每一类语篇都有其自身的特色,保险专业英语也不例外。总而言之,保险专业英语的语言特色包括了三种文体的特色:一是经济,二是法律,三是公关。
1.经济文体特色
所谓经济文体特色是指保险本身就是一种经济活动,涉及了许多贸易、金融和财务等方面的内容,因此,在保险专业英语中不仅有大量的具有保险专门意义的特殊词汇,而且必然会出现大量的金融、经济词汇和贸易术语。理解、翻译这些专门性文字要求准确并符合行业习惯。例如security一词,在经济、金融活动中可以指债券、股票,也可以指抵押品、担保品(如寿险单等),“lend money on security”指“抵押贷款”,而“give sth.as(a)security”则为“以某物作担保”。因此,“The mercantile agent has the authority to sell goods, consign goods for sale, buy goods or raise money on the security of goods.”不应译为“商务代理有权销售货物,托运货物,购买货物以及为了货物的安全保障而筹集一笔资金”,而应译为“商务代理有权销售货物,委托销售,购买货物以及以货物为担保而筹集资金”。
2.法律文体特色
保险专业英语的法律文体特色是指,有些保险文献往往具有法律约束力,甚至本身就是法律文件。法律文体的特色是用词力求精确、意旨清晰、尊重习惯传统。尊重习惯传统主要是指在行文中保留古体词以及使用一些仍保留原貌的外来词。而通过频繁使用同义、近义词来达到用词精确、意旨清晰的目的。
(1)古体词的使用
在许多保险合同、保险条款中(特别是英国的,如《伦敦保险人协会 ABC 条款》《劳合社雇主责任条款》等)尽管内容上发生了不少变化,但仍然保留着许多旧用词。如whereas, hereby, herein, hereunto, hereafter, hereinafter, whereby, wherein,等等。请看《劳合社雇主责任保险单》的第一条款:
Whereas the Assured named in the Schedule herein has made to the Underwriting Members of Lloyd’s who have hereunto subscribed their Names(hereinafter called the Underwriters)a written proposal and declaration being the date specified in the schedule, which is hereby agreed to the basis of this contract and to be considered as incorporated herein, and has paid to the Underwriters the provisional premium specified in the schedule based on the estimated amount of wages, salaries and other earnings of employees in the business.
鉴于此表中的被保险人已经向在这里签署其会员名的劳合社承保人协会会员(以下简称承保人)在此表规定的日期提交了书面投保申请书,并已经依据雇员的估算工资、薪金和其他收入交纳了次表规定的临时保险费,且同意以其投保申请书所填各项为订立本保险合同的依据,并以此作为本保险合同的组成部分。
(2)外来词的使用
使用外来词是尊重习惯与传统的另一表现。在英文保险文献中经常会出现一些仍保留原貌的外来词。如:
The guiding principle here is the contra proferentem rule, which provides that where there is an ambiguity in the clause it will be construed against the party for drafting the clause.
在这里,指导性的原则就是对方优先权规则,它规定,如果条款中有模棱两可的地方,法庭将做出不利于提出要约一方的解释。
If there is no consensus ad idem on some essential term of agreement, a valid contract will not be formed.
如果对一些重要的协议条款没有一致的意见,那么,就不会形成有效合同。
While strictly speaking, this is not covered, insurers may consider such claims favorably or may make an ex gratia payment.
严格地说,这种情形不在承保范围之内,但保险人可以通融考虑这些索赔或进行道义上的赔付。
(3)同义、近义词的使用
法律文体用词力求精确、意旨清晰是为了使保险合同和条款准确无误,不出现偏差以防在诉讼过程中因文字的表达模糊而吃官司。因此我们在一个句子中经常会看到同义、近义词同时出现。例如:
It is the intention of insurance to cover risks which are accidental or fortuitous to the insured.(www.daowen.com)
保险的目的是向被保险人承包以外或偶然的风险。
Where property is not damaged to the extent but remains in a deteriorated or damaged condition, the question of salvage does arise.
当财产没有全部被损坏,但保持一种恶化或损坏的状态时,施救的问题于是就产生了。
There is in fact a presumption in law that the proposer is applying for a policy in accordance with the insurer’s usual terms and conditions.
事实上,法律上有一种推断,那就是投保人在申请购买保险时,要与保险人的通常条款和条件相一致。
In the event of any claim by ship owners under the said clause the Assured agree to notify the underwriters who shall have the right, at their own cost and expense, to defend the Assured against such claim.
如果发生在该条款项下由船主提出索赔,被保险人同意通知承保人,承保人用自己的费用和开支,有权为被保险人对这种索赔进行辩护。
以上各例句中划线部分单词意思相近,但近义词之间也存在着细微的区别。如第一句中的“accidental”主要指“偶然的”“意外的”;Their marriage was quite accidental.(他们的结合是偶然的)。“fortuitous”也指偶然发生的,但多用于“吉利事”;A series of fortuitous circumstances advanced her career.(一系列的幸运事使她的事业一帆风顺)。为追求细致、精确和不出现误差,近义词和同义词在这种契约式法律文体中的使用是必要的。
3.公关文体特色
在英文保险文献中还有一类文字属于公关文体,它们主要是保险产品推介、公司形象推广以及代理人员招聘和培训计划等内容。公关文字的特点通常是要引起公众注意、争取好感,说服读者采取行动。例如保险产品的推介,实际上就是促销,其成败的关键在于读者阅读后是否愿意购买,所载信息固然要尽量中肯客观,不得夸张失实,但也要发挥一定的推介促销作用。试看以下文字:
For more than 155 years, New York Life Insurance Company’s unwavering financial strength and time-tested investment strategies have provided consistent value and solid financial protection for our clients and their families.
155年来,纽约人寿保险公司以其稳固的金融实力和久经考验的投资策略为广大客户及其家人提供了稳定的收益和强有力的经济保障。
Since becoming the first American life insurance company to pay a cash dividend to policyholders in the mid-1800s, New York Life has continued to build a history of innovation— enhancing our existing product lines, creating new financial products, and maintaining a diversified portfolio to best accommodate our customers’ changing needs and lifestyles.
纽约人寿自十九世纪中叶成为首家向投保人派发现金红利的保险公司以来,一直就不断创新——提升现有产品的价值,创建新的金融产品并保持业务的多样性以适应客户需求和生活方式的变化。
Central to our success are our New York Life agents, who are widely recognized as the best-trained professionals in the industry.Our agents have the ability to understand each customer’s objectives and draw upon New York Life’s products to best address those objectives.
纽约人寿成功的关键在于其代理人,他们被公认为是业内最训练有素的专业人员。他们能够了解每一位客户的需求并能把纽约人寿的产品与这些需求最佳地结合起来。
As you seek financial security for yourself and your loved ones, you want the best:A strong and vital company with a competitive product line and a superior sales force that is committed to providing personal attention to your individual needs.
当你在为你自己和你所爱的人寻求经济保障时,你当然会选择最好的保险公司:一家产品具有竞争力、销售团队优秀,能为你的需求提供个性化服务的,有实力、有生命力的公司。
以上文字摘录自纽约人寿保险公司网站上的公司介绍部分,文中的 unwavering financial strength and time-tested investment strategies,solid financial protection,a history of innovation,the best-trained professionals,strong and vital,a superior sales force等词显然都带有很重的感情色彩,功用自然是推广公司形象,而且的确起到了好的效果。
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