nd Sess.，September 15，2014，Section IV（Hearing Summary）.

91.H.R.2996，Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act，113th Cong.，2nd Sess.，Congress.gov，bill actions，https：//www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/2996/actions.

92.Report of the Senate Committee on Commerce，Science and Transportation，on S.1468，Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act，S.Rep.No.113-247，113th Cong.，2nd Sess.，August 26，2014，Legislative History section，https：//www.congress.gov/congressional-report/113th-con gress/senate-report/247/1.

93.Report of the Committee on Science，Space and Technology，Report on H.R.2996，Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act，H.R.Rep.No.113-599，113th Cong.，2nd Sess.，September 15，2014，Section IV（Hearing Summary）.

94.William B.Bonvillian，Advanced Manufacturing Policies and Paradigms for Innovation，Science 342，no.6163（December 6，2013）：1173-1175.

95.See，for example，on Germany，Forschungsunion and Acatech（National Academy of Science and Engineering），Securing the Future of German Manufacturing Industry，Recommendations for Implementing the Strategic Initiative Industrie 4.0，Final Report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group，April 2013，http：//docplayer.net/254711-Securing-the-future-of-german-ma nufacturing-industry-recommendations-for-implementing-the-strategic-initiativeindustrie-4-0.html.On China，see Scott Kennedy，Made in China 2025，Center for Strategic and International Studies（CSIS），June 1，2015（summary of State Council's May 2015 manufacturing roadmap plan），https：//www.csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025；China Unveils Internet Plus Action Plan to Fuel Growth，Xinhua，July 4，2015（announcement from the State Council to“integrate mobile Internet，cloud computing，big data and the Internet of Things with modern manufacturing”），http：//english.cntv.cn/2015/05/22/VIDE1432284846519817.shtml；China Establishes Fund to Invest in Advanced Manufacturing（State Council announces$3.05b fund），Xinhua，June 8，2016，http：//english.gov.cn/news/top_news/2016/06/08/content_281475367382490.htm；T.Whang，Y.Ahang，H.Yu，and F-Y.Wang，eds.，Advanced Manufacturing Technology in China：A Roadmap to 2050（Chinese Academy of Sciences field-specific report）（Berlin：Springer，2012）.On Britain，see Manufacturing Technology Centre，Challenging the Boundaries of Manufacturing，http：//www.the-mtc.org；Catapult，High Value Manufacturing Centres，https：//hvm.catapult.org.uk/hvm-centres/.On Singapore，see Michael Tan and Jeffrey Chua，Industry 4.0 and Singapore Manufacturing，opinion，Straits Times（Singapore），February 10，2016，http：//www.straitstimes.com/opinion/industry-40-and-singapore-manufacturing；Economic Development Board of Singapore，Future of Manufacturing in Singapore（presentation，March 2015）（summarizing the Future of Manufacturing）；$500m/5 year plan announced by the Deputy Prime Minister，Budget Speech in 2013，http：//www.smartindustry.com/assets/Uploads/SI-PS-Singapore-Inofpack.pdf.On India，see Make in India Initiative（launched September 25，2014，by Prime Minister Narenda Modi），http：//www.makeinindia.com/home.On Japan，see Ministry of Economy，Trade and Industry（METI），Government of Japan，Growth Strategy 2016，Establishment of Public-Private Council for the 4th Industrial Revolution（components：regulatory reforms，individual healthcare services with personalized data and robotics，zero inventory supply chain，fintech open innovation system，smart factory，drone delivery，Internet of Things integration with accompanying cybersecurity，tripling of university R&D，and five strategic research centers），October 2016；Noriyuki Mita，Deputy Director General，Manufacturing Industries Bureau，METI，Responding to the Fourth Industrial Revolution（presentation，October 2016）；Innovation 25 Council，Innovation 25—Creating the Future，Challenging Unlimited Possibilities，interim report，February 26，2007，http：//japan.kantei.go.jp/innovation/interimbody_e.html；Hideshi Semba，Science Counselor，Japan Mission to the European Union，Innovation Policy of Japan（presentation，June 15，2012），http：//www.j-bilat.eu/documents/seminar/as_2/presentation_as2_hs.pdf.For a general discussion，see Shipp et al.，Emerging Global Trends in Advanced Manufacturing.

【注释】

[1]“铲子准备好了”（shovel ready），指可立即开工的大规模基建项目。——译者注