一年生花卉(annual plant)指生活周期即经营养生长至开花结实最终死亡存一个生长季节内完成的观赏植物，一般春季播种，夏秋开花结实，入冬前死亡，故又称春播花卉。典型的一年生花卉从种子发芽、生长、开花、结实直到枯死，整个生活史在1年内或不到12个月内完成，如鸡冠花、百日草、半支莲、风仙花、万寿菊、扫帚草、翠菊、波斯菊等。另外园艺上部分多年生草本花卉多作一年生栽培，一般也被当作一年生花卉，如一串红、长春花、矮牵牛、金鱼草、紫茉莉、旱金莲、藿香蓟、矢车菊等。

一年生花卉一般不耐寒，多为短日性花卉，依其对温度的要求不同可分为三种类型，即耐寒、半耐寒和不耐寒型。耐寒型花卉一般多原产于温带，可耐轻霜冻，不仅不受害，在低温下还可以继续生长；半耐寒犁花卉遇霜冻受害甚至死亡；不耐寒型花卉一般原产热带地区，遇霜冻立刻多死亡，生长期要求高温。

一年生花卉多数喜充足的阳光和排水良好且肥沃的土壤。花芽分化时期较长，只要营养生长达到一定大小即开始分化花芽而开花，且在整个夏季和秋季的气温较高时期均能继续形成花蕾而开花，因此花期可以通过调节播种期、光照处理或加施生长调节剂等进行促控。

二年生花卉(biennial plant)指生活周期经两年或两个生长季节才能完成的观赏植物，一般在秋季播种后第一年仅形成营养器官，次年春、夏季开花结实而后死亡，故义称秋播花卉。二年生花卉的生长周期虽不满两年，但一般都跨越了年度生长，典型的二年生花卉如美同石竹、紫罗、皇、棒竹香、绿绒荔、毛地黄、风铃草等，另有部分多年生草本花卉亦作二年生栽培，如蜀葵、三色堇、四季报春、瓜叶菊、雏菊、金盏菊等。

二年生花卉的耐寒能力一般较强，部分可耐0℃以下的低温，但不耐高温，多为长日性花卉。同期要求短日照，在0～10℃低温下通过春化阶段，成长过程则要求长日照，并随即在长日照下开花。

二年生花卉花芽分化时期较短，仅限于在春季温度较低的时期内进行。花芽分化需要允足的营养，如果在花芽分化初期营养不足，将会影响花芽分化的数量，造成开花少、花小甚至不能开花。对花芽分化时期较长的种类，除施用基肥外，在整个生长期要不断追肥，以补允营养的不足，满足花芽分化的需要，以确保开花不断，花色鲜艳。

一年生和二年生花卉生长周期短，繁殖容易，多采用种子繁殖，具有繁殖系数大、运输便利、适于大量繁殖的优点，一年生和二年生花卉从播种至开花结果所需时问短、经营周转快，如春播学：花播后2～3个月就能丌花，秋播草花播后也需6～7个月便能开花。但是，一年生和二年生花卉也存在花期较短、管理繁琐以及用工较多的缺点。

    一年生和二年生化卉适应性强，组合方便，部分花卉花期较长，是布置花坛、花境、装饰园林的良好材料，部分种类还可用作切花、盆栽观赏，是园林绿化、美化、庭院及节目布展的重要材料，是美化生活不可缺少的花材。

一年生和二年生花卉除个别种类为了一定目的进行无性繁殖外，一般都用种子繁殖。种子体小而轻便，在采收、贮藏与运输等操作方面较简便易行，且一次播种可在短期内育成大量幼苗。另外播种苗具有强大根系，植株强壮，适应性强，方便管理。但是种子繁殖易产生品种间杂交和退化现象，不能保持品种的优良性状，因此对观赏价值很高或希望保持原有特性的种类就不能利用种子繁殖，而应考虑扦插、分株等无性繁殖方式。

一年生和二年生花卉的种子繁殖一般包括留种与采种、种子干燥与贮藏、播种以及苗期管理等几个环节．

(1)留种与采种  一年生和二年生花卉留种应选阳光充足、气温凉爽的季节，此时结实多且饱满。对于容易天然杂交的花卉，如矮牵牛、雏菊、鸡冠花、三色堇、半支莲、百日草、羽衣甘蓝等必须进行品种间隔离种植，以防杂交种子后代出现性状差异，导致观赏特性退化。对于花期长、能连续开花的花卉，采种应多次进行，如凤仙花、半支莲、金鱼草、虞美人在果实刚刚黄熟时，三色堇在蒴果向上时，百日草、翠菊等菊科花卉在头状花序花谢发黄后采取。另外，为获得品性优良的杂交一代种子，每年必须通过多年筛选的父母本进行制种。

(2)种子干燥与贮藏  种子的干燥在少雨、空气湿度低的季节最好采用阴干方式，如需晒干时需在种子上盖一层纸以防晒伤，切忌夏季直接曝晒。种子的贮藏应在低温、干燥条件下进行，尤忌高温高湿，以密闭、冷凉和黑暗的环境为宜。

(3)播种一年生和二年生花卉的播种方法有露地播种和温室播种两种。

露地播种繁殖应选富含腐殖质、轻松而肥沃的沙质壤土，在日光充足，空气流通，排水、供水良好的地方整平播种床面，浇透水待水完全渗下去后进行撒播、条播或点播。覆土深度取决于种子大小，通常大粒种子为种子直径的2～3倍，小粒种子以不见种子为度，覆土的土最好采用小孔径筛子筛过的细沙土。播后畦上均匀地覆盖一层浸湿的稻草或苇帘，以保持湿度，防止土壤板结。在幼苗出土前后要及时喷水于苇帘上，以防畦面干燥。待种子发芽出土时应及时撤去覆盖物，以防幼苗徒长。

温室播种繁殖通常在温室中进行，适宜于温室花卉及进行花期调控的露地花卉。播种常采用深10cm的浅盆，为了保证种子发芽率及幼苗期生长健壮，播种用土多采用排水透气良好，并含有一定养分的人工混合培养土，填土由粗到细，注意四周压实，上面刮平，使上面距离盆沿1cm左右。一般种子宜先用细喷壶充分浇透水后再播种，而小粒种子则播后将浅盆放入水盆中，入水深度约为盆高的一半，使水从盆底的排水孔进入盆中，直至盆土全部湿润为止。播后用细筛筛一层培养土覆盖，一般种子覆土为种子直径的2～3倍，为了经常保持湿润可盖上一层纸。播种盆应置于通风、无阳光直射处，播种室的温度应保持l～25℃。出苗后撤掉遮盖物，并开始从阳光较弱处逐渐移至阳光充足处。视土壤干湿情况，开始用细喷壶浇水。

