各种商务合同中国际贸易销售合同的条款较为复杂，现以其为例对具体合同条款解释如下：

● CONTRACT DATE（签约日期条款）

PROVISION:

This Agreement is made on［date］.

本合同签订于【日期】。

说明：签约日期通常是合同的生效日，除非合同中另作规定。如果据此确定交货时间或付款时间，该日期就显得格外重要。

在国际贸易中，应记住日期的格式各国不尽相同。有些日写在月前面，另一些则反之。为避免误解，建议在写签约日时避免用数字表示月份。

● IDENTIFICATION OF PARTIES（合同方定义条款）

PROVISION:

This Agreement is made between［full name of party A］of［address of party A］, a/an［description and nationality of party A］, and［full name of party B］of ［address of party B］, a/an［description and nationality of party B］.

【甲方的全称】【地址】【性质描述】【国籍】【“卖方”】及

【乙方的全称】【地址】【性质描述】【国籍】【“买方”】签订本合同。

说明：签约方要受合同的约束，因此应在此条款中列明各签约方。为避免误解，应写出全称。签约方的性质（合伙企业、有限责任公司、非营利机构等）也应写清。签约前，应确认签约方或其代表是否有权签署该合同。

按照惯例，此处所说的地址为营业地址。如果某一方的营业地址超过一处，应使用注册地址或主要营业地址。若不另做说明，此条款中所列的地址将作为货物、款项和相关通知的接收地址。

● GOODS—DESCRIPTION， QUANTITY， AND PRICE（货物——描述、数量和价格条款）

PROVISION:

SALE AND PURCHASE OF GOODS.The Seller agrees to sell to the Buyer, and the Buyer agrees to purchase from the Seller, goods（the “Goods”）that are［specify either as described in the attached Exhibit A, which is incorporated into this Agreement or of the following type for the price and quantity stated］:

Model Number:

Description:

Quantity:

Price:

Item:

Total Price:

买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下所述（或本合同附件1所述）

货物：

型号：

描述：

数量：

价格：

细目：

总价：

说明：货物条款包括了无论对国际合同还是国内合同都至关重要的两项条件：货物描述和价格。如果货物描述表述不清或被遗漏，合同会因无法确定货物而不能生效。明确的描述应保证签约各方对货物的理解没有偏差、歧义。可以用型号、图纸和规格等方式描述货物。对于多种货物，应列出详细的货物清单作为合同附件。

价格可以表示为总价或单价。如果签约时货物数量未能确定，则价格决定方式必须在合同中写明。国际贸易中，为避免误解，合同中所有的价格应带有币种的缩写，如HKS和US$。

货物数量也是要项之一。如果合同包括一种以上的货物，应将每种货物的数量分别列出。若货物是以重量计算的，应表明是净重、干重或固形重量。

● PAYMENT TERMS（支付条款）

PROVISION:

TERMS OF PAYMENT.The Buyer will pay the purchase price［specify e.g., on or before（date）or not later than（number）days before the Delivery Date］.The payment must be remitted to the Seller at ［the address stated above or specify other address］.The payment must be made in［currency］by means of［instrument of transfer］.

在【日期】之前或发货前一天，买方向卖方支付货款【金额】。付款必须以【币种】形式通过【支付手段】汇至如下【地址】。

说明：在一次性交易中，通常的情形是：卖方希望在发货之前获得货款，而买方希望在付款之前顺利地得到货物。双方应通过谈判达成一项折中方案，并制定出相应的保护性条款以降低风险。

在国际贸易合同中，必须明确定义货币种类和支付手段。应选用稳定的可兑换货币，这可以在一定程度上抵御汇率风险。应选用保证安全的支付手段，如：跟单信用证、付款交单、电汇和远期信用证等。

● COSTS AND CHARGES（费用条款）

PROVISION:

COSTS AND CHARGES.The buyer is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods:［list］.The seller is responsible for the following costs and charges incurred in the sale and transport of the goods:［list］.

