商务英语承袭了法律文书的古老的传统，至今还保留着古英语的残剩形式及在其他领域已不再使用的词语。如：herein（在此处），hereinbefore（此前），hereinafter（以下），thereof（由此），hereby（在此）等。常用的这类词实际上是由after、by、in、of、on、to、under、upon、with等介词加上前缀here、there、where等副词，构成一体化形式的公文语副词。

1）The Contractor shall take instructions and directions only from the Engineer or, subject to the limitations referred to in Clause 2 hereof, from the Engineer’s Representative.

承包人只应该从工程师处取得指示或指令，或按本文第二条的各项限制条件，从工程师代表处获得指示或指令。

该条款中的hereof相当于of these conditions，或of this contract，一般翻译为“本文或（本条件）”。这里特别需要强调的是：here一般用来代替文本本身或文本中的某个词。

2）The Seller shall deliver the goods in the kind and quantity specified herein alongside the Buyer’s vessel, within the reach of its loading tackle, at the appointed port of shipment.

卖方应根据本合同中规定的种类和数量，在指定的装运港口，买方的船边，起重机吊钩所能达到的地方交货。

该条款中的herein相当于in this contract根据上下文将herein译为“本合同中”。

3）In the contract, as hereinafter defined, the following words and expressions shall have the meanings hereby assigned to them, except where the context otherwise requires.

在下文所定义合同中，下列用词及词句，除上下文另有要求者外，应具有本条所指定的涵义。

本条款中的as hereinafter defined（如下文中所定义的）中的hereinafter应该理解为in this text which follows。

The meanings hereby assigned to them（根据本条所指定的涵义）；hereby = by means of this clause。Hereinafter也可以说成herein below，其反义词为hereinabove或hereinbefore。

4）The Engineer’s Representative shall have no authority to relieve the contractor of any of his duties or obligations under the contract nor, except as expressly provided hereunder or else-where in the contract, to order any work involving delay or any extra payment by the Employer, nor to make any variation of or in the works.

工程师代表无权解除合同规定的承包人的任何职责和义务，除在下文中或在合同的其他地方有明确的规定者除外，他亦无权命令任何工程延期或增加需由雇主支付的任何额外费用，亦无权对工程或工程某部分做任何变更。

本条款except as expressly provided hereunder（除在下文中有明确规定者外）中的hereunder相当于under this， under these conditions， under this text。Under在此意为according to或in accordance with，汉语可译为“根据，依照”，但也可译为under原意，即，“在……项下，在……中”。

5）“Contract Price” means the sum named in the Letter of Acceptance, subject to such additions thereto or deductions therefrom as may be made under the provisions hereinafter contained.

“合同价格”指接受投标函中写明的费用总额，该总额可根据下文中所列各条款的规定予以增加或减少。

该条款中的thereto和therefrom与hereto，herefrom等词词意类似，但there一般用来指本文中提到的事，物或情况，而不指本文或本文中的某些词句，而here则一般用来代替文章本身或文章中的某个词句，故there相当于that（mentioned above）。在additions thereto or deductions therefrom中，there指句中前面提到的the sum，即additions to that sum or deductions from that sum，to和from是additions 和deductions所要求的。又如：the specifications referred to in the Tender and any modification thereof or addition thereto，投标书中引用的规范的修改或增加（there在此指前面的the specification）。

6）All the samples shall be supplied by the Contractor at his own cost if the supply thereof is clearly intended by or provided for in the contract, but if not, then at the cost of the Engineer.(www.daowen.com)

如果样品的提供在合同中已明确指明或规定，则全部样品应由承包人提供并承担其费用，否则其费用由雇主承担。

该条款中的thereof相当于of that， from that， there修饰前面的名词the supply，一般译为“由此，因此”，有时也可根据thereof所处的上下文恰当地译出其意思。

7）The Contractor shall not assign the contract or any part thereof or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by a charge in favor of the Contractor’s bankers of any monies due or to become due under this contract, without the prior written consent of the Employer.

无雇主的事先书面同意，承包人不得将合同或其任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何收益和利益转让给他人，但按合同规定付给承包人指定银行托管的属于或将属于承包人的任何款项除外。

该合同条款中的therein相当于in that，thereunder相当于under that。Therein和thereunder中的there均指前面所提到的“contract”。

8）IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have executed this agreement by there duly authorized representatives on the day and year first above written.

兹证明本协议书在上述规定日期，由正式授权代表签署订立。

该条款中的whereof意为of which，在由where组成的复合词中，一般用来指前面的句子和词语说明的某见事情的情况。Where在这里指合同双方在前面达成的协议。IN WITNESS WHEREOF一般可译为“此证明，为证明上述”。这里补充说明一下，以上条款中的on the day and the year first above written可译为“于上开规定日期”，或直译为“在上面开首语中书名的日期”。有时on可改为“as of”（of含有from的意思），但译文可不变动。

9）The terms shall include a provision whereby, in the event of any claim in respect of which, the Contractor would be entitled to receive indemnity under the policy being brought or made against the Employer, the insurer will indemnify the Employer against such claims and any costs, charges and expenses in respect thereof.

保险条款中应包括这样一条规定，据此，如果发生承包人根据不利于雇主的保险单有资格向雇主提出有关的索赔，这保险人应保障雇主不承担与此相关的任何索赔，诉讼费，指控或有关的开支。

该条款中的whereby应该理解为：by means of which，where指前面的provision，根据上下文将其翻译为“据此”。

10）These are the points wherein the two parties to the contract disagree.

这些就是合同双方意见不一致的地方。

该条款中的wherein相当于in which， in which respect。Where指代前面的points。一般应根据其上下文恰当译出其在句中的意思。

11）WHEREAS, Party A desires to export to Party B the goods as specified in Attachment A hereof(hereinafter called the “Goods”)and whereas, Party B desires to import the Goods from Party A.Now, therefore, Party A and Party B hereby agree as follows:

鉴于甲方愿意向乙方出口本合同附件A所规定的物品（以下简称“货物”）；且鉴于乙方愿意从甲方进口上述货物，因此，甲乙双方特同意订立下列条款。

本条中的whereas是一个惯用的公文或合同套语，whereas意为considering that，since，在句中起连接词的作用，引导句子。由where-构成的常用在合同中的复合词还有：whereto（向那里，对那个）=to which，wherewith（用以）=with which。