8.3 第三节 球根花卉
1.球根花卉
球根花卉(bulb flower)指植株地下部的茎或根发生变态膨大的多年生草本观赏植物,地下部器官一般膨大形成球状或块状的贮藏器官,并以地下球根的形式度过其休眠期,至环境条件适宜时,再度生长并开花。
球根花卉一般在不利于其生长发育的环境到来之前,在其地下根、茎部分贮藏大量营养物质,形成贮藏养分的贮藏器官,以备在有利于它们生长发育的时期继续生长,而且可以利用其地下球根蘖生的子球或其地下膨大部分进行球根花卉的无性繁殖。
2.球根花卉的特点
球根花卉种类繁多,品种极为丰富,花大色艳、色彩丰富,适应性强,栽培容易、管理简便,且以球根作种源交流便利、花期容易调节,目前被广泛应用于花坛、花境、花带、岩石园或作地被、基础种植等园林布置,还是商品切花和盆花的优良材料。
球根花卉易受病毒侵染,从而导致种球退化,使开花质量明显下降,因此必须进行土壤消毒及轮作,或更换种球。另外,球根花卉一次性种球投入较大,许多球根花卉由于在中国种植历史短,缺乏栽培技术,加之这些球根花卉对本地区的生态不能很好地适应,容易导致种性的退化。
二、球根花卉的类别
1.根据球根的形态和变态部位分类
球根花卉可分为五大类。
(1)鳞茎类鳞茎是植物变态的枝叶,其地下茎短缩,呈嘲盘状的鳞茎盘,其顶端为生长点(顶芽),其上着生多数肉质膨大的变态叶(鳞片),整体呈球形。鳞片状的变态叶贮藏着大量的糖、蛋白质、淀粉等营养物质,成年鳞茎的顶芽可分化花芽,幼年鳞茎的顶芽则为营养芽。鳞茎盘上鳞片的腋内分牛组织形成腋芽,可形成茎叶或子鳞茎。
根据鳞片的排列状态,鳞茎又可分为有皮鳞茎和无皮鳞茎两类。有皮鳞茎又称层状鳞茎,鳞片呈同心圆层状排列,于鳞茎外包被褐色的膜质鳞皮,以保护鳞茎,如郁金香、风信子、朱顶红、水仙、石蒜等。无皮鳞茎又称片状鳞茎,鳞茎球体外围不包被膜状物,肉质鳞片沿鳞茎的中轴呈覆瓦状叠合着生,如百合、贝母等。
(2)球茎类地下茎短缩膨大呈实心球状或扁球状,其上着生环状的节,节上着生叶鞘和叶的变态体,呈膜质包被f球体上。球茎顶端有顶芽,节上有侧芽,顶芽和侧芽萌发生长形成新的花茎和叶,茎基则膨大形成新球,母球在生长中由于养分耗尽而逐步萎缩,在新球茎发育的同,其基部发牛的根状茎先端膨大形成多数小球茎。
球茎有两种根, 一种是母球茎底部发生的须根,其主要功能是吸收营养与水分;另·种是在新球萃7髟成的初期r-新球摹的基部发生的粗壮牵引根或收缩根,其功能是牵引新球茎不远离母体。常见的球茎花卉如唐菖蒲、番红花、小苍兰、荷兰鸢尾、秋水仙等。
(3)块茎类地下茎变态膨大呈不规则的块状或球状,但块茎外无皮膜包被。根据膨大变态的部位不同可分为两类,一类由地下根状茎顶端膨大而成,遍布明显的芽眼,在根茎部分不能直接产生根,主要靠形成的新块茎进行繁殖,如花叶芋;另一类由种子胚轴及主根基部膨大而成,其芽着生于块状茎的顶部,须根则生于块状茎的中、下部,能连续多年生长并膨大,但不能分生小块茎,主要靠种予或人工方法繁殖,如仙客来、球根秋海棠、人岩桐等。
(4)根摹类地下茎呈根状肥大,具明显的节和节问,节上有芽并能发生不定根,根茎往往水平横向生长,地下分布较浅,又称根状茎。其顶芽发育可形成花芽开花,而侧芽则形成分枝,如美人蕉、姜花、红花酢浆草、六出花、铃兰等。
(5)块根类块根为根的变态,由侧根或不定根变态膨大形成,其功能是贮藏养分和水分。块根无肖、无芽眼,只有须根。芽和芽眼长在根和茎相连的根颈部,故块根一般不直接用作繁殖材料,如大丽菊、仡毛莨、欧洲银莲花等。
2.根据栽培习·性分类
球根花卉可分为两人类。
(1)春植球根 春植球根花卉多原产中南非洲、中南美洲的热带、亚热带地区和墨西哥高原等地区,如唐菖蒲、美人蕉、大丽菊、朱顶红、大岩桐、球根秋海棠、晚香玉等。春植球根花卉的生育适温普遍较高,不耐寒,在自然状态下通常春季栽植,夏秋开花,冬季休眠。
(2)秋植球根 秋植球根花卉多原产地中海沿岸、小亚细亚、南非、澳洲和北美西南部等地,jc|I水仙、风信子、郁金香、仙客来、百合、番红花、花毛莨、小苍兰、马蹄莲等。秋植球根花卉较耐寒J而不耐夏季炎热,在自然状态下通常秋季种植,冬季生长,春季开花,夏季休眠。
1.球根花卉的繁殖
球根化卉卞要采用分株繁殖,具体方法因类型而异。球茎和鳞茎类花卉一般可以产生子球,故要采用自然分球繁殖,但小球需种植2~3年后方可成为产花的商品用球,如唐菖蒲、小苍兰等;块根、块茎及根茎类花卉一般不能产生子球或主球与子球连接较紧,需,E}j刀切或手剥才能分开,故常采用机械切离分球繁殖,如块茎类的花叶芋、块根类的大丽菊及根茎类的美人蕉等。为了加快繁殖速度,也可以对球茎和鳞茎的大球进行切割繁殖,如朱顶红、风信子等,百合则不仅可以通过鳞茎增殖,还可以通过株芽和鳞片繁殖。
球根花卉只要能结种子,就可进行播种繁殖,但播种繁殖往往不能保持其优良的品种特性,且‘般幼年期较K,故主要用于育种及少数难以进行无性繁殖的种类,如仙客来等。另外,球根花卉也町采用扦插繁殖,但适合种类较少,仅在一些块根类花卉中应用,如大丽菊等。球根花卉还n]进行组织培养繁殖,繁殖系数大,且可以通过一定措施脱去球根花卉所感染的病毒,从而获得无病毒健康种球,提高球根花卉的品质。
2.球根花卉的栽培管理
球根花卉的种类和园艺栽培品种极其繁多,原产地涉及温带、亚热带和部分热带地区,因此生长习性各不相同。 一般来说,球根花卉宜阳光充足、温度适宜,对土壤条件要求较高,喜欢疏松肥沃、排水良好的沙质壤土或壤土,最忌水湿或积水。
球根花卉适应性强,栽培容易,管理方便,花期调控也较为容易。许多球根花卉的种球或植株,尤其是秋植球根花卉,必须通过一个低温春化阶段、打破休眠后才能形成花芽或芽的伸氏和发育,对球根春化处理一般变温好于恒温,具体处理方法有干藏和湿藏两种。球根花卉的花期调摔一般通过打破或延氏科,球的休眠来进行促成或抑制栽培,打破种球休眠的方法丰要有高温和低温处理、化学药剂处理、熏烟处理等,因具体种类不同而异。球根花卉打破休眠后必须提供适宜的环境条件才能进一步生长发育,否则容易出现脱春化、开花异常及植株枯萎等现象。
1.百合
【学名】Lilium spp.