在货物的销售和运输过程中，买卖双方承担的费用如下：【列表】

说明：与货物销售相关的任何一项费用都应在合同中规定由哪方承担。即使某一方承担费用的责任可以用某种贸易术语表示，也应详细阐述双方的责任。可能发生费用的项目包括：进出口关税、运费、广告费和有关的许可证费用等。

● PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS（包装条款）

PROVISION:

PACKAGING ARRANGEMENTS.The Seller has discretion in packaging the goods, provided that the packaging must withstand transportation, prevent damage to the goods during transport, and comply with the following requirements:［specify, e.g., product warning and origin marking laws of the Buyer’s country, as set forth in Exhibit A annexed to this Agreement］．The Seller will endeavor to complete all packaging within time for the Delivery Date.If there is any delay, the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay, the expected time for completion, and the reason for the delay.The buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement, or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

货物的包装将由卖方负责。包装应防止货物在长途运输中受到损坏，并符合以下要求：【例如：标明产品的警示和产地，如本合同附件A所示】。卖方应尽力在交货期之前完成货物的包装。如无法完成，应立即通知买方，并同时告之拖延的原因和预计完成日期。买方将选择是终止合同，或是与卖方重新确定交货日期并以书面形式确认对合同的修改。

说明：此条款应向卖方提出对包装的最低要求。如有必要，特殊要求也应在条款中说明。货物的包装需要考虑到运输、入境、农业、环境、航海、建筑结构和消费者的法律、法规等诸多因素。此外，包装还将涉及获得许可、安排检验、使用正确的包装方式和标识、提供保险证明以及出示供报关使用的单据。

合同双方也可约定买方将在买方国内对货物进行包装。在这种情况下，卖方应坚持在合同中写入有关知识产权和第三者责任的保护条款。

● TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF GOODS（装运条款）

PROVISION:

DELIVERY AND TRANSPORT OF GOODS.The Goods will be delivered［trade term, e.g., F.O.B.］［place］on or before［date］（“Delivery Date”）.The Seller will deliver the Goods in a single shipment.The mode of transport to the point of delivery is at the Seller’s discretion.The Seller will make every effort to commence transport of the Goods so that they will arrive by the Delivery Date.

If there is any delay, the Seller will immediately notify the Buyer of the delay, the expected time for delivery, and the reason for the delay.The Buyer will then have the option to renegotiate with the Seller for a new Delivery Date, which the parties will confirm in writing as a modification to this Agreement, or to notify the Seller that the Agreement is terminated.

卖方应于【发运日期】前将合同的货物一次运至【贸易术语，如FOB】【地点】。运输方式由卖方决定。卖方应尽量将货物按时运抵交货地。如有延误，卖方应及时通知买方以及预期到达的时间和延误的原因。买方有权选择重新谈判，确定新的交货期，或是终止合同。对合同的修改应以书面形式加以确认。

说明：国际货物销售合同普遍使用贸易术语——通常是依据由国际商会于巴黎制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则》，以界定运输中买卖双方的风险和费用。尽管贸易术语已被标准化，但在实际运作中，其含义却可能发生变化。贸易术语的精确定义对合同是至关重要的。

如果你的合同不使用《国际贸易术语解释通则》，只需在装运条款中写明承运人、交货地点和时间，以及何方负担运费。若涉及多个承运人或对运输有特殊要求，应在本条款中详细说明。

根据价格条件和服务水平来指定承运人是一种明智的方法。然而，一旦某个承运人被指定，你有可能被迫使用一些不利条款。所以，尽管有所倾向，承运人的指定应保留一定的灵活性。另一种方法是指定某一种类型的承运人，尤其是在货物要求特殊的运输方式时。运输条款中还应对在发运前或运输途中有关货物存放的特殊要求予以明确，例如：安全措施、气候要求和坏天气时的保护。

合同各方还应达成通知条款，尤其是无法立即发货时。这样，卖方可能被要求在货物备妥装运或提取时通知买方，特别是当货物易变质或价值易波动时。如果你的交易对时间要求严格，你还应多次提供通知，以便跟踪货物情况和采取措施以降低迟交货的损失。

● INSURANCE（保险条款）

PROVISION:

INSURANCE.The［Buyer/Seller］will obtain and pay, on its own account, for all insurance on the Goods while in transit, provided that the insurance obtained will include for the protection of the［Seller/Buyer］coverage for the following:［specify］.Evidence of this insurance, in the form of a copy of the policy or other statement provided by the insurer, will be provided to the［Seller/Buyer］before the Goods are shipped.Each party is responsible for obtaining on its own account any other insurance coverage for the Goods that he/she may desire.

