第二节 观花乔木代表种类的识别与应用
一、木兰科
(一)鹅掌楸属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达40m,胸径1m以上。树冠阔卵形。树皮灰色,浅纵裂。小枝灰褐色。叶互生,似马褂状,长12~375px,具长柄,近基部有1对侧裂片,上部平截,叶背苍白色,有乳头状白粉点。花杯状,黄绿色,外面绿色较多而内方黄色较多;花被片9,清香。聚合果纺锤形,翅状小坚果钝尖。花期5~6月,果熟期10~11月。
【分布】:主要生长在长江流域以南。
【习性】:中性偏阴。喜温暖湿润气候,可耐一15℃的低温。在湿润、深厚、肥沃疏松的酸|生和微酸眭土上生长良好,不耐干旱贫瘠,忌积水。树干大枝易受雪压、日灼危害。对二氧化硫有一定抗性。生长较快,寿命较长。
【繁殖】:播种,扦插繁殖。
【用途】:叶形奇特,秋叶金黄,树形端正挺拔,是珍贵的庭荫树和很有发展前途的行道树。可丛植草坪,列植园路,或与常绿针、阔叶树混交成风景林效果都好。也可在居民新村、街头绿地配置各种花灌木点缀秋景。
Liriodendron chinense, the Chinese tulip poplar or Chinese tulip tree, is Asia's native species in the Liriodendron genus. This native of central and southern China grows in the provinces of Anhui, Guangxi, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Zhejiang, Sichuan and Yunnan, and also locally in northern Vietnam. Protected populations occur in the Tianmushan National Reserve, Huangshan, Wuyi Shan, and Badagongshan Nature Reserve。
(二)木兰属
1.木兰
【形态】:落叶乔木,高可达25m,树冠卵形。小枝淡灰褐色;冬芽大,密生灰绿色或灰绿黄色长绒毛。叶互生,宽倒卵形至倒卵形,先端圆宽,具短突尖,中部以下渐狭楔形,全缘。3月先叶开大型花,花顶生直立,钟状,白色,有清香。聚合果呈不规则圆柱形,9月果熟。种皮鲜红色。
【品种】:二乔玉兰MagnoliaXsoulangeana(Lindl.)Soul.Bod.,花先叶开放,外面淡紫色,内面白色;萼片3片,似花瓣状,长度与花瓣近等长,有时绿色。
【分布】:产于中国中部山野中,现国内外庭园常见栽培。为我国著名的传统观赏花卉,已有2500多年的栽培历史。上海市市花。
【习性】:喜光,稍耐阴,具较强的抗寒性。不耐盐碱,土壤贫瘠时生长不良,畏涝忌湿。对二氧化硫、氯和氟化氢等有毒气体有较强的抗性。寿命长,可达千年以上。
【繁殖】:可用播种、扦插、压条及嫁接等法繁殖。
【用途】:白玉兰先花后叶,花洁白、美丽且清香,早春开花时犹如雪涛云海,蔚为壮观。古时常在住宅的厅前院后配置,名为“玉兰堂”。亦可在庭园路边、草坪角隅、亭台前后或漏窗内外、洞f1N旁等处种植,孤植、对植、丛植或群植均可。
3.二乔玉兰
4.厚朴Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.
【形态】:落叶乔木。树皮厚,紫褐色,有辛辣味。幼枝淡黄色,有细毛,顶芽大,窄卵状圆锥形,长4~5cm,密被淡黄褐色绢毛。叶革质,倒卵形或倒卵状椭圆形,长20~1125px,宽12~625px,下面有白霜,幼时密被灰色毛。花叶同放,白色芳香;花被片厚肉质;花丝红色。聚合蓇葖果长椭圆状卵圆形,木质,顶有外弯椽;种子倒卵圆形,有鲜红色外种皮。
【变种】:凹叶厚朴var.BibaLaw,叶先端凹缺,成2钝圆的浅裂片,聚合果基部较窄。
【分布】:我国特有的珍贵树种,在北亚热带地区分布较广,分布于长江流域和陕西、甘肃南部。
【习性】:性喜光,但能耐侧方庇荫,喜湿温、排水良好的酸性土壤。
【繁殖】:可用播种法繁殖,亦可用分蘖法繁殖。
【用途】:叶大荫浓,花大而美丽,可作庭荫树、观赏树、行道树栽培。
Magnolia officinalis (commonly called houpu magnolia or magnolia-bark) is a species of Magnolia native to the mountains and valleys of China at altitudes of 300–1500 m.