【科属】百合科、百合属,
【地理分布】百合属约有90个原生种,主要分布于北半球的温带和寒带地区,热带高海拔山区也少有分布。中国是世界百合的起源中心,是世界百合的主要产地之一。
【形态特征】百合为多年牛草本,为无皮鳞茎类球根花卉,鳞茎呈阔卵状球形或扁球形,由多数肥厚肉质的鳞片抱合而成。多数种类地上茎直立,少数为匍匐茎,高50~100cm。叶多互生或轮生,线形、披针形、卵形或心形等,具平行脉。花单生、簇生或成总状花序,花大,有漏斗形、喇叭形、杯形或球形等。花萼瓣化,花被片6枚,内外两轮离生,也有重瓣。花色丰富,花瓣基部具蜜腺,常具芳香,花期初夏至初秋。蒴果,种子扁平。
【分类与主要种类】百合的原种和变种很多,按叶序与花型特征,主要可划分为4个组。
(1)百合组 百合组花呈喇叭形,花被片先端略向外弯,多开白色花,有些种带浅粉或浅黄绿色,叶互生。
①王百合(L.regale):又名岷江百合、千叶百合,鳞茎阔卵圆形,棕黄色,周径12~25cm,味苦。茎直立,株高60~200cm,叶披针形。通常每株开花1至数朵或20~30朵,花白色,喉部黄色,外有淡紫晕,花径12~15cm,芳香,花期6~7月份。
②麝香百合(L.longiflorum):又名铁炮dj 合,鳞茎近球形至卵形,周径1 8~25cm。直立茎,株高60~100cm,叶披针形。花单生或2~4朵,花白色,内侧深处有绿晕,花径13~1 8cm,花期6~8月份。
(2)钟花组 钟花组花瓣较百合组短,花朵向上、倾斜或下垂,叶互生。
①渥丹(L .concolor):又名山丹,鳞茎小,味苦。花小,花朵直立,深红色,有光泽无异色斑点。易实生繁殖。
②毛百合(L.dauricum):又名兴安百合,鳞茎球形至圆锥形,周径10~15cm,白色,可食用。株高40~50cm,地下茎匍匐,叶基部有一簇白绵毛。花橙黄色,有紫色斑点,花径9~10cm,每茎有花3~4朵或7~8朵,花期5~6月份。
(3)卷瓣组 卷瓣组花朵下垂,花瓣向外反卷,叶互生。
①卷丹(L.lancifolium:又名虎皮百合、南京百合,鳞茎卵圆形至扁球形,黄白色,可食用或药用。地下茎易生小鳞茎,地上茎多生珠芽,株高80~150cm。圆锥状总状花序,有花15~20朵,花瓣朱红色,有暗紫人斑点,花径10~12cm,花期7~8月份。
②鹿子百合(L.speciosum):又称药百合、美艳百合,鳞茎呈球形至扁球形,周径20~25cm,颜色依品种而异,有橙、绿黄、紫、棕等色,叶苦。株高50~150cm,有花10~12朵或40~50朵,花朵下垂,花被片反卷,边缘波状,白色,下部1/2~l/3有紫红色斑块,花径10~12cm,芳香,花期8~9月份。
(4)轮叶组 轮叶组叶片轮生或近轮生,花朵向上或下垂。
青岛百合(L.tsingtauense):又称崂山百合,极耐寒,鳞茎更新能力较弱,寿命较短,适应性亦较差,多用种予繁殖。花朵直立,花被片张开,稍弯曲而不反卷,长椭圆形,花橙黄或橙红色,有紫红色斑点,花期6~7月份。
另外,百合现代栽培的商品品种一般由多个种反复杂交选育而来,其园艺栽培品种又可划分为9个种系,其中常见栽培的主要有亚洲白.合杂种系、麝香百合杂种系和东方百合杂种系等。
【生物学特性】百合类大多性喜冷凉、湿润气候,耐寒,耐热力则较差,要求半阴的环境要求土壤具有极丰富的腐殖质和良好的排水条件,喜微酸性士壤,少数_白合品种能耐适度的石灰质土质和碱性土壤,适宜PH为5.5~7.5,忌土壤高盐分。
【繁殖方式】雨合的繁殖方法有分球、鳞片扦插、分珠芽、播种繁殖和组培繁殖等,其中分球法最常用,鳞”扦插亦呵普遍应用,分珠芽和播种法仪适用于少数白合种类。
(1)分球繁殖 百合老鳞茎(母球)在生长过程中,可以于茎轴上逐渐形成新鳞茎(小球),故每个鳞茎球经一年栽培后,可以分生1~3个甚至7~9个或更多的小球。利用这些小球作为繁殖材料,可于秋后掘起沙藏,留待等年春季栽培之用。
(2)鳞片扦插 将成熟健壮的百合老鳞茎取来,阴干数日后分别自茎部剥下鳞片,于生长季节内存冷室中扦插。鳞片应深插土中,顶端略微露出即可,最好扦插土先行消毒。扦插土用粗沙土即可,也可采用珍珠岩、蛭石等透气透水性能良好的基质。一般扦插繁殖自鳞片生根、发芽至植株开花,约需3~4年时问。
(3)分珠芽 对于卷丹、沙紫百合等叶腋可产生珠芽的种类,可于花谢后、珠芽开始脱落前,采取珠芽贮于沙中,或立即像播种子一样播入苗床。在施肥和管理细致周到的条件下,培养幼苗2~3年,即可进入开花期。
(4)播种繁殖 百合朔果成熟后,可取出扁平而周围附有膜翅的种了,清理、除杂后最好立即播种,如暂无播种条件,则需阴干后贮至秋季或来年再播。自播种至开花所需时间,因种类和条件而异,如王百合在条件适宜的情况下1~4个月即可开花,而湖北百合则需3~4年以上才能达到花龄。
(5)组培繁殖 百合的鳞片、鳞茎盘、小鳞茎、珠芽、茎、叶、花器官等均可作外植体培养分化成苗。但不同品种、不同部位分化小鳞萃的能力差异很大,一般认为以鳞片的中、下部为外植体形成的鳞茎较大,生长也较快。不同的培养基及激素组合对诱导分化小鳞茎也有较大影响,
Lilium (members of which are true lilies) is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the temperate northern hemisphere, though their range extends into the northern subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common name but are not related to true lilies.
