在经贸契约的汉译英中，译者常常会遇到“根据、依照、凭……、据……、按照”等词语的翻译。这些词组往往又处在合同条款的关键部位，所以正确翻译它们显得尤其重要。根据不同的上下文正确提供其相应的译文，不仅可以避免歧义，而且可使译文符合英文经贸契约行文特点。

1.As per按照、根据

常用于不太复杂的合同单证中，如询价单、报价单、价目单、装运须知、规格表等。

1）质量完全以卖方提供的样品为准。

Quality should be strictly as per the sample submitted by the Seller.

2）根据贵方2001年8月30日函，我方将很快将报价航空寄往贵方。

We will soon send you our quotations by air mails as per our letter of August 30, 2001.

2.In accordance with根据、依据

该词是个典型的书面语词，语气很重，包含“遵循”的意思，常用在法律文体中。例如：

在履行合同时合同双方如发生争议，双方应通过相互协商解决。如经过协商解决无效，则应提请仲裁解决。仲裁应在中国北京进行，由中国国际贸易促进委员会对外经济贸易仲裁委员会根据其仲裁程序进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都具有约束力。

Any disputes arising from the execution of or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through mutual consultations between the parties thereto.In case no settlement can be achieved through consultation, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration.The arbitration shall take place in Beijing, China, and shall, in accordance with its rules and procedures, be conducted by the Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council forthe Promotion of International Trade.The arbitral award shall be final and binding on the parties thereto.

3.According to按照、根据、依照

该词组与in accordance with同义，基本可以通用，但according to比in accordance with更为口语化。

买卖双方，即文末签名人，同意按照以下规定的条款和条件达成以下交易。

The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

4.On the basis of　以……为根据、依据

1）我们大庆油的价格是根据标准油价来确定的。

We set the price of our Daqing Crude Oil on the basis of the price of the marker oil.

在经贸合同条款汉译英中，有时也可见到用“based on”来替代“on the basis of”的例子。

2）如果乙方因自身的原因而未准时完工，乙方应付违约罚款，每天按总价的千分之一计算，即1 260美元整。

In the event that Party B fails to complete the Works in time owing to such reasons as Party B shall be liable for, Party B shall pay a penalty for the default based on 0.1% of the total price for work per day, i.e.Party B shall pay one thousand two hundred and sixty(1,260)U.S.Dollars only for each day of such default.

In accord with 着重强调“与……一致”的意思，一般只用在合同文本中。例如：

梨罐头质量必须符合……标准。

Quality shall be in accord with...standard for canned pear.

5.Pursuant to 根据、按照

Pursuant to是个典型的契约书面语，一般文体很少使用。例如：

除本合同另有规定外，所有通知按照本协议应以电子邮件或派人送交的书面通知，由传真发送或航空邮递，邮资已付。

Except as otherwise expressly provided herein, all notice pursuant to this Agreement shall be given by email or by notice in writing hand-delivered, sent by facsimile transmission or sent by airmail, postage prepaid.

6.Under 根据、按照

Under原意为“在……之下”，在合同中引申为“根据、按照”的意思。例如：

1）凡属于本合同有关的争议，应按照国际商会的调节及仲裁规则，任命仲裁人一人或多人，并依据该规则谋求最终解决。

All disputes arising in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled under the Rules of conciliation and Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by one or more arbitrators approved in accordance with the rules.

2）第12号借款通知项下的款项，我方已于2011年8月5日电汇支付。

We effected the payment by Telegraphic Transfer（T/T）on Aug 5, 2011 of the amount Under Debt Note No.12.

7.By 凭、依据

By常用在合同支付条款中，意为“以……为依据”。

凭见票后120天付款的汇票付款，承兑交单。

Payment by draft payable 120 days after sight, documents against acceptance.

under和by连用也可以表示“根据、按照”意思。

交易条款根据《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定和解释为准。(www.daowen.com)

The trade terms shall be governed and construed under and by the latest Incoterms 2000.