It is a deciduous tree growing to 20 m in height. The bark is thick and brown, but does not fissure. The leaves are broad, ovate, 20–40 cm long, and 11–20 cm broad. Theflowers are fragrant and 10–15 cm wide, with 9-12 (rarely to 17) white tepals, and appear from May to June.
The highly aromatic bark is stripped from the stems, branches, and roots and used in
The highly aromatic bark is stripped from the stems, branches, and roots and used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it is known as hou po (thus the common name). The traditional use indications are to eliminate damp and phlegm, and relieve distension.
Today, the bulk of bark used for commercial and domestic use is supplied by plants in cultivation.
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高达10m。叶宽椭圆形或倒卵状长圆形,长6~375px,叶膜质,宽倒卵形或倒卵形,表面绿色,背面苍白色,被白粉和短柔毛,侧脉6~8对。花单生枝顶,花柄颇长,先叶后花,花瓣白色,略呈杯状,盛开时随风飘荡,芳香扑鼻,宛如天女散花,故名天女花。花期6月~7月中旬,果熟期9月。
【分布】:产于我国辽宁及日本。
【习性】:喜凉爽、湿润的环境和深厚、肥沃的土壤。适生于阴坡和湿润山谷。畏高温、干旱和碱性土壤。
【繁殖】:用播种繁殖。
【用途】:株形美观,枝叶茂盛,花色美丽,具长花梗,随风招展,犹如天女散花。为著名的庭园观赏树种。花可入药。
【形态】:常绿乔木,树冠阔圆锥形,高达16m。树皮暗灰色,不裂。小枝、叶下面及叶柄密被褐色短绒毛。单叶,互生,厚革质,椭圆形或长圆状椭圆形,先端钝圆,上面深绿而有光泽,背被锈色绒毛,叶缘略反卷。花白色,芳香,径15~500px,花被片12,厚肉质,倒卵形。花期5~6月,果期10月。
【变种】:披针叶广玉兰var.1anceolataAit.,叶长椭圆状披针形,叶背毛稀少。
【分布】:原产美洲,我国长江以南多栽培。
【习性】:喜光,喜温暖湿润气候及肥沃土壤,不耐碱土。对多种有毒气体及烟尘抗性强,很少有病害。
【繁殖】:嫁接,以玉兰和木笔为砧,亦可播种。
【用途】:树形高大,树姿雄伟壮丽,枝叶浓密,叶大质厚而有光泽,花大而芳香,初夏开放,为优良的环保庭院树,在厂矿、庭园、公园、游乐园、墓地均可采用。大树可孤植草坪中,或列植于通道两旁。中小型者,可群植于花台上。北京大觉寺、颐和园、碧云寺等处均配植于古建筑间。与西式建筑尤为协调,故在西式庭园中较为适用。
Magnolia grandiflora, commonly known as the southern magnolia or bull bay, is a tree of the family Magnoliaceae native to the southeastern United States, from coastal North Carolina to central Florida, and west to East Texas and Oklahoma. Reaching 27.5 m (90 ft) in height, it is a large, striking evergreen tree with large, dark green leaves up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long and 12 cm (4.7 in) wide, and large, white, fragrant flowers up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter. Although endemic to the lowland subtropical forests on the Gulf and south Atlantic coastal plain, magnolia grandiflora is widely cultivated in warmer areas around the world. The timber is hard and heavy, and has been used commercially to make furniture, pallets, and veneer.