【学名】Tulipa gesneriana
【别名】洋荷花、草麝香
【科属】百合科、郁金香属
【分布】原产地中海沿岸、中亚细亚、土耳其,中亚为分斫i中心。荷兰被称为郁金香王国,是世界上最大的郁金香和种球生产基地。
【形态】郁金香为多年生草本花卉,地下部分是有皮鳞茎,呈扁圆锥形,外被棕褐色皮膜。茎叶光滑具白粉,叶片3~5枚,全缘。花单生茎顶,花大直立,有杯形、碗形、百合花形、重瓣等,花色丰富,有白、粉、红、紫、黄、橙、黑色、洒金、浅蓝等,有单色也有复色。花期为春季3~5月份。
【习性】郁金香喜冬季温暖湿润、夏季凉爽干燥且阳光充足的环境,要求土壤是富含腐殖质、排水良好的沙质壤土,最忌低湿黏重的土壤。郁金香为典型的秋植球根花卉,耐寒性较强,可耐-35℃的低温,生根萌芽最适涡度为9~15℃,生长期最适温度为1 5~1 8℃,花芽分化期(休眠期进行)适温为17~23℃,只有满足这些条件,郁金香才能正常开花。
【繁殖】郁金香主要采用分球繁殖,也可用种子播种繁殖。成熟的鳞茎作繁殖材料时称为母鳞茎或母球,母球栽种后,当年开花,同时还可在鳞片腋内分生新球和子球,然后母球消失,以后以新球作为繁殖材料,一般一个母球可产生1~2个新球和4~8个子球。郁金香种子6~7 月份成熟, 一般需沙藏到9月份播种,浅土覆盖,放于阴凉处,发芽后增加光照和肥水管理即可。
【应用】郁金香是重要的春季球根花卉,其花型奇特,色彩艳丽丰富,象征着神圣、幸福、魅力与胜利,深受世界各国人民的喜爱。郁金香花期早、花色多,可作切花、盆花栽培,在园林中最宜作春季花境、花坛布置或草坪边缘呈自然带状栽植。
Tulipa gesneriana, the Didier's tulip or garden tulip, is a species of plants in the lily family, cultivated as an ornamental in many countries because of its large, showy flowers. Its region of origin is not entirely certain, but the species is widely believed to have originated in Turkey, as is the case with many species oftulips that came into Europe from the Ottoman Empire. It has become naturalised in parts of central and southern Europe and scattered locations in North America.Most of the cultivated forms of tulip are derived from Tulipa gesneriana.
This tall, late-blooming species has a single blooming flower and linear or broadly lanceolate leaves.
【学名】Gladiolus hybridus 或Gladiolus gandavensis
【别名】剑兰、菖兰、十样锦、十三太保等,
【科属】鸢尾科、唐菖蒲属
【分布】唐菖蒲原产南非好望角、地中海沿岸及小亚细亚,现世界各地均有栽培。
【形态】唐菖蒲为多年生草本植物,株形直立,无分枝或罕有分枝,地下具球茎,球形至扁球形,外被膜质鳞片。基生叶剑形,嵌叠为二列状,叶硬质,通常7~9枚。穗状花序顶生,花莛直立稀分枝,着花8~20朵,小花漏斗状、排列成两列,侧向一边,花径7~18cm,花色丰富,有红、黄、白、紫、蓝、粉、橙色、肉色和复色,花瓣有平瓣、波瓣、皱瓣等。蒴果,种子扁平,有翼。
【习性】唐菖蒲具有一定的耐寒性,植株在3℃下即停止生长,在一3℃时受冻。夏季喜凉爽气候,不耐过度炎热,在花分化前及5~6叶期必须有较高的温度,否则容易引起盲花,降低开花率。喜充足的阳光,为中性日照种类,对光周期不敏感。唐菖蒲对土壤的酸碱性适应范围较广,土壤以疏松的沙质壤土为好,用疏松的基质栽培,有利于新球的膨大,而且形状圆整,商品性能好,病虫也少。唐菖蒲品种很多,栽培品种多为种间杂种,可分为春花种和夏花种,春花种于秋季种植、春季开花,夏花种于春季温暖时种植、夏秋开花。
【繁殖】唐菖蒲可采用分球、播种和组培繁殖,但以分球繁殖为主。唐菖蒲植株花后老球萎缩,并在老球顶部形成1~3个新球,在新球基部有数个至数十个子球,将子球分种即可,一般大的子球当年可开花,但需摘除花蕾以便形成大的新种球,小的子球当年不开花,需种植1~2年后才可形成大的种球开花。唐菖蒲在种子成熟后即可采收播种,发芽率极高,一般秋季播种、春季开花,但花茎短,小花数少,故见蕾后应及早去除,以促进地下球茎的膨大。病毒病是唐菖蒲致命的病害,可导致植株不开花,目前解决病毒病的有效方法是种球组培脱毒及防止种球感染病毒,一般利用种球所发的茎尖或花梗等外植体,通过培养获得小球茎,小球茎培养一个月左右后即可形成子球进行繁殖。
【应用】唐菖蒲为世界四大鲜切花之一,也是世界上最大的球根切花种类。唐菖蒲除作鲜切花外,还可种植在公园绿地上构成花境,也可庭院丛植或作花坛栽培。
Grow in average, medium moisture, well-drained soils in full sun. Tolerates some part afternoon shade. Prefers light, well-drained, organically rich soils. Performs well in sandy loams. Site in a sheltered location protected from strong winds. Corms may be planted in fall or spring in areas where winter hardiness is not a problem, but otherwise should be planted in spring after soils warm. Plant corms 4” deep and 4-6” apart. Plants are best located in groups of at least 5-7. Taller plants may need staking or other support. Plants may be grown in the St. Louis area without lifting the corms in fall if well-protected with a winter mulch of hay/straw or evergreen boughs. Regardless of winter hardiness ranges, some experts claim that these plants will perform best in all zones if lifted in fall each year. General procedure for lifiting is as follows: after foliage yellows and before the first significant fall frost, dig up corms, cut off stems and leaves, separate cormels (small corms at the base), dry corms and cormels, discard any diseased or damaged corms and store remaining ones for winter in a dry medium in a cool, frost-free location. If fungal diseases have been a problem, consider dusting corms with a fungicide immediately prior to storage.
