(一)词汇特征
1.多使用礼貌措辞
在商务活动中,每一个业务的达成都与贸易双方的合作有着密切的关系。因此,在商务活动中经常使用礼貌客气的措辞。礼貌的用语和客气的措辞不仅能够体现商务工作者的文化素质,树立企业的良好形象,而且还能给合作双方创造一个友好的氛围,利于贸易的往来,利于贸易双方确立进一步贸易关系。在商务活动的各个环节中,措辞都要讲究礼貌、委婉。具体表现在以下几个方面。
(1)在收到对方的询盘、报盘、还盘或订货时,无论能否接受,都要采用礼貌用语向对方表示谢意。
We welcome you for your inquiry of March 15 and thank you for your interest in our export commodities.
欢迎贵方3月15日的来函询价,同时感谢贵方对我方出口商品感兴趣。
(2)当向对方传达令人满意的消息时,也要注意采用客气的语言。
Much to our delight, our manufacturers have agreed to advance their delivery to you.
我们很高兴地通知贵方,我方的供货商已经同意提前发货给贵方。
(3)当向对方提出令人不满意的信息或向对方表达不满时,更要注意用语的礼貌和委婉。
Much to our regret (disappointment), we have not been given a reply, nor have we received your L/C up to the time of writing.
我们很遗憾(失望),截至此信发出为止,我们仍没有得到答复,也没有收到贵方的信用证。
(4)在向对方提出要求时,也要采用礼貌用语。
Your priority to the consideration of the above request will be appreciated.
如贵方能优先考虑上述要求,我们将不胜感激。
2.多用对方态度,少用我方态度
所谓“对方态度”,就是将自己置于对方的立场上,充分考虑对方的要求、愿望和感受,尊重和体谅对方。由于公司每一封信函都是作为友好的使者发出的,都象征着公司的形象。因此,了解对方的困难和问题可以使自己的要求显得更加实际和可以理解,还可以促进贸易双方的进一步合作。所以,在商务英语信函中常会见到“you”和“your”的使用,也就是所谓的显性对方态度(visible you attitude)。
原译:We have shipped the two dozen Crown desk sets you order.
改译:Your two dozen Crown desk sets should reach you with this letter.
原译:We shall find a ready market for your products.
改译:Your products will enjoy a ready market here.
贵方的产品在此地将会销路很好。
但“对方态度”也并非只是用“you (your)”,更重要的是真正站在对方的立场为对方着想,以及对对方的关心和体谅的态度。这也就是隐性对方态度(invisible you attitude)。所以,不分场合地使用第二人称也是不可取的。当对方有过失或当对方有异议时,应谨慎使用第二人称。
原译:Apparently you misunderstood our order. Anyway you shipped the wrong thing.
改译:Apparently our instructions are not clear, with the result that the wrong article was shipped.
显然,由于我方指令表达不清,导致贵方发错了货。
原译:You are entirely wrong in your attitude.
改译:We know you have analyzed the matter from two viewpoints, but there is still one aspect which is extremely important and which is worthy of being discussed by both of us.
我们知道,贵方已从两方面分析了这一事件。但是还有一个极其重要的方面,需要我们双方来商讨一下。
通过上述例子可以看出,商务英语信函在传达令人愉快的信息时,多采用显性对方态度;而在传达令人不愉快的信息时,多采用隐性对方态度。
3.常使用模糊措辞
商务信函中常使用模糊措辞,这种模糊措辞不同于词义的歧义,融合了词汇内涵的可塑性、有限性和外延的模糊性和无限性,采用这种方法可以表达弦外之音,也可以留回旋的余地。
As for goods Article No.120, we are not able to make you orders because another supplier is offering us the similar quality at a lower price.