由【买方/卖方】投保货物运输中的保险并承担费用，投保的险种应包括：【具体描述】。作为保险的凭证，保单或保险人提供的声明的副本应在货物发运前，提交给【买方/卖方】。各方将按照各自的意愿为货物投保，费用自负。

说明：你应在该条款中说明险种、受益人、由哪方投保、哪方承担费用和对投保日期的要求。你还应就满意的保单格式与对方达成一致。

● TITLE TO GOODS（货物的物权条款）

PROVISION:

TITLE TO GOODS.Title to the Goods will pass to the Buyer at the time the Goods are delivered to［place］, provided the Buyer has transmitted payment to the Seller by that time.

货物的物权将在货物运抵【地点】时转移给买方，如果此时买方已向卖方付款。

说明：这是一项重要的条款，因为若货物在运输途中丢失，物权的所有方将承担损失。通常规定在卖方向买方交货时，物权发生转移。这样，如果买方到卖方的营业地提取并运送货物，买方将承担货物在运输途中丢失或损坏的风险；如果货物由卖方运送，物权的转移可能发生在整个运输途中的任何时刻，甚至在买方的门前，这取决于双方在合同中的约定。各方应保证在拥有物权的全过程中货物是被投保的——或者承担丢失或损坏的风险。

● IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION（进出口文件条款）

PROVISION:

IMPORT/EXPORT DOCUMENTATION.The Seller will be responsible for obtaining, completing, and presenting to［country］customs all export documentation and fees required for clearance, including the following:［list］.The Buyer will be responsible for obtaining, completing, and presenting to［country］customs all import documentation and fees required for clearance, including the following:［list］.The Buyer must notify the Seller that all import requirements have been met.The Seller is not requited to ship the

Goods until the Buyer furnishes the Seller with proof that the import requirements and fees have been or will be timely met.If shipment is delayed because the Buyer fails to furnish such proof timely, the Seller will not be deemed to have breached the contract.

卖方负责申请和向【国家名】海关出示全部出口许可文件，并支付必要的报关费用，具体如下【清单】。买方负责申请和向【国家名】海关出示全部进口文件，并支付必要的报关费用，具体如下【清单】。买方必须通知卖方已按要求取得全部进口许可文件。在买方向卖方提供全部进口许可文件已经得到或将按时得到的凭证之前，卖方可以不履行发货。如果由于买方未能按时提供类似的凭证而导致卖方延迟交货，卖方将不被视作违约。

说明：货物能否发运，甚至合同能否生效可能取决于合同双方取得必要的进出口许可、检验证明和其他授权书。因此取得全套文件——包括用于清关/报关的批文和买卖合同货物的许可是至关重要的。

在本条款中，最好根据操作的难易程度划分合同双方报关的责任——卖方负责出口国的报关，买方负责进口国的报关。本条款也可改为由某一方负责所有的报关手续。

● INVOICES（发票条款）

PROVISION:

INVOICES.The Seller will issue provisional invoices and final invoices for the shipment of the Goods.The invoices must specifically describe the Goods, the quantity of the Goods, and the price of the Goods.

卖方应出具临时发票和用于发货的最终发票。发票应包括货物描述、货物数量和价格等内容。

说明：在国际贸易中，发票的作用是确认发货、通知发货和用于报关。合同中还应规定发票需符合买方国或卖方国法律、法规的要求，最好将这些要求在合同的附件中列出。

● RE-EXPORTATION PROHIBITION（禁止再出口条款）

PROVISION:

RE-EXPORTATION.The Buyer covenants that the Goods will be shipped to and delivered in［country］and that the Buyer will not ship or deliver the Goods to any other country, nor will the Buyer re-export the Goods after delivery in［country］．