【学名】Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis
【别名】中国水仙、雅蒜、金盏银台、玉玲珑、凌波仙子等,
【科属】石蒜科、水仙属
【分布】水仙原产北非、中欧及地中海沿岸,现世界各地广为栽培。中国水仙有两个品种,单瓣品种为“金盏银台”,重瓣品种为“玉玲珑”,目前主要分布在福建、浙江等地,尤其是福建的漳州是中国水仙的生产基地。
【形态】水仙为多年生草本花卉,地下鳞茎肥大,卵状或近球形,外被棕褐色皮膜,基部茎盘处着生多数白色肉质根。叶基生,狭带状,端钝圆,全缘,排成互生二列状,绿色或灰绿色,基部有叶鞘包被。花莛于叶丛中抽出,稍高于叶,中空,筒状或扁筒状,一般每球抽花莛1~2支,若肥水充足,生长健壮之大球可抽出3~8支或更多。花3~11朵成伞房花序着生于花莛端部,花序外具膜质总苞,又称佛焰苞,花白色,芳香,花冠高脚碟状,雄蕊6枚,子房下位。花期1~2月份。蒴果,种子空瘪。
【习性】水仙性喜温暖湿润气候,尤宜冬无严寒、夏无酷暑、春秋多雨的地方。喜水,耐大肥,喜疏松、富含有机质、排水良好且水分十分充足的黏质壤土,但亦适当耐干旱和瘠薄上壤。营阳光充足,亦能耐阴,但花期则宜阳光充足。水仙为秋植球根花卉,秋冬生长,早春开花,贮藏养分,夏季休眠。
【繁殖】水仙为同源i倍体植物,具高度不孕性,无法进行有性繁殖,通常以自然分球繁殖为主,即将母球上自然分生的小鳞茎掰下来作为种球,另行栽植培养,一般从种球到开花球需培养3~4年。
【应用】水仙为中国的传统名花,深受群众欢迎。水仙多用于瓮栽、水养,置于几案上,供装饰和观赏,在园林中常种植于小径旁、疏林下、草坪边或用为地被植物。其鳞茎内含有生物碱,可入药,主治腮腺炎、痈疖疗毒初起、红肿热痛,还具一定抗癌作用。水仙鲜花可提炼芳香油,用于香水、香皂及其他化妆产品。
Narcissus tazetta (paperwhite, bunch-flowered narcissus, Bunch-flowered Daffodil, Chinese sacred lily, cream narcissus, joss flower, polyanthus narcissus) is a perennial ornamental plant that grows from a bulb. Cultivars of N. tazetta include 'Paperwhite', 'Grand Soleil d'Or' and 'Ziva', which are popularly used for forcing indoors, as is the form of N. tazetta known as Chinese Sacred Lily.
5.石蒜
【 学名】Lycoris radiata
【别名】红花石蒜、老鸦蒜、蟑螂花,
【科属】石蒜科、石蒜属
【分布】原产亚洲东部,以中国和日本为分布中心。
【形态】石蒜为多年生草本花卉,具地下鳞茎,鳞茎近球形或卵形,鳞茎皮褐色或黑褐色。叶于早春或秋季抽出,带状。花茎单生,直立,实心,伞形花序顶生,有花5~7朵,花白色、乳白、奶黄、金黄、粉红、紫红、玫瑰红军鲜红色,花被漏斗状,上部6裂,基部合生成筒状,花被裂片倒披针形或长椭圆形,边缘皱缩或不皱缩。蒴果通常具三棱,种子近球形,黑色。
【习性】石蒜喜半阴、也耐曝晒,喜湿润、也耐干旱,落寓含腐殖质、排水良好的沙质壤土,也耐瘠薄土壤。性耐寒。
【繁殖】石蒜可采用播种、分球和鳞片扦插繁殖法。石蒜除了多倍体种类和自然杂种外,所有的二倍体种类在自然状况下都能结籽,可将成熟种子采收后进行沙藏,到第二年春天进行播种繁殖,但一股从播种到开花需要5~6年时间。石蒜无性繁殖主要采用分球法繁殖,在春季叶刚枯萎时或秋季花茎刚枯萎时将母株挖起,取下旁生的鳞茎另行种植即可。另外为增加繁殖系数,也可采取鳞茎切割法将鳞茎从莘部向上交叉纵切后埋入沙质土壤中,待切口处季出许多小球后再将其分开栽种,还可采用双鳞片扦插法将鳞茎四等分,再将每份鳞茎分成若干份,各带两片鳞片及部分鳞茎盘,然后埋入沙质土壤中待鳞片间长出小球后分开栽种。
【 应用】石蒜冬季绿叶葱翠,是理想的绿色地被,夏秋花朵怒放,十分艳丽,布置在疏林下,点缀于岩石缝问或配植j二多年生混合花境或花坛中,均可构成夏秋佳景。右蒜还i叮作为切花或盆栽供观赏,在高温少花季节开放,显得更加nr贵。石蒜还可药用,是极有价值的药用植物资源。
Lycoris radiata, known as red spider lily, red magic lily, or in Chinese mànzhū shā huá (曼珠沙華), is a plant in the amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae, subfamily Amaryllidoideae.[2]Originally from China, Korea and Nepal, it was introduced into Japan and from there to the United States and elsewhere. It is considered naturalized in Seychelles and in the Ryukyu Islands.[3] It flowers in the late summer or autumn, often in response to heavy rainfall. The common namehurricane lily refers to this characteristic, as do other common names, such as resurrection lily; these may be used for the genus as a whole.
Lycoris radiata is a bulbous perennial. It normally flowers before the leaves fully appear, on stems 30–70 centimetres (12–28 in) tall. The leaves are parallel-sided, 0.5–1 centimetre (0.20–0.39 in) wide with a paler central stripe. The red flowers are arranged in umbels. Individual flowers are irregular, with narrow segments which curve backwards, and long projecting stamens.