对于某些不宜移植的直根性种类，如扫帚草、红花菜豆、香豌豆等，由于不耐移植应进行直播，而不能提早育苗，必须提早育苗时可先用播种盘或小盆在温室内播种，待露地条件适宜时从盘或盆中倒出土团定植。

(4)苗期管理种子萌发后，幼苗应及时浇水并施以稀薄液肥，但应注意适当控制水量，以防幼苗徒长及病害发生。苗期避免阳光直射，应适当遮阴，但要防止幼苗黄化。为了培育壮苗，苗期还应进行多次间苗或移植，移栽最好在阴天进行，以防伤苗并提高成活率。

2．一年生和二年生花卉的栽培管理要点

(1)摘心及抹芽  一年生和二年生花卉中多数种类要求植株生长整齐、株型丰满，促进分枝或控制植株高度，可采用摘心的方法，如金鱼草、万寿菊、千日红、波斯菊、百日草等花卉于生长初期摘心，可有效控制植株高度，促进植株株型丰满，增加花朵数量，还可一定程度地延迟花期。

一年生和二年生花卉中部分种类为了促使植株的高生长，减少花朵数目，使营养供给顶花以提高花朵质量，则需进行抹芽，即摘除植株侧芽，如鸡冠花、向日葵等。

(2)支柱与绑扎  一年生和二年生花卉中部分种类株形高大或上部枝叶花朵过于沉重，遇风易倒伏，需进行支柱绑扎才利于欣赏，如对蜀葵、向日葵等植株较高、花较大的花卉可采用单根竹竿或芦苇支撑，对于成片种植的、生长高大的花卉周围可插立支柱，并用绳索联系起来以扶持群体。

    (3)剪除残花与花莛  对于连续开花且花期较长的花卉，如一串红、金鱼草、石竹等，花后应及时摘除残花，剪除花莛，不使其结实消耗营养物质，同时加强土肥水管理，以保持植株生长健壮，持续开花，可一定程度地延长花期。

三、一年生和二年生花卉

【学名】Salvia splendens

【别名】爆竹红、象牙红、墙下红、西洋红、撒尔维亚，

【科属】唇形科、鼠尾草属

【产地与分布】原产南美巴西，现世界各地均有栽培。

【形态特征】多年生草本花卉，常作一年生栽培。茎直立，光滑具四棱，株高约30～80cm。叶对生，卵形至心脏形，边缘有锯齿。总状花序顶生，苞片红色，花萼钟状宿存，花冠唇形筒状、伸出萼外。品种多，花有鲜红、粉红、紫、淡紫、黄、白等色，花冠蓝紫色的称一串紫，白色者称一串白。花期7～10月份，果熟期9～10月份。种子成熟后为卵形、浅褐色，易散落，应及时采收。

【生物学习性】喜温暖、阳光充足，也耐半阴，喜疏松肥沃土壤。耐寒性、耐热性较差，生长适温20～25℃，15。C以下叶色易发黄甚至脱落，夏季气温30℃以上时生长迟缓。

【繁殖】播种或扦插繁殖，一般以播种繁殖为主。播种繁殖一般在3～4月份，先整地耙平，浇透水，播后覆土约0．4cm、盖上稻草，保持经常湿润，出苗后揭草。扦插繁殖在4月下旬至8月份进行，用嫩枝在露地或花盆中扦插，注意喷水遮阴、保持插条湿度，约20d可以生根。

 【应用】一串红花色艳丽，是花坛的主要材料，也可作花带、花台丛植或盆栽摆放。

Salvia splendens (scarlet sage, tropical sage) is a tender herbaceous perennial native to Brazil, growing at 2,000 to 3,000 m (6,600 to 9,800 ft) elevation where it is warm year-round and with high humidity. The native plant, rarely seen in cultivation, reaches 1.3 m (4.3 ft) tall. Smaller selections are very popular as bedding plants, seen in shopping malls and public gardens all over the world.

一串红相册

2．矮牵牛

【学名】Petunia hybrida

【别名】碧冬茄、草牡丹、撞羽朝颜，

【科属】茄科、矮牵牛属

【产地与分布】原产南美洲，现世界各地均有栽培。

【形态特征】多年生草本花卉，常作一年生栽培，播种当年就能开花。株高10～60cm，茎稍直立或倾卧，全株被柔毛。叶卵形、全缘，几无柄，互生，嫩叶略对生。花朵单生叶腋或顶生，花萼五裂，裂片披针形；花冠漏斗状，似牵牛花，花瓣变化较多，有单瓣、重瓣、半重瓣、瓣边波皱等；花径5～cm，花色丰富，有红、白、粉、紫及中间各种花色，还有许多镶边品种。花期5～10月份，果实尖卵形，二瓣裂，种子细小。

【生物学习性】矮牵牛喜光照充足、通风良好的环境，性喜温暖，彳i耐寒，不耐阴，生长适宜温度为15～20℃，忌炎热、雨涝，喜疏松、排水良好的微酸性土壤，在富含腐殖质的沙土里生长良好，如施肥太多，光照不足，易造成植株徒长而使枝条倒伏。

【繁殖】矮牵牛以种子繁殖为主，亦可扦插。播种繁殖春播和秋播均可，矮牵牛种子萌发需要光照，播种后只需覆盖薄土，采用盆底浸水法透水，盆口盖上玻璃或塑料薄膜，出芽后去掉覆盖。幼苗5cm高时即町移植，因为矮牵牛根系分枝多而细，移植后恢复慢，最好只移植1次，且定植前要炼苗5～7d。对于重瓣品种和特别优异的品种则需要采用扦插繁殖，在春、秋季，选择长为10～20cm的带尖嫩枝，去掉下部叶片，用净水浸泡3d后插入苗床，室温下10d左右即可生根，当根长到3～4cm时分栽上盆。一般春季定植后春夏即可开花，秋冬定植的第二年4月份开花。当蒴果尖端发黄时及时采收种子，防止脱落。矮牵牛品种在种植时易退化，应注意选种，最好采用杂种一代种子进行生产。

【应用】矮牵牛花大而色彩鲜艳，品种丰富，其枝蔓较长，是装饰阳台、楼廊、美化居室的理想垂吊盆花，大花及重瓣品种常供盆栽观赏或为切花栽培。

Petunia is genus of 35 species of [1] flowering plants of South American origin, closely related to tobacco, cape gooseberries, tomatoes, deadly nightshades, potatoesand chili peppers in the same family, Solanaceae. The popular flower of the same name derived its epithet from the French, which took the word petun, meaning "tobacco," from a Tupi–Guarani language. An annual, most of the varieties seen in gardens are hybrids (P. × atkinsiana, also known as P. × hybrida).