至于第120号货物,我们尚无法发订单,因为现另有一供应商正以较低的价格向我方提供类似质量的产品。
上述例句并没有明确说明对方的价格偏高,而是委婉地用“another supplier”(另一供货商)这一表述方法暗示了自己的态度。而“another supplier”是谁?“lower price”又是多少?毫无疑问,其明朗的态度已寓于模糊的表达之中。
What you mentioned in your letter in connection with the question of agency has had our attention and we shall give this matter careful consideration and shall revert to it later on.
您在信中提到的有关代理的问题我们已经注意到了,我们将仔细考虑这件事,并且稍后与您探讨。
上句中并没有表达明确的概念和态度,既没有明确同意,也没有明确拒绝,令对方很难捉摸。而“以后再谈”(revert to it later on)则更加“模糊”,也许会随着双方贸易的不断扩大,不久的将来再谈,也许以后不会再谈。总之,“以后再谈”这一措辞的使用,不仅照顾到对方的感受,同时也维护了双方的关系。
4.大量使用缩略词
随着国际贸易的不断发展,业务的不断创新,商务英语信函中经常会使用一些约定俗成的缩略词,这些缩略词通常涉及商务活动的各个方面。
(1)支付与结算缩略语。
D/P=documents against payment付款交单
D/D=demand draft票汇
M/T=mail transfer信汇
T/T=telegraphic transfer电汇
(2)贸易价格缩略语。
CIF=cost, freight and insurance到岸价
CFR=cost and freight成本加运费
(3)运输缩略语。
B/L= bill of lading提单
LCL=less than container load拼箱货
FCL=full container load整箱货
(4)保险缩略语。
FPA=free from particular average平安险
WPA= with particular average水渍险
在商务英语信函中,缩略词的使用可以增强语言的专业性和间接性,同时还可以节省写作时间,以有限的形式表达更多信息。
(二)句法特征(www.daowen.com)
1.频繁使用复合句
在商务英语信函中经常大量使用复合句,复合句的使用不仅可以体现信函风格的庄重性、结构的严谨性、逻辑的清晰性,还可以将业务进展的各种条件、方式和结果完整地表达出来,使业务和协议不存在任何漏洞,更好地维护双方的利益,避免争端的发生。
By this letter, the undersigned representative hereby declares and agrees that, if and when the tender is awarded and after the formal contract is signed and after the performance bond is established, the Buyer is kindly requested to advance five percent (5%) of the contract value as commencement support for the supply of water and electricity and erection of temporary facilities, and the advance thereof shall be deducted from the subsequent monthly progress payments.
上述例句中,主句动词“declares and agrees”带有一个由“that”引导的宾语从句,该宾语从句中还包含三个状语从句,并先后说明了买方提供预付款的时间和条件等。从该例中,我们可以看出商务英语信函句法凝练的句法特征。
商务英语信函在叙述、解释和说明业务时,经常使用陈述句。商务英语信函一般很少表达个人感情色彩,因此很少使用感叹句和祈使句。
Dear Sir,
Thank you for your L/C No. 3291 against our S/C 4352.
Among the clauses specified in it, we found that payment is to be made at 60 days whereas we want it to be made at sight, which was agreed upon by you and expressly mentioned in your order sheet. So would you please amend it as stated?
The goods are now packed ready for shipment. We should be obliged for your immediate amendment of the L/C to enable us to make timely shipment.
Sincerely yours,
上述商务信函中总共有5个句子,其中4句为陈述句,1句为疑问句。但实际上,句中唯一的一个疑问句也并非纯粹的询问,而是用来表示谦和与礼貌的请求,其形式为疑问句,实质则为陈述句。
此外,为了避免过于直率,损伤双方面子,给人留下不礼貌、难以亲近的印象,商务英语信函中很少使用否定句。
原译:We cannot fill your order because you failed to send your check.
改译:We shall be glad to fill your order as soon as we receive your check.