6.大丽花
【学名】Dahlia pinnata
【别名】大理花、灭笠牡丹、西番莲、地瓜花,
【科属】菊科、大丽花属
【分布】大丽花原产墨西哥高原地区,世界各地均仃栽培。
【形态】 大丽花为多年生草本花卉,具粗人纺锤状肉质块根。叶对生,1~3片羽状深裂,裂片卵形或椭圆形,边缘具粗钝锯齿,总柄微带翅状。头状花序具长梗,顶生。花有人轮型、中轮型、小轮型之分,花型有单瓣形、兰花形、白头翁彤、项圈形、牡丹形、仙人掌形、勋章形、球形、绒球形、皱边形等,花色极其丰富多彩。花期主要集中于夏、秋季。
【习性】大丽花性喜阳光、温暖及通风良好的环境,土壤以富含腐殖质、排水良好的沙质壤土为好。大丽花不耐寒又畏酷暑,喜高燥凉爽,且每年需要一段低温时期进行休眠。
【繁殖】大丽花以扦插和分株繁殖为主,也可播种或嫁接繁殖。扦插繁殖一般于3~5月份或9~10月份进行,扦插苗生氏一段时间后,当年即可开花。分株繁殖多于3~4月份进行,将块根分割进行繁殖,分块根时必须具带芽的颈部,而且一般先催芽后再分割,每株至少保留1只芽才能长成小植株。播种繁殖·般收取秋季成熟的种子,进行春播,其生长势较扦插和分株的为好。(www.daowen.com)
【应用】大丽花花色丰富,花型多姿,品种繁多,多用于花坛、花境及庭院布置,也可作切花或盆栽观赏。其块根内含有“菊糖”,在医药上有与葡萄糖相似的功效,块根入药还有清热解毒、清肿之功效。
Dahlia pinnata (D. x pinnata) is a species in the genus Dahlia, family Asteraceae, with the common name garden dahlia. It is the type species of the genus and is widely cultivated.
Dahlia pinnata is a perennial herbaceous plant with a rhizome and tuberous roots, reaching a height of 70 to 120, rarely 160 centimeters. The stem is erect being branched only in the inflorescence. The leaves are usually simple, with leaflets that are ovate and 5–10 cm long.
The two to eight flower heads have a diameter of 6 to 10 centimeters on 5 to 15 centimeters long stems. The eight florets have a length of 3 to 5 centimeters, are ovate and coloured pink to deep purple.
7.仙客来
【学名】Cyclamen persicum
【别名】兔耳花、萝卜海棠、一品冠,
【科属】报春花科、仙客来属
【分布】仙客来原产南欧、地中海及西亚一带,现世界各地均有栽培。
【形态特征】仙客来为多年生草本花卉,地下具扁圆形球状块茎,外被木栓质。植株低矮,高为20~30cm。叶丛生于块茎顶部,叶心状卵形,先端尖,边缘具细锯齿,叶背有白色斑块,叶柄红褐色,肉质。花大,单生而下垂,花瓣上卷,花梗细长,肉质,红褐色,花冠6裂。花色很多,有玫瑰红色、大红、紫红、粉红、白色等,有的品种具香气。花期12月份~翌年3月份,蒴果球形。
【生物学特j性】仙客来喜阳光充足的环境及湿润气候,忌烈日暴晒,怕盐碱侵蚀,忌积水浸涝及浓肥、生肥,对土壤的适应性较好,在富含腐殖质的石灰性土、中性土及微酸性土中均能生长良好。仙客来喜温暖,冬季能耐一定的低温, 一般在10℃的条件下生长良好,1 5~20。C时生长最为适宜,忌夏季高温,温度超过30℃就落叶而进入休眠状态。
【繁殖】仙客米主要采用播种繁殖,也可采用球茎分割法繁殖。播种繁殖一般在清明前后选择生长健壮、花色鲜艳、花瓣向上的植株留种,待果实发黄变软、顶部微裂时带花梗一起摘下,放于干燥通风处晾干后剥出种子,装在布袋或信封内保存。播种时间+般在8月中旬至9月卜旬,播种前.般需先将种子放在30℃左右的温水中浸泡2~3h,然后在25。C的地方催芽1~2d,待芽稍萌动时即可播种。盆土最好置于阳光下暴晒消毒,播种覆土不超过种子厚度的2倍。球茎分割法可于9~10月份或4~5月份进行,选择肥大、充实的球茎,按芽或芽眼将球茎切开、置于阴处晾f-.后栽培即可,或纵切至球深的1/3~l/2处,然后把花盆放在阴凉处栽植,严格控制浇水量,待每份格长出小芽后切开分盆栽植。
【应用】仙客来枯株低矮,花犁奇特,花色丰富,为冬春季节室内重要的盆栽花卉。
Cyclamen (US /ˈsaɪkləmɛn/ sy-klə-men or UK /ˈsɪkləmɛn/ sik-lə-men) is a genus of 23 species ofperennial flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. Cyclamen species are native to Europe and the Mediterranean Basin east to Iran, with one species in Somalia. They grow from tubers and are valued for their flowers with upswept petals and variably patterned leaves.
Cyclamens have a tuber, from which the flowers and roots grow. In most species, leaves come up in autumn, grow through thewinter, and then die in spring, then the plant goes dormant through the dry Mediterranean summer.
8.大花美人蕉
【学名】Canna gencralis
【别名】美人蕉、法国美人蕉、昙华,
【科属】美人焦科、美人蕉属
【分布】原产南、北美洲的热带与亚热带,大花美人蕉主要由原种美人蕉杂交改良而来。
【形态】大花美人蕉为多年生草本花卉,地下具肉质粗壮根状茎,地上茎直立,高约1.5m。叶互生,长椭圆形,先端渐尖,有羽状叶脉及鞘状叶柄。总状花序自茎顶抽出,萼片苞片状,花瓣3枚,退化雄蕊5枚,色鲜艳,为主要观赏部分,其中3枚花瓣状,一枚反卷如唇瓣,另一枚有单室的花药,花柱扁平,也呈花瓣状。花色有大红、紫红、粉红、乳白、黄、橘红、金边等。花期夏、秋,蒴果长卵形,种子黑色、坚硬,但多数品种不结实。
【生物学习性】大花美人蕉喜阳光充足、温暖的气候,不择土壤,在肥沃而富含有机质的深厚土壤中生长健壮,不耐寒, 一经霜打地上茎叶均枯萎,留下地下根茎越冬。
大花美人蕉多用根茎繁殖,通常十春季进行,切取具有2~3个芽眼的块根进行栽植即可。培育新品种时需用播种繁殖,大花美人焦种子的种皮坚硬,播种前需用小刀切伤种皮或削温水浸种处理,播种苗当年秋季或翌年开花。
【应用】 大花美人蕉枝叶茂盛,花大色艳,在园林中应用极为普遍,在庭园中多大片自然式丛植,也可用于花坛、花境或盆栽。其根茎及花可入药,治疗黄胆肝炎等。(校对日期:3月30日)
The genus is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the New World, from the southern United States (southern South Carolina west to southern Texas) and south to northern Argentina.[6]
Canna indica has become naturalized in many tropical areas around the world, is a difficult plant to remove, and is invasive in some places.[10]
Canna cultivars are grown in most countries, even those with territory above the Arctic Circle, which have short summers but long days, and the rapid growth rate of cannas makes them a feasible gardening plant, as long as they receive 6–8 hours of sunlight each day during the growing season and are protected from the cold of winter.