The plants are herbaceous, generally hairy, and the flowers are funnel-shaped, with petals joined together.^[2] The fruit is a dry capsule with two compartments and many tiny seeds.

矮牵牛相册

【学名】  Viola tricolor var．hoftensjs

【别名】蝴蝶花、猫脸花、人面花，

【科属】堇菜科、堇菜属

【产地与分布】原产欧洲，现世界各地均有栽培。

【形态特征】多年生草花，常作二年生栽培。三色堇的根短细，植株低矮，株高约10～20cm，茎多分枝，常倾卧地面。茎生叶短圆，状如卵形，托叶大而宿存。早春开花，花大，1～2朵腋生，花瓣5枚，两侧对称，呈紫、白、黄诸色，往往在一朵花上有三色，少有单色，故名三色堇。花期2～5月份。蒴果，种子卵圆形。

【生物学习性】三色堇性耐寒、不耐热，畏夏季高温，好凉爽环境，略耐半阴，夏季高温易枯死。喜生长在巴沃、排水良好的湿润土壤中，适宜生长的土壤pH值为6．0～7．5。在炎热多雨的夏季常生长开花小，不能形成种子。种子的发芽能力仅有9～12个月，不耐贮藏。

【繁殖】以播种繁殖为主，扦插繁殖为辅。播种繁殖一般于秋季9月上旬进行，秋播的种予经垂的炼苗，生长更健壮，开花多且艳丽持久。将种子播于光线充足、排水良好的盆中，盖上孽土、约为种子直径的2倍，播种后两周出苗，种子发芽适温为19℃。待小苗具4～6片真叶时为避免损伤根系，移植时须带土坨，移植前浇足水以防弄伤须根。植株开始分枝后可定植盒中，一般培育4个月后就会开花。三色堇的种子有自播能力，种子采收时，以首批成熟的勾好。扦插繁殖多在6～7月份进行，将泥土掺入一半细沙，装入花盆中，每个扦插条上要有个嫩芽，剪口为斜U，扦插深度一般为2～3cm。插后花盆浇水，置于阴处养护。因为扦插苗易腐烂，管理不便，所以此法不常用。

【应用】三色堇开花早，花期长，用于早春布置花坛或栽植做花境的边缘装饰材料，也可盆栽摆放观赏。

Viola tricolor, Also known as Johnny Jump up (though this name is also applied to similar species such as the yellow pansy), heartsease, heart's ease, heart's delight, tickle-my-fancy, Jack-jump-up-and-kiss-me, come-and-cuddle-me, three faces in a hood, or love-in-idleness, is a common European wild flower, growing as an annual or short-lived perennial. It has been introduced into North America, where it has spread. It is the progenitor of the cultivated pansy, and is therefore sometimes called wild pansy; before the cultivated pansies were developed, "pansy" was an alternative name for the wild form.

V. tricolor is a small plant of creeping and ramping habit, reaching at most 15 cm in height, with flowers about 1.5 cm in diameter. It grows in short grassland on farms and wasteland, chiefly on acid or neutral soils. It is usually found in partial shade. It flowers from April to September (in the northern hemisphere). The flowers can be purple, blue, yellow or white. They arehermaphrodite and self-fertile, pollinated by bees.

As its name implies,^{[citation needed]} heartsease has a long history of use in herbalism. It has been recommended, among other uses, for epilepsy, asthma, skin diseases and eczema.V. tricolor has a history in folk medicine of helping respiratory problems such as bronchitis, asthma, and cold symptoms. It has expectorant properties, and so has been used in the treatment of chest complaints such as bronchitis and whooping cough.^{[medical citation needed]} It is also a diuretic, leading to its use in treating rheumatism and cystitis.^{[citation needed]}

The flowers have also been used to make yellow, green and blue-green dyes, while the leaves can be used to make a chemicalindicator.^{[citation needed]}

Long before cultivated pansies were released into the trade in 1839, V. tricolor was associated with thought in the "language of flowers", often by its alternative name of pansy (from the French "pensée" - thought):^{[citation needed]} hence Ophelia's often quoted line in Shakespeare's Hamlet, "There's pansies, that's for thoughts". What Shakespeare had in mind was V. tricolor, not a modern garden pansy.

Shakespeare makes a more direct reference, probably to V. tricolor in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Oberon sends Puck to gather "a little western flower" that maidens call "love-in-idleness". Oberon's account is that he diverted an arrow from Cupid's bow aimed at "a fair vestal, throned by the west" (supposedly Queen Elizabeth I) to fall upon the plant "before milk-white, now purple with love's wound". The "imperial vot'ress" passes on "fancy-free", destined never to fall in love. The juice of the heartsease now, claims Oberon, "on sleeping eyelids laid, Will make or man or woman madly dote Upon the next live creature that it sees." Equipped with such powers, Oberon and Puck control the fates of various characters in the play to provide Shakespeare's essential dramatic and comic structure for the play.