买方保证将货物运至【国家名】而非其他国家，并保证在货物运抵【国家名】后不再出口。

说明：对于货物涉及进出口管制或贸易禁运的合同，本条款是特别重要的。根据某些国家的法律，例如美国，如果一笔交易的买方将货物转而运往卖方国所禁止的第三国，卖方将在自己的国家内以犯罪论处。如果卖方了解或理应了解随后的再出口，卖方可能会受到处罚。所以，如果卖方怀疑货物将被买方发运或再出口至某个禁止出口国，卖方应彻底避免这笔交易。本条款可以改为允许再出口至指定的一个或几个不受管制的国家。

● INSPECTION RIGHTS（检验权条款）

PROVISION:

INSPECTIONS.The Buyer is entitled to inspect, or to have its agent inspect, the Goods at the［Seller’s place of business or point of shipping］．The Seller will pay return freight chargesand will replace Goods that the Buyer or its agent rejects with Goods that meet the description and specifications set forth in this Agreement.On completion of the inspection and acceptance of the Goods, the Buyer or its agent will execute a certificate of inspection and acceptance.The inspection and execution of the certificate will be at the Buyer’s cost.The Buyer’s failure to inspect the Goods will constitute a waiver of the right of inspection, and the Buyer will be deemed to have accepted the Goods as delivered.

买方或其代理有权到【卖方的营业地或发货地】检验货物。卖方应将被买方或其代理拒收的货物按照合同要求的予以更换，并承担全部运费。检验和验收结束后，买方或其代理将出具检验和验收证书。检验和出证的费用将由买方承担。买方不执行检验表示买方放弃检验权且买方接受发运的货物。

说明：买方应坚持发货前的检验权以确认货物满足合同要求。条款中应列明执行检验人（买方、代理人、中立的第三方或是持证检验员）、检验地（卖方工厂、买方仓库或收货码头）和检验时间。

● WARRANTIES（担保条款）

PROVISION:

EXPRESS AND IMPLIED WARRANTIES.The Seller expressly warrants that the Goods ate free from all defects of material, workmanship, or installation.Within［number］days after delivery, the Seller will replace free of all charges, including the cost of transportation, any part of the Goods found defective.EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY STATED IN THIS AGREEMENT, THE SELLER DOES NOT WARRANT THE GOODS IN ANY MANNER AT ALL.IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR OF MERCHANTABILITY ARE DISCLAIMED.THE GOODS ARE SOLD “AS IS” AND THE BUYER UNDERSTANDS AND AGREES THAT NO RELIANCE HAS BEEN PLACED ON THE SELLER’S SKILL AND JUDGMENT TO SELECT OR FURNISH GOODS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

卖方明确担保货物的材料、制造和安装没有任何缺陷。发货后【天数】天内，如发现缺陷，卖方应免费更换缺陷部件并承担全部费用。卖方不承担在本合同明确规定以外的任何形式的担保。对货物的特殊用途和适销性默示担保将予以排除。货物“按现状”出售，买方理解并认可卖方对货物特殊用途或适销性缺乏判断能力。

说明：在货物的适销性或质量方面，卖方可以提供有限担保或无限担保，也可能根本不提供担保。担保的条件应在合同中明确说明。某些国家的法律承认货物的默示担保，除非卖方明确地予以排除。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》也认可默示担保。由于执行的难度，建议合同各方在担保条款的段落签字。

● INDEMNITY（赔偿条款）

PROVISION:

INDEMNIFICATION OF BUYER.Provided the Buyer has not altered the Goods or the packaging of the Goods in any manner before sale, the Seller will defend any suit for damagesbrought against the Buyer based on a defect in the materials, design, or manufacturing of the Goods or on patent or trademark infringement in connection with the sale or use of the Goods.If an action is brought against the Buyer, it will promptly notify the Seller.The Seller will indemnify the Buyer against any liability, damage, or expenses incurred in connection with any such suit and will pay any judgment entered against the Buyer in such suit.(www.daowen.com)

如果买方在销售之前未曾变动货物或其包装，那么卖方应对任何因货物的材料、设计、制造方面的缺陷或专利/商标侵权行为，对买方在销售或使用中造成的损害而面临起诉的情况负责。如果买方被提起诉讼，应立即通知卖方。卖方应对买方与该诉讼有关的任何责任、损失和费用予以赔偿并支付买方判决的费用。