1.风信子
风信子,(Hyacinthus orientalis)又称洋水仙、无色水仙,为百合科、风信子属多年生片:本花卉。原产原产地中海沿岸及小亚细亚一带高海拔的石灰岩地区,现世界各国广为栽培。
风信子是百合科多年生草本,其种头为球形的鳞茎,花从鳞茎抽出,呈总状花序,由下至上逐段开放,并能散发出阵阵香味,被誉为“西洋水仙”。它原产于南欧和小亚细亚一带,现以荷兰栽培最多,并畅销世界各地。风信子可水培,将开花植株移入形状别致的玻璃器皿中,加入清水,其根茎叶均可欣赏,雅致洁净,可置于室内任何地方。水培风信子是水培花卉中最易养的观花品种之一。全世界风信子的园艺品种约有2000种以上,主要分为“荷兰种”和“罗马种”两类。前者属正宗品种,绝大多数每株只长1支花葶,体势粗壮,花朵较大。而后者则多是变异的杂种,每株能着生二三支花葶,体势幼弱,花朵较细,多数消费者喜购荷兰风信子。
风信子为多年生草本。鳞茎卵形,有膜质外皮。叶4~8枚,狭披针形,肉质,上有凹沟,绿色有光泽。花茎肉质,略高于叶,总状花序顶生,花5~20朵,横向或下倾,漏斗形,花被筒长、基部膨大,裂片长圆形、反卷,花有紫、白、红、黄、粉、蓝等色,还有重瓣、大花、早花和多倍体等品种。
Hyacinthus orientalis (common hyacinth, garden hyacinth or Dutch hyacinth), is a herbaceous perennial flowering plant, native to southwestern Asia, southern and central Turkey, northwestern Syria, Lebanon and northern Israel. It was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. It is widely cultivated everywhere in the temperate world for its strongly fragrant flowers which appear exceptionally early in the season, and frequently forced to flower at Christmas time.
It is a bulbous plant, with a 3–7 cm diameter bulb. The leaves are strap-shaped, 15–35 cm long and 1–3 cm broad, with a soft, succulent texture, and produced in a basal whorl. The flowering stem is a raceme, which grows to 20–35 cm (rarely to 45 cm) tall, bearing 2–50 fragrant purple flowers 2–3.5 cm long with a tubular, six-lobed perianth.
2.球根鸢尾
球根鸢尾(Iris spp.)为鸢尾科、晒班刊:、法嘲等地III海沿岸及西、肜鸢尾属多年生午:本花卉,原,^:带,现廿界各幽广奠J栽培。球根鸢尼地p‘具根茎或球摹,叶剑形或线形,植株高度凶种类/『i刖向别。仡形甜特,化被6片,外3片大形,弯或p‘乖,内3,}相对较小,直证或呈拱形,部分。铺种花被边缘波傲,门然化期为存盟,花色有蓝色、黑色、紫色、fL|色、粉色、黄色、橙色和复色等。僻}见。扎种1i要仃l J Lf叫I:刭:鸢尾、荷羔鸢尾及英『司鸢尾等。球根鸢尾依埘水分的要求彳i J—J可分为耐湿、喜排水良好适度弛蹦日及耐…产i人类,依对上壤的要求町分为喜中性偏碱的右灰性I|二壤和喜偏酸性}:壤胁类,多数弭
允足…光,部分具‘定的而寸阴性。球根鸢尾多采用分株繁殖,也可播种繁殖,适应一件强,足茹:私的切花材料,也町作乔季化境、花丛栽植。
3.大花小苍兰
大化小苍兰(Freesia hybrida)又名小苍兰、香雪兰、洋晚香玉(N8—50),为鸢尾科、小苍兰属(香雪兰属)多年生草本化卉。原产非洲南部好望角一带,现世界各地广为栽培。
大花小苍兰具长卵形或圆锥形球茎,外被棕褐色薄膜。举柔弱,有分枝,基生叶q:牛,排列成:列状,一般自’7叫‘,K披针形,仝缘,茎生叶短而狭小,生于花摹之上。穗状化序顶乍,I门‘侧偏生,花被筒中部以卜突狭,呈狭漏斗形,长约4cm,花被片6,不等,花具肖香,花色卞高,有单色,也有广1、紫、红、黄、白、雪青等复色。悄种,有单瓣也仃复瓣。大花小苍、斗|二喜冷凉湿润气候,能耐较低的温度,薄阳光充足,土壤以富含有机质的疏松沙性土为好。大花小苍兰以分球繁殖为卜繁殖,多用于宴会、餐桌及Jl譬室插花或盆栽,是春节t要的切花和盆花之。
Freesia is a genus of herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1866 by Chr. Fr. Echlon (1795-1868) and named after German botanist and doctor Friedrich Freese (1794-1878). It is native to the eastern side of southern Africa, from Kenya south to South Africa, most species being found in Cape Provinces.[1] Species of the former genus Anomatheca are now included in Freesia.[1] The plants commonly known as "freesias", with fragrant funnel-shaped flowers, are cultivated hybrids of a number of Freesia species. Some other species are also grown as ornamental plants.
