合同文本不同于文学作品也不同于日常会话,不可能使用谚语、俚语等,也不可能借助于华丽的辞藻和形象的修辞手法如夸张、拟人、比喻等手法表情达意。所以,商务合同中的语言用词是冷静的,要严谨庄重、清楚准确,切忌情绪型词汇。
1.措辞
● 多使用正式或法律用语。例如:
1)At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.
应乙方要求,甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。
2)The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.
雇主应对有关人员给予正确的技术指导。
3)This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.
本合同的签订与解释均根据中国法律。
4)In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of its investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right.
如一方想出售或转让其投资的全部或一部分,另一方应有购买优先权。
5)The authorities approved(the)said application of 3rd November, 2004.
当局批准了2004年11月3日的上述申请。
“the said”或“said”此处是公文体,意为“该”“上述的”。
多把“here”“there”“where”加后缀使用,例如:
1)hereafter:after this time; in the future 此后,今后
2)hereby:by means of; by reason of this 据此
3)here in:in this 在此
4)hereinafter:later in this contract, etc.在下文中
5)hereinbefore:in the preceding part of this contract 在上文中
6)hereof:of this 于此
7)hereto:to this 到此
8)heretofore:until now 直到此时
9)hereunder:under this 在下
10)hereupon:at this point:in consequence of this 因此
11)herewith:with this 同此,因此
12)thereafter:afterwards 其后
13)thereby:by that means; in that connection 因此,从而
14)therefrom:from that 从此
15)therein:in that; in that particular 在那里
16)thereinafter:later in the same contract, etc.以下
17)thereinbefore:in a preceding part of the same contract, etc.在上文
18)thereon:on that 在其上
19)thereof:of that:from that source 其中
20)thereto:to that 另外,到那里
21)thereunder:under that 依据
22)thereupon:then:as the result of that 因此
23)therewith:with that or it 与此
24)whereas:considering that:but 尽管
25)whereby:by what; by which 为何
26)wherein:in what; in which 在何处
27)whereof:of what; of which 关于
28)whereon:on what; on which 在……上
多用成双成对的同义词以限定或确定或强调其意义,例如:
1)The parties may, through consultation, make amendments to and revisions of this Contract as and when the need arises.
双方可在必要时通过协商修改本合同。
2)This Agreement is made and entered into by and between ABC Co.and DEF Co.
ABC公司和DEF公司双方签订本协议。
3)Each party to this Agreement shall fulfill or perform any of the obligations under this Agreement.
本协议双方应履行协议规定的义务。
4)This Agreement and any rights or obligations hereunder are not transferable or assignable by one party to this Agreement without the consent of the other party hereto.
本协议以及本协议规定的权利和义务,未经另一方同意不得擅自转让。
5)The amendments to or alterations of this Contract become effect only after they are signed by both parties and approved by the original approving authorities.
本合同的修改只有在双方签字并在原审批主管机关批准后才能生效。
多用“shall”代替“will”或“should”以加强语气和强制力。
1)The persons employed by Party A shall be responsible to the Manager of Party A.
甲方雇用的所有人员都必须向甲方的经理负责。
2)Party A Shall, at most favorable prices, supply Party B with spare parts of the 1eased equipment.
甲方应以最优惠价格向乙方供应所租设备的备件。
3)This Contract shall become effective upon and from the date on which it is signed.
本合同应于签字之日开始生效。(www.daowen.com)
在合同中,“shall”并非单纯的将来式,而是常常用来表示法律上可以强制执行的义务;它译成中文为“应”“应该”“必须”,以表示其具有的约束力。“will”在合同中虽也用作表示承担义务的声明,但语气比“shall”弱,强制力也比“shall”差;它译成中文应为“将”“愿”“要”。“should”在合同中通常只用来表示语气较强的假设“万一”,极少用来表示“应该”。这都是英语合同用词与基础英语用词的不同之处。
2.Expression
用语要力求准确、明白、严密,举例说明如下:
1)Payment shall be made by Party B in a week.