说明：此赔偿条款是可选项。如果发生赔偿，卖方应坚持货物及其包装、标识和标志在销售前是未曾改动的。如果买方未经卖方同意对货物进行改动，赔偿将被取消。

● INTELLECTUAL AND INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY RIGHTS（知识产权条款）

PROVISION:

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION.The Buyer understands that the Seller owns the exclusive rights in the designs, patents, trademarks, trade names, and company names（the “Intellectual Property”）used in connection with the Seller’s Goods.The Buyer is given no rights in any of the Seller’s Intellectual Property.The Buyer will not use the Seller’s Intellectual Property as if it were the Buyer’s own property, nor will the Buyer register the Seller’s Intellectual Property in any country as if it were the Buyer’s own.The Buyer acknowledges that its unauthorized use or registration of the Seller’s Intellectual Property, or of any intellectual property that is confusingly or deceptively similar to the Seller’s Intellectual Property, will be deemed an infringement of the Seller’s exclusive rights.

买方理解卖方独家拥有所售货物的设计、专利、商标、贸易名称和公司名称（“知识产权”）。买方不拥有任何卖方的知识产权。买方既不会使用也不会在任何国家注册卖方的知识产权。买方理解未经授权使用或注册卖方的知识产权或具有迷惑性和欺诈性的类似的知识产权，都将构成对卖方独家权利的侵害。

说明：针对知识产权、商标、服务标志、贸易名称、专利和设计等侵权行为应在当事各方建立关系之始予以尽可能的防范。相对于引起的损失，现有的针对侵权行为的法律补救方法是不够的，所以建议采用损害赔偿条款。

● TIMELY PERFORMANCE（按时履行合同条款）

PROVISION:

TIME.The patties agree that [specify, e.g., time is of the essence or timely performance of this Agreement is important, provided that if a party fails to perform on time, the parties will strive to renegotiate the terms].

合同各方同意【如：按时履行本合同是重要的，或若一方无法按时执行该合同，各方应尽力重新进行谈判】。

说明：在美国，合同各方通常在合同中写明按时履行合同是重要的。这样一方可仅凭对方未能在规定的时间内履行合同而认定其违反合同。在另外一些国家，此类条款就不很重要，因为合同各当事方通常的做法是取消或修改合同条款，而不是为违反合同的损失提出起诉。在此列出这一可选条款，可以修改这一条款以便反映国际上的通常做法。

● CONDITIONS PRECEDENT（先决条件条款）

PROVISION:

CONDITIONS PRECEDENT.This Agreement is subject to [specify, e.g., the issuance of an import license to the Buyer by the appropriate agency of(country)government and the issuance of an export license to the Seller by the appropriate agency of(country)government].

【国家名】政府机构向买方颁发进口许可证和【国家名】政府机构向卖方颁发出口许可证后，本合同方可生效。

说明：应在合同中写明每一项当事方履行合同义务的先决条件。如果合同依赖某些条件的发生，那么为明确意图，最好将可令合同终止的条件全部列出。

● CANCELLATION（取消合同条款）

PROVISION:

RIGHT TO CANCEL.The Buyer has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Seller fails [specify, e.g., to ship all or any of the Goods on time].The Seller has a right to cancel this Agreement if the Buyer fails [specify, e.g., to make any payment required by this Agreement within(number)days of its clue date].If either party notifies the other party that it will not, or is unable to, perform this Agreement, the party receiving notice is entitled to cancel the Agreement.To make the cancellation effective, the party seeking to cancel must give notice to the other party that the Agreement is deemed canceled.The date of the cancellation will be the date on which the party receives the notice of nonperformance.

如果卖方未能【如：按时发运全部或部分货物】，买方有权取消本合同；如果买方未能【如：在规定的（天数）天内支付合同要求的款项】，卖方有权取消本合同。如果合同的一方向对方发出将不再或无法履行合同的通知，收到通知的一方有权取消合同。为使取消合同的行为生效，寻求取消的一方应通知另一方。收到该通知之日便是合同取消之日。

说明：如果任何一方都有权取消合同，应明确写出行使该权利的基础，并要求书面通知。取消合同权条款向合同的一方提供了一种不必一定通过法律程序达到满意结果的补救方法。

● FORCE MAJEURE（不可抗力条款）

PROVISION:

FORCE MAJEURE.This Agreement will be deemed canceled, and neither party will have any liability to the other for losses resulting from nonperformance, if delivery is prevented by causes beyond the control of the Seller.Such causes include, but are not limited to, acts of nature,labor disputes, failure of essential means of transportation, or changes in policy with respect to exports or imports by the [country] government or the [country] government.