石蒜科 Amaryllidaceae >> 朱顶红属 Hippeastrum朱顶红 Hippeastrum rutilum
又名孤挺花、百枝莲、华胄兰,为石蒜科、朱项红属(孤挺花属)球根花卉。原产美洲热带和亚热带,现世界各国广泛栽培。
朱顶红地下鳞茎较大,球形,直径7~8cm。叶2列,4~8枚,扁平带形或条形,与花同时或花后抽出。花莛自叶从外侧抽出,粗壮而中空,花两两对生呈伞状,花大,花径10~13cm,平仲或下垂,有红色、白色、玫瑰红等多种色彩。朱顶红生氏期间要求环境温暖湿润,夏季要求凉爽、阳光不过于强烈,冬季要求冷凉干燥,对土壤的适应性较广,但在中性偏碱的土壤中生长较好,栽植宜选用富含腐殖质的沙质壤土。朱顶红可用播种和分株法进行繁殖,但播种后第三年才能开花,故一般彳i采用。朱顶红花大,色艳,植株低矮,叶丛美观,是较好的盆栽花卉,其栽培管理容易,经冬季温室内促成栽培可于新春佳节开花,也是节日较好的盆花。另外,朱顶红还可作切花栽培。
Hippeastrum /ˌhɪpiːˈæstrəm/ is a genus of about 90 species and over 600 hybrids and cultivarsof perennial herbaceous bulbous plants. They generally have large fleshy bulbs and tall broad leaves, generally evergreen, and large red or purple flowers.
Cultivars of Hippeastrum are popular indoor ornamental plants prized for their large brightly colored flowers (including red, pink, salmon, orange and white). As such they have a very important place in the floriculture trade for sale as cut flowers or potted plants. Although the market is dominated by the Netherlands, and South Africa. Other areas of production includeIsrael, Japan and the United States (Florida). Brazil also produces 17 million Hippeastrum bulbs annually.
5.晚香玉
晚香玉(Polianthes tuberosa)又名夜来香、月下香、玉簪花(图8—52),为石蒜科、晚香玉属多年牛草本,原产墨西哥及南美,现世界各地广为栽培。
晚香玉具地下块茎,长圆形,其上半部呈鳞茎状。叶互生,带状披针形,茎生叶较短,愈向上则呈苞状。总状花序 顶生,着花12~32朵,小花成对着生,自下而上陆续开放。
花白色,漏斗状,花冠筒细长,具浓香,夜晚香味更浓,花期7~10月份。晚香玉种球没有自然休眠现象,只要气温适宜,便能生长开花。植株能耐高温,喜全光照,口照不充足时抽簇开花较差,土壤以稍轻松的壤土为好,不耐干早,喜水分充足或潮湿环境,但不适宜在过湿的环境中生长。晚香玉多采用分株繁殖,是重要的香花切花之一,也可园林种植供游人夜晚欣赏,还可提取香精。
Polianthes tuberosa, the tuberose, is a perennial plant related to the agaves, extracts of which are used as a note in perfumery.
The common name derives from the Latin tuberosa, meaning swollen or tuberous in reference to its root system. Polianthes means "many flowers" in Greek. In Mexican Spanish, the flower is callednardo or vara de San José, which means "St. Joseph’s staff". This plant is called rajanigandhain India, and sedap malam in Indonesia, both of which mean 'fragrant at night'. It is calledkupaloke in Hawaiian.
6.花毛茛
花毛莨(Ranunculus asiaticus)又称波斯毛莨、陆莲花、白头翁、芹菜花(图8—53),为毛茛科毛茛属多年生草本植物。原产欧洲东南部和亚洲西南部,现世界各地广为栽培。
花毛茛具纺锤形块根,茎单生或较少分枝。基生叶具毛,叶缘有齿,茎生叶羽状裂,无柄。花单生顶端或数朵生于长梗上,每花茎具花l~4朵,花径6~1 3cm,花常重瓣,花色丰富,有白、橙、红、大红、紫色及栗色等,花期4~5月份,种子细小。
花毛莨喜半阴和凉爽的环境,要求阳光充足、通风良好,忌炎热,不耐寒,喜腐殖质多、排水良好的沙质土壤,pH值以中性或微碱性为宜,忌积水。花毛莨多用分株繁殖,也可播种繁殖。花毛莨花大而色彩丰富,多作盆栽,也可作切花栽培,露地栽培配植在园林中成花坛、花境等。
Ranunculus asiaticus (Persian buttercup) is a species of buttercup (Ranunculus) native to the eastern Mediterranean region in southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe (Crete, Karpathos andRhodes), and northeastern Africa.[1]
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing to 45 cm tall, with simple or branched stems. The basal leaves are three-lobed, with leaves higher on the stems more deeply divided; like the stems, they are downy or hairy. The flowers are 3–5 cm diameter, variably red to pink, yellow, or white, with one to several flowers on each stem.[2]
It is a protected plant in some jurisdictions, including Israel.
7.马蹄莲
马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica)又名水芋、慈姑花(图8.54),是天南星科、马蹄莲属多年生草本。原产南非和埃及,现世界各地广为栽培。
马蹄莲地下具肉质块茎,叶基生,具长柄,下部呈鞘状折叠抱茎,叶片卵状箭形,全缘。花梗着生于叶旁,高出叶从,肉穗花序藏丁-佛焰苞内,佛焰苞大型,早马蹄形,花有香气。马蹄莲喜温暖湿润但忌高温,喜光但具一定的耐阴性,要求疏松、保水、通气性较好的黏质壤土。马蹄莲多用分球繁殖,也可播种繁殖。马蹄莲花形独特,化叶同赏,是花束、棒花和艺术插花的极好材料。
Zantedeschia aethiopica is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, evergreen where rainfall and temperatures are adequate, deciduous where there is a dry season. Its preferred habitat is in streams and ponds or on the banks. It grows to 0.6–1 m (2.0–3.3 ft) tall, with large clumps of broad, arrow shaped dark green leaves up to 45 cm (18 in) long. The inflorescencesare large and are produced in spring, summer and autumn, with a pure white spathe up to 25 cm (9.8 in) and a yellow spadix up to 90 mm (3 1⁄2 in) long. The spadix produces a faint, sweet fragrance.
Z. aethiopica contains calcium oxalate, and ingestion of the raw plant may cause a severe burning sensation and swelling of lips, tongue, and throat; stomach pain and diarrhea may occur.