4．瓜叶菊

    【学名】Senecio hybridus

    【别名】千日莲、瓜叶莲、千里光、富贵菊

    【科腻】菊科、瓜叶菊属

    【产地与分布】原产北非大西洋上的加那利群岛，现世界各地均有栽培。

    【形态特征】多年生宿根草本，一般多作二年生草花栽培。茎直立，株高约20～60cm，全株密生柔毛。单叶互生，叶片心脏状卵形，大且具长柄，形似黄瓜叶，叶缘波状有锯齿，掌状脉。头状花序簇生成伞房状生于茎项，花色鲜艳，有白、粉、红、紫、蓝等色，部分品种具不同色彩的环纹和斑点，栽培类型主要有大花型、小花型、中花型等。花期为12月份至翌年4月份，瘦果黑色，纺锤形，具冠毛。

    【生物学习性】性喜冷凉，不耐高温和霜冻，生长适温为15～20℃，喜疏松和富含养分、排水良好的沙壤土。

【繁殖】繁殖方法以播种为主，也可扦插。瓜叶菊从播种到开花在北方需7个月，4～10月份均可播种，但春播时，小苗越夏困难，因此多在8月中下旬播种。瓜叶菊种子小，播种土要过细筛，播种时将细小的瓜叶菊种子摊在纸上，撒播盆中，上覆一层2～3mm的细土，然后用盆底渗水法使盆土全部湿润，在盆口盖上玻璃，保持湿润。将盆放在阴凉通风处，保持温度在20℃左右，4～5d开始发芽，这时白天可以除去玻璃以便通风，并逐渐移至阳光处。当真叶长2～3片时开始分苗，进行3次移植。种子一般于3～4月份成熟，当花头呈白绒球时及时采收以防止散落。

    【应用】瓜叶菊花序大，花期长，色彩艳丽，是冬春季节的重要花卉，多以盆栽为主，亦可用于花坛或庭园栽植。

Pericallis × hybrida, known as cineraria,[1] florist's cineraria or common ragwort[2] is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It originated as a hybridbetween Pericallis cruenta and P. lanata, both natives of the Canary Islands. The hybrid was first developed in the British royal gardens in 1777. It was originally known as Cineraria × hybrida, but the genus Cineraria is now restricted to a group of South African species, with the Canary Island species being transferred to the genusPericallis; some botanists also treat it in a broad view of the large and widespread genus Senecio. Some varieties are sold under the trade name Senetti.

Cinerarias prefer temperate climates; in cool areas, treat as summer annuals or winter-flowering indoor plants. They like shade in summer but need more light in winter. Plant in humus-rich, cool, moist, well-drained soil. Indoors, watering is crucial. These plants are susceptible to fluctuations in watering, overwatering rots roots and underwatering decreases flowering. They need high humidity, but do not wet the leaves. The soil should be well-drained. Grow on the cool side and give plants bright, filtered light.

    【学名】Antirrhinum majus

    【别名】龙口花、龙头花、狮子花、洋彩雀，

    【科属】玄参科、金鱼草属

    【产地与分布】原产地中海沿岸及北非，现世界各地广泛栽培。

    【形态特征】多年生草本花卉，多作二年生栽培。金鱼草株高20～120cm，摹直立，基部木质化，有分枝。叶长圆状披针形，基部对生，E部互生，全缘光滑。总状花序顶生，花大，花冠筒状唇形，上唇直立，下唇基部膨大成囊状，口部闭合如龙头，其花色丰富，有红、黄、白、紫等各种颜色。花期4～6月份，蒴果卵形。

    【生物学习性】金鱼草较耐寒，怕酷暑，苗期生长适温为13～15℃，在凉爽的环境中生长健壮，花多而鲜艳。喜阳光，耐半阴，喜轻松、肥沃、排水良好的土壤、亦耐石灰质土壤，适宜的土壤pH值为6．0～7．0。金鱼草为典型的长日照花卉，在短日照情况下开花迟缓，要使其提前开花，可以在开花前利用白炽灯每天补光4h，直至开花。

    【繁殖】主要采用播种繁殖，也可扦插繁殖。金鱼草播种繁殖一般分春播和秋播两科，。北方大部分地区多行秋播，秋播在8月下旬播种，科，子发芽需光，不要覆土。适宜温度以13～15℃为宜，当长出4片真叶时移植并摘心，假植于冷床过冬，次年4～5月份开花，冬季要控制浇水。春播一般在2月份进行，可于6～7月份开花，但不如秋播开花质量好且花期长。金鱼草的优良品种与重瓣品种+般不易结实，多用扦插繁殖，一般在6～7月份或9月份进行。

    【应用】金鱼草花型奇特，花色丰富而艳丽，花期长，具有很高的观赏价值，可作盆栽或花坛的镶边材料，亦可作切花栽培。

Antirrhinum majus (common snapdragon; often - especially in horticulture - simply "snapdragon") is a species of flowering plant belonging to the genus Antirrhinum. It is native to the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern France, and east to Turkey and Syria. [2][3] The common name "snapdragon", originates from the flowers' reaction to having their throats squeezed, which causes the "mouth" of the flower to snap open like a dragon's mouth.

It is an herbaceous perennial plant, growing to 0.5–1 m tall, rarely up to 2 m. The leaves are spirally arranged, broadly lanceolate, 1–7 cm long and 2-2.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced on a tall spike, each flower is 3.5-4.5 cm long, zygomorphic, with two 'lips' closing the corolla tube; wild plants have pink to purple flowers, often with yellow lips. The fruit is an ovoid capsule 10–14 mm diameter, containing numerous small seeds. ^[4] The plants are pollinated by bumblebees, and the flowers close over the insects when they enter and deposit pollen on their bodies.

【学名】Calendula officinalis

【别名】金盏花、黄金盏、长生菊、长春菊，

【科属】菊科、金盏菊属

【产地与分布】原产南欧，现世界各地广为栽培。(www.daowen.com)

【形态特征】金盏菊为二年生草本花卉。株高3 0～60cm，全株被粗糙柔毛，茎直立，上部具分枝。叶互生，长椭圆形，基部抱茎。头状花序顶生，花径3．5～7．0cm，有单瓣、重瓣之分，呈乳白至橘红或橙黄等色。花期4月份至5月下旬，若提早播种，可在12月份至翌年3月份开花。瘦果，种子暗黑色。

【生物学习性】金盏菊适应性强，喜阳光，对土壤要求不严，能耐瘠薄干旱土壤及半K境，但在阳光充足、排水良好的肥沃沙质壤土中生长最好，花大而多。性耐寒，小苗能耐一91温，夏季喜凉爽，天气炎热时或生长后期花变小，花瓣减少。