如果由于卖方不可控制的原因导致无法发货，本合同将被取消，合同当事方对于不履行合同给对方造成的损失不负任何责任。这样的原因包括但不限于：自然现象、劳工纠纷、主要运输方式的停运和【国家名】或【国家名】进出口政策的变更。

说明：作为所有的合同的共有条款，不可抗力条款只是阐述了合同各方的明确意图：即如果自然灾害或合同各方无法控制的灾难阻止了合同的履行，合同将被取消。

● LIQUIDATED DAMAGES（损失赔偿条款）

PROVISION:

LIQUIDATED DAMAGES.Each party understands that a breach of this Agreement will cause the non-breaching party damages that will be difficult to calculate in terms of sales, markets, and goodwill loss.It is agreed that the parties have considered what would be a reasonable estimate of the damages each would suffer if the other were to breach this Agreement.If the Seller cannot deliver the Goods for any reason other than by fault of the Buyer, the Seller will pay to the Buyer as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount].If the Buyer fails to furnish shipping instructions, wrongfully refuses to accept the Goods, or fails to pay the amount due on time, the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount].If the Buyer infringes the Seller’s Intellectual Property, the Buyer will pay to the Seller as liquidated damages the sum of [currency and amount] for each day of continued use.Payment of liquidated damages will not, in any way, affect the Seller’s rights to enjoin the Buyer’s continued use of the Seller’s Intellectual Property.

合同各方理解任何违约行为都将使非过错一方在销售、市场或良好愿望方面遭受难以计算的损失。合同各方同意考虑用一种合理的方式来估价一方因另一方违约而遭受的损失。如果卖方因为某些不能归咎于买方的过错而未能发货，卖方将向买方支付【金额】作为损失赔偿。如果买方未能发出运输指令、错误地拒收货物或不按时付款，买方将向卖方支付【金额】作为损失赔偿。如果买方侵犯了卖方的知识产权，买方为每一天的侵权行为将向卖方支付【金额】的损失赔偿。支付了损失赔偿将不影响卖方的禁止买方使用卖方的知识产权的权利。

说明：应根据违约所造成的预期或实际损失合理地确定赔偿的数额。通常损失赔偿的取证是困难和不易操作的，并且由于如不加以禁止损害将继续发生，因此损失赔偿是一种不完全的补救方法。

● ARBITRATION（仲裁条款）

PROVISION:

ARBITRATION.Except when liquidated damages apply, if a dispute arises between the parties to this Agreement with regard to any of the provisions or the performance of any termsand conditions of this Agreement, the dispute will be settled by [binding/nonbinding] arbitration to be conducted in accordance with the [name of arbitration rules] in [location].

因执行本合同发生的或与本合同的条款有关的争议，采用损失赔偿除外，可在【地点】根据【仲裁规则】通过【约束性的/非约束性的】仲裁予以解决。

说明：仲裁可作为通过法律诉讼解决合同纠纷的变通方法。仲裁的程序要比法庭审判简单，但也是允许双方向中立人或小组申辩以寻求客观的裁决。在解决商业纠纷方面这种方式因比法律诉讼更温和、更经济、更迅速而得以更广泛的应用。

仲裁并非被所有的国家采用。例如，在墨西哥仲裁就很少被采用；在亚洲，仲裁几乎和诉讼一样不受欢迎。而且，一些国家还认为仲裁裁决和其他的管辖权没有区别。所以建议在考虑采用仲裁解决合同争端之前，征求有关律师的意见。

● GOVERNING LAW AND CHOICE OF FORUM（适用法律条款）

PROVISION:

FORUM AND GOVERNING LAW.The parties understand and agree that the laws of [location] will be applied to interpret this Agreement.This Agreement [is/is not] to be interpreted by application of the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods.Any action filed to resolve a dispute between the parties must be brought in [location].