这句话模棱两可,因为它既可理解为在一个星期之内,又可理解为在一个星期之后。因此,如果想说前者就应用within a week;如果想说后者就应用after a week。
2)Party A shall send technicians to train Party B’s personnel.
这句话含糊不清、不够具体,因为费用由谁负担和技术员何时派出均不明确。因此,必须明确而具体地规定:Party A shall send technicians at Party B’s expense to train Party B’s personnel within 30 days after signing the Contract.(甲方应于签约后三十天内派遣技术人员培训乙方人员,有关费用,由乙方承担。)
3)The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port or ports on the West Coast as per bill or bills of lading dated or to be dated not later than April 30, 2000.
这句话的用语不够清楚,以致是否可以分批装运不明确。因为它既说由一艘船装运,又说可由一个港口或两个以上的港口以一个提单或两个以上的提单装运。因此不如明确地说:The goods are to be shipped by a steamer at a port on the West Coast as per bill of lading to be dated not later than April 30, 2000.即明确地说“不准分批”。
4)Shipment is to be effected bimonthly at 600 metric tons each.
这句话用语模棱两可,以致装船的时间和数量无法确定。因为“bimonthly”这个词,既可解作“两个月”,也可解作“半个月”。因此就难免产生歧义——究竟每两个月运出六百公吨,还是每半个月运出六百公吨。
多用主动语态,少用被动语态。因为主动语态比较自然、明确、直接,有力。试比较:
1)A:The rules and regulations of the worksite shall be observed by workers.
工地的规章应被工人遵守。
B:Workers shall observe the rules and regulations of the worksite.
工人应遵守工地的规章。
2)A:Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.
B:Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.
甲方委托乙方为在新加坡的独家销售代理。
多用现在时态.尽管合同的条款是规定签约以后的事项,通常仍以使用现在时态为原则,例如:
Before completion of the project, Party A may at any time increase or decrease the amount of work of the project.
在工程竣工之前,甲方可以随时增加或减少工程数量。
上述条款是规定签约以后的事项,但是不用将来时态而用现在时态。
多用直挂表达方式,少用间接表达方式,例如:
A:This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.
本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。
B:This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.
本条款只适用于已经全部偿付了债券的持有者。
相比较而言,合同中应使用B句。
能以一个动词表达者就用一个单独的动词,避免使用与其同义的动词短语。例如:
1)Party A shall make an appointment of its representative within 30 days after signing the Contract.
甲方应于签约后30天内指派其授权代表。
如果我们用“appoint”取代“make an appointment of”这句话将变得更为简洁、有力。
2)Party A will give consideration to Party B’s proposal of exclusive agency.
甲方愿意考虑乙方独家代理的建议。
应用“consider”取代第二句中的“give consideration to”。
多用某些特殊用语,例如:
1)WHEREAS鉴于
它是在合同前文中用作引出签约背景和目的的连词。正式而重要的合同,尤其是英美法系的合同,多有此条款。
2)WITNESS证明
它在合同前文中常用作句首的谓语动词。
This Agreement, made by…
WITNESSES
WHEREAS…, it is agreed as follows:
本协议由……签订证明:鉴于……特此达成协议如下:
3)IN WITNESS WHEREOF(作为所协议事项的证据)
这个短语常在合同结尾条款中使用。
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Contract in duplicate by their dulyauthorized representatives on the date first above written.
作为所协议事项的证据,双方授权代表于上面首次写明的日期正式签署本协议一式两份。
4)IN CONSIDERATION OF以……为约因
In consideration of the premises and the covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows:
兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因,订约双方协议如下:
5)NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS 兹特立约为据
用在WHEREAS条款之后以引出具体协议事项,PRESENTS:the present writings.
NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows:
兹特立约为据,并由订约双方协议如下:
6)IN THE PRESENCE OF见证人
本短语只在有见证人时使用,即在定约双方当事人签名的下方由见证人签名作证。见证人一般是有关的律师(attorney)或公证行(notary public)。
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