8.大岩桐
大岩桐(Sinningia speciosa)又名六雪泥、紫蓝大岩桐(图8—55),为苦苣苔科、苦苣苔属多年生常绿球根花卉。原产巴西热带高原,现世界各地广为栽培。
大岩桐地下具扁球形块茎,苇极短,全株密被绒毛,叶对生,长椭圆形或长椭圆状卵形,边缘有钝锯齿。花梗比叫‘K,顶斗j或腋生,每梗一花,花冠阔钊t形,化色有白、粉、红、紫,革青色或镶白边,花期3~6月份。大岩桐喜温暖湿润及半阴环境,0i耐高温或严寒,通风不宜过分,以保持较高n勺空气湿度,冬季休眠期保持干燥,喜排水良好、疏松肥沃、富含腐殖质的沙质壤十,最忌低湿黏重的土壤。大岩桐主要用播种繁殖,也可以扦插或分球繁殖。大岩桐叶乍.碧绿、叶色鲜艳,花朵具有天鹅绒般的光泽,经月不衰,极为美丽,丰要用于室内盆栽观赏。
Sinningia speciosa, commonly known in the horticultural trade as Gloxinia, is a tuberous member of the flowering plant family Gesneriaceae. The common name has persisted since its original introduction to cultivation from Brazil in 1817 as Gloxinia speciosa. The name florist's gloxinia is sometimes used to distinguish it from the rhizomatous species now included in the genus Gloxinia. Another common name is Brazilian gloxinia.[2] The plants produce large, velvety, brightly colored flowers and are popular houseplants. Cultural requirements are similar to those of African violets except that S. speciosa generally requires more light and often has a dormant period, when the tuber should be kept cool and dry until it resprouts.
9.球根(秋)海棠
球根秋海棠(Begonia tuberhybirda)为秋海棠科、秋海棠属多年牛草本,原产非洲、中南美洲和弧洲等地,现世界荇地均有栽培。
球根秋海棠为种问杂交种,地下具块茎,呈不规则扁球形,株商30~1 00cm。地上茎半透明,肉质,有分枝。叶互生,卵形罕K卵形,缘具齿才和缘毛。聚伞花序,雌雄同株异花,重瓣性,花朵美丽,化形丰富,花色有红、粉红、黄、橙黄、门等。球根秋海棠为KH照花卉,喜温暖,土壤以腐叶土为佳,以播种繁殖为主,也可分球和叶插繁殖。球根秋海棠主要作盆花、花坛栽植。
Tuberous begonias (Begonia × tuberhybrida Voss, also known as the Tuberhybrida Group or the Tuberosa Group) are a group of Begonia cultivars, regarded as some of the most spectacular of the genus.
One of the first hybrids produced was B. x sedenii in 1870, a cross between B. boliviensis, collected by botanist Richard Pearce and a species from the Andes.Another species from Peru, B. davisii (named after Walter Davis), was also used in early breeding.
10.姜花
姜花(Hedychium coronarium)又名香雪花、蝴蝶化、夜寒苏(图8-56),为姜科、姜花属多年生草本。原产中国南部至西南部,印度、越南、马来西亚、澳大利亚也有分布。
姜花地下具根茎,地上茎直立,株高I~2m。叶矩圆状披针形或披针形,背面疏被短柔毛,无柄,口r鞘抱茎,两列。穗状花序顶生,苞片复瓦状排列,每片内有小花2~3朵,花白色具强烈芳香,自然花期为7~10月份。姜花性喜温暖气候,不耐寒冷,遇霜植株上部枯萎,进入休眠期,能耐阴,但在阳光充足之处花多而浓香,喜微酸性土壤,以沙壤上为好。姜花主要采用分株繁殖,也可播种繁殖。姜花以其花具浓郁芳香而受到人们喜欢,是一种较好的香花切花种,
Hedychium coronarium (white garland-lily[2] or white ginger lily[3]) is a perennial flowering plant native to China, Laos, Myanmar and to the Himalayas region of Nepal and India.[3] It was introduced in Brazil in the era of slavery, brought to the country by African slaves who used its leaves as mattresses[citation needed], and is now so common that it is considered an invasive plant. It is also considered an invasive species in Hawaii.
Hedychium coronarium is the National Flower of Cuba, where it is known as mariposa (literally "butterfly") due to its shape. Women used to adorn themselves with these fragrant flowers in Spanish colonial times; because of the intricate structure of the inflorescence, women hid and carried secret messages important to the independence cause under it.[4] The plant has become wild in the cool rainy mountains in Sierra del Rosario, Pinar del Rio Province in the west, Escambray Mountains in the center of the island, and in Sierra Maestra in the very west of it.
Its fragrance can be extracted by enfleurage.
11.番红花
番红花(Crocus sativus)又名西红花、藏红花,为鸢尾科、番红花属多年生草本,原产南欧地中海沿岸。
番红花地下具扁圆形球茎,外皮膜质,具基生佛焰苞。叶基生,多数,狭线状。花单生茎顶,与叶等长或稍短,花形如涌杯状,化被管细长,芳香,花柱长,伸出花被外下垂,深红色,为药用部分,花色有雪青、紫红或白色,昼开夜合,花期10~11月份。番红花喜凉爽、湿润和阳光充足的环境,也耐半阴,耐寒性强,忌高温和积水,要求肥沃疏松、排水良好的沙质壤土。番红花以分球繁殖为主,部分品种也可播种繁殖。番红花栽培简便,植株矮小,色彩鲜艳且丰富,适宜于作为花坛或草坪地镶边,也可作草坪中间丛植点缀,是理想的园林地被科一类。番红花也可作盒栽,小巧玲珑,花色美丽,还是布置岩石园的好材料。
Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus, or autumn crocus,[2] is a species of flowering plant of the Crocus genus in the Iridaceae family. It is best known for the spice saffron, which is produced from parts of the flowers.
The cormous autumn-flowering perennial plant species is unknown in the wild.[2] Human cultivation of saffron crocus and use of saffron is known to have taken place for more than 3,500 years and spans different cultures, continents, and civilizations, see history of saffron.
12.红花酢浆草
红花酢浆草(Oxalis rubra)又名大花酢浆草,为酢浆草科、酢浆草属多年生草本。原产南美巴西及南非。
红花酢浆草地下块茎呈纺锤形,叶丛生状,具长柄,掌状复叶,3小叶,倒心形。伞形花序,高出叶丛,小花3~12朵,桃红至玫红,花期晚春至初夏。红花酢浆草喜阳,半耐寒,宜种在背风处越冬,耐热,但在酷暑中生长势衰退。红花酢浆多采用分株繁殖,在园林中多作开花地被、盆花栽植。
Oxalis /ˈɒksəlᵻs/is by far the largest genus in the wood-sorrel family Oxalidaceae: of the approximately 900 known species in the Oxalidaceae, 800 belong here. The genus occurs throughout most of the world, except for the polar areas; species diversity is particularly rich in tropical Brazil, Mexico and South Africa.
Many of the species are known as wood sorrels (sometimes written "woodsorrels" or "wood-sorrels") as they have an acidic taste reminiscent of the unrelated sorrel proper (Rumex acetosa). Some species are called yellow sorrels or pink sorrels after the color of their flowers instead. Other species are colloquially known as false shamrocks, and some called sourgrasses. For the genus as a whole, the term oxalises is also used.
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