双方同意本合同适用【地点】的法律。《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》将【适用/不适用】于本合同。任何旨在解决双方纠纷的行为应在：【地点】进行。

说明：选择具体的适用法律可以控制合同条款的解释。你所选择的法律通常会影响到起诉或执行管辖权的地点、适用何种法律、法规和程序。如果你在自己的国家提出诉讼，必然熟悉律师和商业法，这样的经历与在陌生的国度，遵守陌生的法律、法规或程序，依靠外国律师提出诉讼是完全不同的。

● AMENDMENTS TO CONTRACT（合同的修改条款）

PROVISION:

MODIFICATIONS AND WAIVERS.All modifications of this Agreement must be in writing and signed by the parties or their authorized agents.If a party waives any of its rights under this Agreement to make a claim for breach, that waiver will have no effect with regard to the party’s right to enforce the Agreement as to any subsequent breach.

合同的修改必须以书面形式确立并经各方或其授权代表签字。如果一方放弃了某项对违约的索赔权，这种放弃并不影响该合同方对随后的违约行为行使合同权利。

说明：本条款是合同的通用条款。本条款将有效地防止了口头修改合同，而且如果以口头或书面形式放弃了某种权利，还将防止对其他权利亦被放弃的期待。

● INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT（生效和转让条款）

PROVISION:

INUREMENT AND ASSIGNMENT.This Agreement binds, and inures to the benefit of, the parties, their successors, and assignees, subject to the limitations of any assignment.Neitherparty may assign the rights or delegate the performance of its duties under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the other party.

本合同对各当事方、其继承人和符合规定的转让人有效并具有约束力。未经另一方预先的书面认可，不得转让或委派本合同项下的权利和责任。

说明：在一次性销售中，合同当事方不可能有时间将合同转让他人。然而，对于经济、政治不稳定时期的国际贸易，本条款的作用就十分突出了。

● SEVERABILITY（分离条款）

PROVISION:

SEVERABILITY OF PROVISIONS.If any provision of this Agreement is held invalid or unenforceable for any reason, that provision is fully separable, and will be deemed separated from, the rest of this Agreement.The remaining provisions will be valid and enforceable as if the invalid or unenforceable provision were not part of this Agreement.

如果由于某些原因，本合同的任何条款失效或无法执行，该条款是完全可分离的并且应该与合同的其余部分分离。如同那些失效的、无法执行的条款不属于本合同一样，合同的余下条款仍是有效的、可执行的。

说明：应将这一标准条款写入合同以保证单独的条款可以从合同删除而不影响整体合同的有效性。

● INTEGRATION（整体性条款）

PROVISION:

ENTIRE AGREEMENT.This Agreement is the entire understanding between the parties.The Seller is not bound by any statements, representations, promises, or inducements, regardless of whether made by the Seller, an agent, or employee, unless it is set forth in this Agreement.The Buyer specifically agrees that no reliance has been placed on any representations other than the provisions contained in this Agreement.

本合同的拟定建立在双方完全相互理解的基础之上。除非写入本合同，否则卖方或其代理人、雇员所做的任何声明、陈述、承诺和劝说不能作为对卖方的约束。买方完全同意，不信赖本合同条款以外的任何陈述。

说明：国际贸易中，有关各方在确立贸易关系之前，通常会在各种商务和社交场合进行接触。这一条款的重要性在于向各当事方强调：无论在谈判中做出何种声明，书面文字构成了最终合同。

● NOTICES（通知条款）

PROVISION:

To give notice pursuant to this Agreement, a party must send written notice to the other party at the address stated in this Agreement.Notice is deemed to be given at the time it is received.A party must notify the other party in writing of any change in address within［number］days of the effective date of the change.

有关本合同的通知必须按合同所列的地址发送对方。收到通知之时应视为通知已送达。如果一方的地址发生变更，应在【天数】天之内通知对方。

说明：尽管不是基本条款，但本条款对于澄清可接受的程序是重要的。本条款还要求书面通知，因此任何口头通知在生效前必须以书面形式确认。

● AUTHORITY TO BIND PARTY TO CONTRACT（签约授权条款）

PROVISION:

BINDING AUTHORITY.The parties warrant to each other that each has legal capacity to enter into and be bound by the terms of this Agreement.