一旦收到贵方支票,我方将立即交付订货。
3.常用并列结构,适当使用被动结构
商务英语信函中经常使用由同义词或近义词组成的并列结构,目的是通过词义的相互补充使信函信息表达得更加完整和确切。在商务英语信函中最常见的是由“and”和“or”引导的并列结构。
This Contract is made by and between the two parties.
本合同由当事人双方签订。
Any dispute arising from the execution of, or in connection with the agreement, shall be settled through friendly consultations between the two parties.
任何因执行本协议引起的或与本协议有关的一切争议,双方应以友好的方式协商解决。
除使用并列结构外,商务英语信函还适当地使用被动结构。这一结构通常在表达否定意义时使用,目的是避免语气强硬,招人反感,以营造一个良好融洽的合作氛围。
In case no settlement can be reached between the two parties through negotiation, the case under dispute shall be submitted for arbitration.
如双方协商不能解决争执,可提交仲裁。
4.时常采用虚拟语气
虚拟语气不仅可以表示主观意愿和假象虚拟的情况,还可以使写信人的语气客气、委婉。
原译:We would like you to hasten shipment upon receipt of this letter.
改译:We want you to hasten shipment upon receipt of this letter.
我们希望贵公司收到此信后立即装货。
原译:We should be glad if you could manage to ship the goods by s. s. Dongfeng sailing from Xingang on May 15.
改译:We shall be glad if you can manage to ship the goods by s. s. Dongfeng sailing from Xingang on May 15.
如贵方能设法于5月15日用东风轮船从新港运货出发,我们将非常高兴。
(三)语篇特征
商务英语信函通常强调一事一信,以避免产生混乱,而且这样还便于对方答复。如果有必要在一封信函中提出几个不同性质的问题时,可加上标题。信函一般包括开头语、正文和结束语三部分。在表达不同性质的信息时,应采用不同的篇章结构。商务英语信函的篇章结构一般包括两种:直接式结构和间接式结构。
1.直接式结构
直接式结构通常在传达令人满意或中性的信息时使用。也就是说,将令人满意或中性信息置于信首,进而对此做出一定解释,最后使用礼貌、客气的语言表示希望和感谢。
Dear Sirs,
We are pleased to inform you that the following goods under our Contract No. CC1200 have now been shipped by s. s. Dongfeng sailing tomorrow from Guangzhou to Sydney (good news message).
Copies of the relative shipping documents are enclosed, thus you may find no trouble in taking delivery of the goods when they arrive (necessary explanation).
Availing ourselves of this opportunity, we wish to thank you for your close cooperation (thanks).
Yours sincerely
2.间接式结构
间接式结构一般在传达令人不愉快的信息时使用,目的是避免伤害对方,从而不影响双方业务的往来。间接式结构通常将信函分成五个部分。
(1)中立陈述(neutral statement as a buffer)。
(2)缘由(reasons)。
(3)拒绝(refusal)。
(4)补救方法(alternative)。
(5)客气的结束语(good will ending)。
这样的篇章结构可以有效地缓和语气,避免唐突,可以使对方有准备地回复信中表示拒绝的内容,而且“补救方法”能消除对方的不悦情绪。下面我们来看一封拒绝对方订货要求的信函。
Dear Sirs.
We are in receipt of your letter of 8th June and regret to note your complaint respecting the Woolen Goods we sent you by s. s. Dongfeng (neutral statement).
We have booked up the matter in our records, and so far as we can find, the goods in question were in first-class condition when they left here, as was evidenced by the Bill of Lading. It is therefore quite obvious that the damage complained of must have taken place in transit (reasons). In the circumstances, we are apparently not liable for the damage (refusal) and would advise you to claim on the shipping company who should be held responsible (alternative).
At any rate, we thank you for bringing this to our attention and if you feel it necessary we shall be pleased to take the matter up on your behalf with the shipping company concerned (goodwill ending).
Yours faithfully
总之,由于行业特点的影响,商务英语信函有独特的特点。了解和认识商务英语信函的语言特征,对商务信函的写作和研究十分有利。
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