【繁殖】  一般用播种繁殖，优良品种也可用扦插繁殖。播种繁殖春、秋两季均可进行，但以秋播为好，可于8月卜句至9月中下旬进行，北方宜早，南方宜晚，过早播种或地温高将不利于出苗。苗床或盆土以排水良好而肥沃的壤土为宜，覆土以盖没种子为度，再盖上草遮阴，浇透水，出苗后揭去遮盖物。播后7～10d出苗，长出2～3片真叶时移植。冬季加强覆盖保温，防止秧苗受冻。如移入温室内盆栽，2～3个月开花。春季播种一般60～80d开花。

【应用】金盏菊为优良抗污花卉，栽培容易，生长迅速，花期长，是春季花坛的主要材料，也可在庭院作花台栽植或作切花及盆栽。金盏菊花可提取芳香油，且全草可药用。

Calendula officinalis (pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold, garden marigold, English marigold, or Scottish marigold)[2] is a plant in the genusCalendula of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to southern Europe, though its long history of cultivation makes its precise origin unknown, and it may possibly be of garden origin. It is also widely naturalised further north in Europe (north to southern England) and elsewhere in warm temperate regions of the world.

Calendula officinalis is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial, growing to 80 cm (31 in) tall, with sparsely branched lax or erect stems. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 5–17 cm (2–7 in) long, hairy on both sides, and with margins entire or occasionally waved or weakly toothed. The inflorescences are yellow, comprising a thick capitulum or flowerhead 4–7 cm diameter surrounded by two rows of hairy bracts; in the wild plant they have a single ring of ray florets surrounding the central disc florets. The disc florets are tubular and hermaphrodite, and generally of a more intense orange-yellow colour than the female, tridentate, peripheral ray florets. The flowers may appear all year long where conditions are suitable. The fruit is a thorny curved achene.

Uses：Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add color to salads or added to dishes as a garnish and in lieu of saffron. The leaves are edible but are often not palatable. They have a history of use as a potherb and in salads.

　　Flowers were used in ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb as well as a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. Many of these uses persist today. They are also used to make oil that protects the skin.

【学名】Tagetes erecta

【别名】臭芙蓉、臭菊，

【科属】菊科、万寿菊属

【产地与分布】原产墨西哥及中美洲地区，各地广为栽培。

【形态态特征】万寿菊为一年生草花。茎粗壮直立，株高20～90cm，具细棱线。叶对生或互生，羽状全裂，裂片披针形或长椭圆形，有油腺。头状花序顶生，总梗长，舌状花呈黄、乳白、橘红或橙黄色，有长爪，边缘稍皱曲，多重瓣。花期6～10月份，瘦果黑色有光泽。!阴，较耐干旱，对土壤要求不严格，

【生物学习性】万寿菊喜温暖、阳光，稍耐早霜和喜肥，耐移植且生长迅速，但在多湿、酷暑下生长不良。

【繁殖】万寿菊主要采用播种繁殖，部分大花重瓣或多倍体品种需要进行扦插繁殖。播种繁一般在2～4月份进行，播种出苗容易，不需特殊管理，播后70～100d开花，可按需要推算播种日。种子退化严重，最好购买商品F。代种子。扦插繁殖可在5～6月份进行，选取粗壮嫩枝直播露鱼，插后保持水分，很快生根成活，一般2周生根，1个月后开花。

【应用】用于栽植花坛、花境、林缘或作切花，亦可作盆栽观赏。

Tagetes erecta, the Mexican marigold, also called Aztec marigold, is a species of the genus Tagetes native to Mexico. Despite its being native to the Americas, it is often called African marigold. In Mexico, this plant is found in the wild in thestates of State of México, Puebla, and Veracruz.

This plant reaches heights of between 50 and 100 cm (20 and 39 in). The Aztecs gathered the wild plant as well as cultivating it for medicinal, ceremonial and decorative purposes. It is widely cultivated commercially with many cultivars in use as ornamental plants, and for the cut-flower trade.

Its flower, the cempasúchil is also called the flor de muertos ("flower of the dead") in Mexico and is used in the Día de los Muertos celebration every 2 November. The word cempazúchitl (also spelled cempasúchil) comes from the Nahuatl term for the flower cempohualxochitl, literally translated as "twenty flower". In Thai language it is called ดาวเรือง [DaoRuang], literally translated as "star glittering".^{[citation needed]} Water infused with the fragrant essential oil of the flower was used to wash corpsesin Honduras, and the flower is still commonly planted in cemeteries.

Since prehispanic times, this plant has been used for medicinal purposes.^{[citation needed]} The Cherokee used it as a skin wash and for yellow dye. This marigold may help protect certain crop plants from nematode pests when planted in fields.It is most effective against the nematode species Pratylenchus penetrans.

The ray florets have been used in lettuce salads and other foods to add colour and flavour. The dried flower petals, ground to a powder, may be used in poultry feed to ensure a good colouration of egg yolks and broiler skin, especially in the absence of well-pigmented yellow maize in the feed.^[11] This is still a use today, but now usually in the form of an extract which may have advantages of lower transport and storage cost, better stability and better utilization. It is also used to enhance coloring in crustaceans,^[8] such as the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei).

The oil of the flower may be added to perfumes to infuse an apple scent into them.

Today, T. erecta is grown to extract lutein, a common yellow/orange food colour .

    【学名】Celosia cristata

    【别名】鸡冠、凤尾，

    【科属】苋科、青葙属

    【产地与分布】原产非洲、美洲热带和印度，世界各地广为栽培。

    【形态特征】鸡冠花为一年生草本花卉。茎直立粗壮，株高20～150cm，通常有分枝或茎枝愈合为一。叶互生，有叶柄，长卵形或卵状披针形，全缘或有缺刻，有绿、黄绿及红等颜色，与花色相关。花顶生或侧生叶腋，花序有鸡冠状的头状花序(鸡冠)及羽毛状的穗状花序f凤尾)，花色多彩，具丝绒光泽，有红、橙、红黄相杂(五彩变种)、黄、淡绿、白等色，花期7～10份月份。种子黑色而有光泽。

    【生物习性】鸡冠花为短日照植物，生长期喜高温、全光照且空气干燥的环境，耐干旱，不耐寒。喜深厚肥沃、湿润、呈弱酸性的沙质壤土，怕涝，忌黏湿土壤。

    【繁殖】鸡冠花通常采用播种繁殖。春播夏季开花，夏播秋冬开花。其种子极小，播后覆土要薄或不覆土，保持土壤湿润约一周后即町发芽。种子自播能力强，生活力可保持4～5年。

    【应用】鸡冠花形象动人，色彩鲜艳，是节日摆花的优良植物，可盆栽观赏或作花坛布置，亦可作切花之用。

Celosia cristata is a member of the genus Celosia, and is commonly known as cockscomb, since the flower looks like the head on a rooster (cock). The plants are hardy and resistant to most diseases, and grow equally well indoors or out, though the perfect place is one with no shade and a well drained soil, as the plant is susceptible to fungal diseases. The plant is used frequently as an ornamental plant indoors. Their leaves and flowers can be used as vegetables. They are often grown as foods in India, Western Africa, and South America.