合同各方相互保证，拥有参与本合同的合法权利。

说明：无论当事方是个人还是实体，应在合同中加入本条款以确保签约人拥有授权。如果签字人未经授权，合同可能被认定无效。如果当事方是个人，他（她）必须拥有签约的法定能力（如法定年龄，精神正常）；如果当事方是实体，签字人必须是授权代表。如果合同的履行超过了一次性交易，外国公司代表的授权必须附带一份由该国政府机构出具的授权证明。如果该外国公司是有限责任公司或类似实体，授权应经由公司决策机构（如董事会）通过。外国公司也可能向你要求同样的授权证明。合同中应提出对满意的授权证明的要求。

● INDEPENDENT COUNSEL（独立法律建议条款）

PROVISION:

INDEPENDENT LEGAL ADVICE.Each party acknowledges that it has been advised and has been given the opportunity to obtain independent advice regarding the legal, tax, and accounting issues and consequences of this Agreement.The parties further acknowledge that they have been given the opportunity to make their own separate judgments, and each is relying solely on its own review and that of its own advisors regarding the rights, obligations, liabilities, and consequences of this agreement.

各当事方承认已被告知并有机会获取有关法律、税费、财务和本合同之后果等问题的独立建议。各方还承认有机会做出各自的判断，有关本合同的权利、义务、责任和后果，各方依从于自己或本方顾问的观点。

说明：国际合同的各当事方遵守不同的法律，通常一方比另一方更具商业经验。为执行合同，建议将本条款写入合同，以表示各当事方有权得到本合同的权利、义务方面的独立的法律建议。

● LEGAL COSTS AND FEES（法律费用条款）

PROVISION:

COSTS AND ATTORNEYS’ FEES.Costs and attorneys’ fees may be sought by the prevailing party in a legal action if(1)either party to this Agreement is required to employ legal counsel, to incur other expenses to enforce any obligation of the other party, or to defend against any claim, demand, action, or proceeding because the other party fails to perform any obligationimposed by this Agreement；(2)a legal action is filed by or against a party to this Agreement; and(3)the action or its settlement establishes the default of the other party.In such event, the prevailing party is entitled to recover from the other party the amount of all reasonable attorneys’ fees and all other expenses incurred in the enforcement or defense.These fees and expenses are recoverable regardless of whether they were incurred prior to, in preparation for, in contemplation of, during, or after the filing of the action.

如果（1）因一方当事人未能履行合同义务而使另一方雇用律师以强制违约一方履行合同义务，为任何索赔请求、诉讼或是其他程序的辩护而支付的额外费用；（2）诉讼是由遵守合同或是违反合同的当事方引起的；（3）诉讼或解决方法确定了一方的违约。在这种情况下胜诉方有权要求对方赔偿所有合理的律师费和所有执行或辩护的费用。发生于诉讼的每个阶段（前期、准备、策划、过程当中和完成）的费用都应得到赔偿。

说明：关于法律费用和律师费的补偿，各国法律有不同的规定。在一些国家，胜诉一方的大部分诉讼都将从对方获得补偿；而在另一些国家只有几类诉讼能够得到补偿，如对失误、错误和欺诈的诉讼。即使没有法律默示这一权利，法庭通常将执行对法律费用和律师费已加以明确规定的协议。

● ACCEPTANCE AND EXECUTION（接受和执行条款）

PROVISION:

ACCEPTANCE.To accept this offer, the Buyer must sign and return it without any modifications to the Seller, who must receive it no later than [date].The Seller is entitled to revoke this offer at any time before receipt of acceptance.

Signed this [date]

By:[signature of officer or agent]

Seller/[title of seller’s representative] for Seller

Accepted on [date]

By:[signature of officer or agent]

Buyer/[title of buyer’s representative] for Buyer

如接受本协议，买方应在本协议签字并于【日期】之前将本协议不加修改地寄至卖方。在收到买方的接受之前，卖方有权撤回报价。

买方　　　　　　　　卖方

日期：________　　日期：________

签名：________　　签名：________

职务：________　　职务：________

说明：如果报价条款中规定了接受方式，必须与规定一致，否则合同将不成立。本条款要求不加修改的接受，这表示“接受”方的任何修改都构成事实上的还盘。