8.Against 凭、依据、以……为条件

Against也常使用在合同支付条款中，相当于subject to的意思。

买方应凭卖方开具的即期跟单汇票，于见票时立即付款，付款后交单。

Upon first presentation the buyers shall pay against documentary draft drawn by the sellers at sight, the shipping documents are to be delivered against payment only.

该条款中两个against的用法一致，相当于subject to以……为条件。第一个against说明以卖方开具的即期跟单汇票为付款条件，第二个against则说明先付款，然后才交出单证。

付款交单Documents against payment（D/P）

承兑交单Documents against acceptance（D/A）

“付款交单”的意思是：Documents be tendered to importer subject to his payment.（以进口人付清货款为条件交出货运单据。）

“承兑交单”的意思是：Documents be tendered to importer subject to his acceptance of the draft.（以进口人承兑汇票为条件交出货运单据。）

9.In the light of 根据、依据

该词组常与“condition，principle，theory，spirit”等词连用。

1）依据平等、互利、互通有无的原则，两国签署了贸易协定书。

In the light of the principle of equality, mutual benefits and supplying each other’s needed goods, a trade protocol was signed between the two countries.

2）甲乙双方必须根据该合同条件进行工程的施工。

Both Party A and Party B shall execute the Works in the light of the conditions of the said contract.

10.In line with依据、依照

In line with与in accordance意思相同，可以交换使用。

我们认为贵方未依据合同规定来解释。

We don’t think that your explanations are in line with the contractual stipulations.

11.At按、按照

At在经贸合同条款中常与price连用，表示“按……价格”之意。

1）卖方交付给买方的数量，如少于合同中所规定的数量，买方有权拒收。如买方接受所交货物，则须按照合同所规定的价格支付货款。

Where the seller delivers to the buyer a quantity less than he has contracted to sell, the buyer may reject them, but if the buyer accepts the goods so delivered he must pay for them at the contract price.

2）卖方交货数量可比合同数量多或少5%，这类增减数量的价格按船到之日的市价确定，若双方就价格达不成协议，则由仲裁裁决。

Seller shall have the option of delivering 5% more or less on the contract quantity.Such surplus or deficiency shall be settled at the market price on the day of the vessel’s arrival, the value shall be fixed by arbitration unless mutually agreed.

12.In conformity with遵照、按照

考虑到下文提及的雇主准备付给承包人的各项款额，承包人特此立约向雇主保证在各方面均遵照合同的规定建造、竣工并维修此项工程。

In consideration of the payments to be made by the Employer to the Contractor as hereinafter mentioned the contractor hereby covenants with the Employer to execute, complete and maintain the Works in conformity in all respects with the provisions of the Contract.

13.By virtue of按照、根据

“暂定金额”是指包括在合同之内，并在工程量清单中以此名称标明的工程的施工，或货物、材料或服务的提供，或供不可预见费之用的一项金额，这项金额可按工程师的指示或决定，全部或部分使用，或根本不予使用。合同价格反映包括按照本条规定由工程师批准或决定的与上述暂定金额有关的工程、供应或服务的费用总额。

“Provisional Sum” means a sum included in the Contract and so designated in the Bill of Quantities for the execution of work or the supply of goods, materials, or services, or for contingencies, which sum may be used, in whole or in part, or not all, at the direction and discretion of the Engineer.The contract price shall include only such amounts in respect of the work, supply or services to which such Provisional Sums relates as the Engineer shall approve or determine by virtue of this Clause.

14.Subject to 根据、依据

Subject to主要强调“以……为依据”，相当于“on the basis of， be based on”。

“合同价格”指接受投标函中写明的费用总额，该总额可根据下文中所列各条款的规定予以增加或减少。

“Contract Price” means the sum named in the Letter of Acceptance, subject to suchadditions thereto or deductions there from as may be made under the provisions hereinafter contained.

15.As按、按照

承包人必须保证工程按本文第43条规定的工期竣工。

The Contractor shall ensure completion of the Works within the time for completion as defined in Clause 43 hereof.