百曰草(Zinnia elegans Jacq)又名节节高、百日菊、对叶梅，为菊科百日草属一年生草本花卉。原产南美洲，墨西哥为分布中心，现世界各地广泛为栽培。

百日草茎直立，全株具柔毛，叶对生，头状花序单生枝顶，品种多，花有红、橙、粉、白、绿及复色，花型及大小、株高各异。百日草耐干旱，不耐寒，喜温暖、光照充足，亦可耐半阴，耐干旱瘠薄，但在排水良好、疏松肥沃的土壤中生长开花好。一般采用播种繁殖，管理粗放，比一般草花生长敷短，又全年有花可赏，是花坛布置及切花的好材料。

Zinnia elegans, known as youth-and-age, common zinnia or elegant zinnia, an annual flowering plant of the genus Zinnia, is one of the best known zinnias. It is native to Mexico but grown as an ornamental in many places and naturalised in several places including scattered locations in South and Central America, the West Indies, the United States, Australia, and Italy.

The uncultivated plant grows to about 30 in (76 cm) in height. It has solitary flower heads about 2 inches (5 cm) across. The purple ray florets surround black and yellow discs. The lanceolate leaves are opposite the flower heads.

半支莲(Portulaca grandiflora)俗名死不了、太阳花、大花马齿苋、松叶牡丹，是马齿苋科马齿苋属一年牛肉质草本花卉。原产于南美巴西、阿根廷等地，中国各地广为栽培。

半支莲植株矮小，具匍匐性。叫1、摹多肉质，叶长椭圆形，瓦生。花开于枝条顶端，有红、橙、桃红、黄、白等花色。每朵花只在上1二绽开1次，午后即闭合，但通过摘心可促进分枝数量增多，开花不断，花期从春末至初冬。半支莲喜温暖、阳光充足、干燥的环境，耐土壤瘠薄，但以排水良好的沙壤最宜，在半荫处及阳光不足处生氏不良。÷F支莲能自播繁衍，主要采用播种繁殖，也可扦插繁殖，耐粗放管理。半支莲植株低矮、繁花似锦，花色丰富而鲜艳，是栽植毛毡式花坛的良好材料，也可作大面积花坛、花境的镶边。

Portulaca grandiflora, (Urdu: گل دوپہری‎) is a flowering plant in the family Portulacaceae, native to Argentina, southern Brazil, and Uruguay and often cultivated in gardens. It has many common names, including rose moss, eleven o'clock, Mexican rose, moss rose, Vietnam Rose, sun rose, rock rose, and moss-rose purslane.^{[citation needed]}

It is also seen in South Asia and widely spread in most of the cities with old 18th- and 19th-century architecture in the Balkans. In Pakistan it is called Gul Dopheri, meaning After Noon Flower, as flowers bloom whole after noon in summer's heat. In Bangladesh, it is called "time fuul", meaning "time flower", because the flower has a specific time to bloom. In India, it is called "nau bajiya"or "9 o'clock flower" as it blooms in morning around 9:00 am. In the Philippines, it is called uru-alas dose or like twelve o'clock because it loses its bloom by noon. In Vietnam, it is called"hoa mười giờ" meaning "ten o'clock flower", because the flower is usually in full bloom at 10:00 in the morning. Its buds are often chewed by small birds like the house sparrow.

It is a small, but fast-growing annual plant growing to 30 cm tall, though usually less. However if it is cultivated properly it can easily reach this height. The leaves are thick and fleshy, up to 2.5 cm long, arranged alternately or in small clusters. The flowers are 2.5–3 cm diameter with five petals, variably red, orange, pink, white, and yellow

风仙花(Impatiens balsamina L.)也叫指甲花、小桃红.是风仙花科凤仙花属一年生草本花卉。原产中国及东南亚，现世界各地均有栽培。

风仙花株高30～60cm，茎肉质，直立。叶互生，叶片狭披针形，叶缘有细锯齿。花生于叶腋，萼片3枚，花瓣5枚，有两对合生似3片，或成重瓣，花色有紫、红、橙、白及双色夹杂等，品种有高矮及重瓣花、单瓣花之分。花期6～9月，果实纺锤形，成熟时鼓胀成圆形，一触即将种子弹山，种子圆形，黄褐色。风仙花性喜热畏寒，喜阳光充足及疏松肥沃微带酸性的土壤，适应性强，但不耐涝，不需特殊管理，一般采用播种繁殖，且能自播繁殖。风仙花花期长，花色艳丽，盆栽及花坛种植均很美丽，可供五一节、国庆节摆花。

Impatiens balsamina (garden balsam, garden jewelweed, rose balsam, spotted snapweed, touch-me-not) is a species of Impatiens native to southern Asia in India, Bangladesh and Burma.

It is an annual plant growing to 20–75 cm tall, with a thick, but soft stem. The leaves are spirally-arranged, 2.5–9 cm long and 1–2.5 cm broad, with a deeply toothed margin. The flowers are pink, red, mauve, lilac, or white, and 2.5–5 cm diameter; they are pollinated by bees and other insects, and also by nectar-feeding birds. The ripe seed capsules undergo explosive dehiscence.

Different parts of the plant are used as traditional remedies for disease and skin afflictions. Juice from the leaves is used to treat warts and snakebite, and the flower is applied to burns. This species has been used as indigenous traditional medicine in Asia for rheumatism, fractures, and other ailments. In Korean folk medicine, this impatiens species is used as a medicine called bongseonhwa dae (봉선화대) for the treatment of constipation and gastritis. Chinese used the plant to treat those bitten by snakes or who ingested poisonous fish. Juice from the stalk, pulverised dried stalks, and pastes from the flowers were also used to treat a variety of ailments.Vietnamese wash their hair with an extract of the plant to stimulate hair growth. One in vitro study found extracts of this impatiens species, especially of the seed pod, to be active against antibiotic-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori.It is also an inhibitor of 5α-reductases, enzymes that reduce testosteronelevels.

In Korea, the flowers are used to produce an orange nail varnish.

雏菊(Bellis perennis)又名春菊、延命菊，为菊科雏菊属多年生草本花卉，多作一二年生栽培。原产欧洲、西亚及北非，现世界各地均有栽培。

植株矮小，高度仅为1 5～20cm，全身被毛，叶基生。花单生，花梗长15cm，花瓣条形、平展，有白、桃红、红各色，花期4～6月份。雏菊性耐寒，可在一3℃条件下越冬，怕暑热，宜冬季温和而夏季凉爽的气候，喜肥沃、湿润而排水良好的土壤。雏菊常用种子繁殖，为保持纯种，在夏季凉爽的地区也可采用分株法繁殖。雏菊耐移栽，若加强花期管理可开花不断。雏菊花小巧而整齐，植株丰花，花期长，为优良的早春花卉，可用来装饰花坛、花带和花境，也可盆栽观赏或用来装点岩石园。

Bellis perennis is a common European species of daisy, of the Asteraceae family, often considered the archetypal species of that name.

Many related plants also share the name "daisy", so to distinguish this species from other daisies it is sometimes qualified as common daisy, lawn daisy or English daisy. Historically, it has also been commonly known as bruisewort and occasionally woundwort (although the common name woundwort is now more closely associated withStachys (woundworts)). Bellis perennis is native to western, central and northern Europe, but widely naturalised in most temperate regions including the Americas　and Australasia.

虞美人(Papaver rhoeas)又名丽春花，为罂粟科罂粟属二年生草花。原产欧洲和业洲，现全球广为栽培。

虞美人植株高80cm左右，全株均被糙毛，茎具乳汁，叶互生，羽状分裂。花单生枝顶，4瓣或重瓣，纸质而有光彩，呈红、紫、粉、白等色，花期4～5月份。虞美人性喜阳光充足、通风良好和排水好的沙质壤土。虞美人常播种繁殖，根系深长、不耐移栽，宜直播，若需移栽则选择阴天先浇透水后再移植，注意勿伤根，并带土移植。虞美人常作花坛、盆花及切花栽培。

Papaver rhoeas (common names include common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy,Flanders poppy or red poppy) is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family, Papaveraceae. This poppy is notable as an agricultural weed (hence the common names including "corn" and "field") and after World War I as a symbol of dead soldiers.

Before the advent of herbicides, P. rhoeas sometimes was so abundant in agricultural fields that it could be mistaken for a crop. However, the only species of Papaveraceae grown as a field crop on a large scale is Papaver somniferum, the opium poppy.

羽衣甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var.acephala)也叫叶牡丹、花菜，为十字花科甘蓝属(芸薹属)二年生草本花卉，原产西欧，现中国各地广为栽培。

羽衣甘蓝植株高30～60cm，茎直立，叶宽大成细波皱叠，层层密包旱球形，似包心甘蓝，叶多复色，为观赏部分。羽衣甘蓝耐寒性强，喜阳光充足和肥沃、湿润土壤，若日照充足、通风良好则叶色更艳。羽衣甘蓝多播种繁殖，叶色叶形丰富，是花坛、花境的良好材料，也可盆栽观赏，供春节花展布置．

Brassica oleracea is the species of plant that includes many common foods as cultivars, includingcabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, collard greens, savoy, kohlrabi and kai-lan.

In its uncultivated form, it is known as wild cabbage. It is native to coastal southern and western Europe. Its high tolerance of salt and lime and its intolerance of competition from other plants typically restrict its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel,^[1] and the windswept coast on the western side of the Isle of Wight.

Wild B. oleracea is a tall biennial plant, forming a stout rosette of large leaves in the first year, the leaves being fleshier and thicker than those of other species of Brassica, adaptations to store water and nutrients in its difficult growing environment. In its second year, the stored nutrients are used to produce a flower spike 1 to 2 metres (3–7 ft) tall bearing numerous yellow flowers.

彩叶草(Coleus hybridus)俗名锦紫苏、洋紫苏、五彩苏、老来少，为唇形科锦紫苏属多年生草本花卉，常作一年生栽培。原产印度尼西亚，现世界各地均有栽培。

彩叶草茎四棱，少分枝。叶对生，菱状卵形，有粗锯齿，两面有软毛，叶具多种色彩，且富于变化，为观赏部分。彩叶草性喜高温、阳光充足及湿润的环境，要求疏松、肥沃、排水良好的土壤，夏季高温时应避免强光直射，以防叶片产生焦斑。彩叶草百丁常采用播种繁殖，对于叶色漂亮的品种也可用扦插繁殖。彩叶草叶色鲜艳，是花坛、花境的良好材料，也可盆栽观赏。

Distribution and habitat: Solenostemon scutellarioides is native to south east Asia and Malaysia. Growing to 60–75cm (24–30 inch) tall and wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen perennial, widely grown for its highly decorative variegated leaves. It has been assiduously hybridized over the years into a very large number of vegetative propagated and seed propagated strains with an almost infinite number of leaf color combinations including most colors of the spectrum except true blue.

蜀葵(Amlaea rosea)又名蜀季花、端午锦、一丈红，为锦葵科蜀葵属多年生草本花卉，常作二年生栽培。原产中国西南部，现世界各地广为栽培。

蜀葵茎秆直立，高可达3m，全株被毛，叶大、互生、叶片粗糙有皱，圆心脏形，花大，单生l小腋或聚成项生总状花序，花径8～12cm，花有红、粉，黄、白等色，花期6～8月份。蜀葵性耐寒，喜向阳及排水良好的肥沃土壤，华北地区可露地越冬。蜀葵常用播种繁殖，也可以用扦插或分株繁殖，分株繁殖宜在花开后进行，扦插多用于优良品种，利用基部发生的萌芽进行扦插。蜀葵生长健壮，管理粗放，一旦种植，不需特殊养护。蜀葵花色丰富，花大而重瓣性强，园林中多用于花坛的背景材料、家庭栽培可用于墙边、篱边绿化及盆栽观赏，其花瓣含有的紫色素可作食品及饮料的着色剂，且全株均可入药，有清热凉血之效。

It was imported into western Europe from southwestern Asia and the Balkans during, or possibly before, the 15th century.[1] William Turner, a herbalist of the time, gave it the name "holyoke" from which the English name derives.

Alcea rosea is variously described as a biennial (having a two-year life cycle), as an annual, or as a short-livedperennial. It frequently self-sows, which may create a perception that the plants are perennial. The plant may flower during its first year when sown early.^[3] It will grow in a wide range of soils, and can easily reach a height of about 8 feet (2.4 m).

The flowers are a range of colours from white to dark red, including pink, yellow and orange. Different colours prefer different soils. The darker red variety seems to favour sandy soils, while the lighter colour seems to favour clay soils. The plants are easily grown from seed, and readily self-seed. However, tender plants, whether young from seed or from old stock, may be wiped out by slugs and snails. The foliage is subject to attack fromrust (Puccinia malvacearum), which may be treated with fungicides. Commercial growers have reported that some closely related species (Alcea rugosa and Alcea ficifolia) are resistant to this fungus.

波斯菊(Cosmos bipinnatus)又名秋英、秋樱、大波斯菊、扫帚梅，为菊科波斯菊属(秋英属)一年生草本花卉，原产墨西哥，现世界各地均有栽培。

波斯菊株高60～150cm，茎直立，具沟纹，分枝较多。叶对生，2回羽状深裂，裂片稀疏，线状。头状花序顶生或腋牛，苞片‘绿色，披针形，舌状花顶端有3浅裂，花冠白、粉或紫红，花期6～10月份。波斯菊喜阳，耐干旱瘠薄‘}二壤，多采用播种繁殖，能大量自播繁衍。波斯菊性强健，耐粗放管理，若肥水过多，往往茎叶徒长而开花少，且易倒伏，可通过多次修剪促使其矮化。波斯菊花期长，可用于花丛、花坛及花境布置，或作花篱及基础栽植，并可用于切花栽培。

Cosmos bipinnatus, commonly called the garden cosmos or Mexican aster, is a medium-sized flowering herbaceous plant native to Mexico. The species and its varieties and cultivars are popular as an ornamental plant in temperate climate gardens. It naturalized in scattered locations across North America, South America, the West Indies, Italy, Australia, and Asia, where it is a garden escape (introduced species) and in some habitats becoming aweed.

Cosmos bipinnatus is considered a half-hardy annual, although plants may reappear via self-sowing for several years. The plant height varies from 2–4 ft (0.61–1.22 m). The cultivated varieties appear in shades of pink and purple as well as white. Its foliage is finely cut into threadlike segments. When flowering, the plant can become top heavy. This problem is alleviated when grown in groups, as the bipinnate leaves interlock, and the colony supports itself.

五色椒(Capsicum frufescens var．Cerasiforme)(Capsicum annuum var. conoides)又名樱桃椒、观赏椒、朝天椒、佛手椒、彩色椒、珍珠椒，为茄科辣椒属多年生草本花卉，常作一年生栽培。原产南、北美洲热带地区，现世界各地广为栽培。

五色椒植株高30～80cm，单叶互生，呈卵状披针形。花单生于叶腋，白色，果实直立或稍斜垂，呈锥形或球形，由于成熟度不同在同一植株上可呈现白、黄、橙、浅红、深红等不同颜色，花期7～10月份，果熟期8～11月份。五色椒生长强健，喜阳光、温暖和排水良好的肥沃土壤，但不耐寒，常采用播种繁殖。五色椒常用于盆栽观果，具强烈辛辣昧，可作食用。

Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus Capsicum native to southern North America and northern South America. This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety of shapes and sizes of peppers, both mild and hot, ranging from bell peppers to chili peppers. Cultivars are descended from the wild American bird pepper still found in warmer regions of the Americas. In the past some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many populations of C. annuum and there is no consistently recognizable C. frutescens species.

蒲包花(Calceolaria herbeohybrida)又名荷包花，为玄参科蒲包花属多年生草本花卉，多作一二年生栽培。原产墨西哥、秘鲁、智利一带，现世界各地均有栽培。

蒲包花株高20～40cm，茎叶有茸毛，叶片黄绿色。花形奇特，有二唇花冠，下唇膨胀，看上去像荷包，因此得名。其花色艳丽斑斓，有淡黄、橙红、乳白、紫等色，花茎3～4cm，花期2～5月份，果为蒴果。蒲包花属长日照植物，不耐寒，怕酷暑，喜冷凉、湿润和通风良好的环境，忌强光直射，要求疏松、透气性好并含丰富有机质的酸性土壤，忌大水与盆内积水，常采用播种繁殖，也可用嫩枝扦插繁殖。蒲包花观赏价值很高，多作为小型盆花供室内陈设，是中国早春、冬季盆栽的重要花卉。

Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group, also called Calceolaria ×herbeohybrida Voss, is a cultivar group of hybrids in the genus Calceolaria, derived from three species fromChile and Argentina, C. crenatiflora, C. corymbosa and C. cana.

Calceolaria Herbeohybrida Group hybrids are usually 30–45 cm (12 to 18 in) tall, sometimes smaller. They have soft stems and flowers can vary from yellow to red. There are a lot of cultivars including 'Gold Fever' with yellow flowers, 'Jewel Cluster' early flowering with mixed colours, 'Sunset mixed' with orange to red flowers, and 'Sunshine' with yellow flowers.

美女樱(Verbena hybrida)又名麻绣球、铺地锦，为马鞭草科马鞭草属多年生草本花卉，常作一二年生栽培。原产南美洲热带地区，现世界各地广为栽培。

美女樱植株高25cm，茎具四棱，全株被毛。叶对生，矩圆状卵形，边缘有缺刻状锯齿。穗状花序短而密生，花冠管状，先端5裂，呈白、粉、红、蓝或紫等色，花期4～11月份。美女樱喜阳光充足、湿润而肥沃的土壤，播种、扦插或压条均可繁殖，可作花坛、盆花及路边、池畔栽植观赏。

The leaves are usually opposite, simple, and in many species hairy, often densely so. The flowersare small, with five petals, and borne in dense spikes. Typically some shade of blue, they may also be white, pink, or purple, especially in cultivars.