(三)观光木属
观光木
观光木Tsoongiodendron odorum Chun木兰科
(别名:香花木、宿轴木兰)
【形态】:常绿乔木,高达25m,胸径lm;树皮淡灰褐色,具深皱纹。小枝:芽叶柄、叶下面和花梗被黄棕色糙状毛。叶互生,全缘,椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形,长8~18cm,宽4~8cm,先端渐尖或钝,基部楔形,中脉被柔毛:叶柄长1.2—2.5cm。花被片9,3轮。外果皮暗绿色,花期3~4月,果期9~10月。
【识别要点】:托叶与叶柄贴生,托叶痕几达叶柄中部。花两性,淡紫红色,芳香,单生叶腋。聚合蓇葖果长椭圆形,下垂,长10,18cm,径7。9cm,厚木质,成熟时沿背缝线开裂。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润气候及深厚肥沃的土壤。多生于砂页岩的山地黄壤或红壤上,pH4—6。弱阳性树种,幼龄耐阴,长大喜光,根系发达。有较强萌生能力。
【繁育】:播种繁殖。
【园林用途】:1.园景树。我国特有的古老子遗濒危树种。为国家二级保护植物。树干挺直,树冠浓密,花多美丽、芳香,在高速公路、风景区、公园、庭园,孤植、丛植观赏。2.群植片林建风景林观赏。3.孤植或群植做庭荫树。4.列檀做行道树。
(四)木莲属
【形态】:常绿乔木,高达20m,树冠椭圆形至半球形。树皮灰褐色,平滑,皮孔明显。幼枝及芽有红褐色短毛,有皮孔和环状纹。叶互生,窄倒卵形或倒披针形,先端急尖或短渐尖,基部楔形。叶全缘,绿色有光泽,厚革质,背面苍绿色或有白粉。单生枝顶,白色,肉质,似莲花而具清香。聚合果红色,卵圆形。花期5月,果期9月。
【分布】:产长江以南。长江中下游各省有栽培,常生长在酸性土上。
【习性】:中性偏阴树种,幼年喜阴,大树可忍受全光,但在侧方庇荫处生长最佳,喜温暖湿润气候及肥沃的酸性土壤,不耐寒。
【繁殖】:播种育苗为主,扦插、嫁接辅之。
【用途】:树干通直高大,树冠混圆,枝叶并茂,绿荫如盖,典雅清秀,初夏盛开玉色花朵,秀丽动人,聚合果深红色,具有较高的观赏价值。于草坪、庭园或名胜古迹处孤植、群植,能起到绿荫庇夏,寒冬如春的功效。
(五)含笑属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达20m,盆栽通常高3~4m,常绿,叶片长圆,单叶互生,青绿色,革质有光泽,长椭圆形。其花蕾好像毛笔的笔头,瓣有8枚,自如皑雪,生于叶腋之问;花白色或略带黄色,花瓣肥厚,长披针形,有浓香,花期长,6~月开花不断。
【分布】:原产喜马拉雅地区。现华南有栽培,北京及黄河流域以南均有盆栽。
【习性】:喜光不耐阴,喜温暖湿润和通风良好的环境。不耐干又不耐湿。喜富含腐殖质、排水良好、疏松肥沃、微酸性的砂质土壤。肉质根,怕积水,冬季温度不低于5℃。
【繁殖】:常用压条和嫁接繁殖,很少采用扦插、播也有小型植株。树皮灰白,幼枝种繁殖。
【用途】:株形直立有分枝,落落大方。在南方可露地庭院栽培,是南方园林中的骨干树种,可作庭荫树,行道树栽植。北方盆栽,可布置庭院、厅堂、会议室,中小型植株可陈设于客厅、书房。因其惧怕烟熏,应放在空气流通处。除了可以花叶齐观,作为一种香料植物,白兰花还可以兼做香料和药用。
学名:Michelia champaca
别名:黄玉兰、黄缅桂
科属:木兰科含笑属
形态特征:常绿乔木。叶互生,叶片薄革质,披针状卯形或针状长椭圆形,托叶痕达叶柄中部以上,先端长渐尖,基部宽楔形,全缘。花单生于叶腋,花橙黄色,极香。蓇葖果倒卵状长圆形。花期9~12月,果期11月~翌年3月。
产地:产于我国西藏、云南等省区,印度、缅甸及越南也有分布。
习性:喜高温、高湿环境,喜光。喜疏松肥沃的壤土。
Magnolia champaca, known in English as champak, is a large evergreen tree in the Magnoliaceae family. It was previously classified as Michelia champaca. It known for its fragrant flowers, and its timber used in woodworking.
3.含笑Michelia figo(ur.)Spreng.
【形态】:常绿灌木或小灌木,高达3~5m,由紧密的分枝组成圆形树冠。树皮灰褐色,小枝有环状托叶痕。嫩枝、芽、叶、柄、花梗均密生锈色绒毛。单叶互生,革质,椭圆形或倒卵形,先端渐尖或尾尖,基部楔形,全缘,叶面有光泽,叶背中脉上有黄褐色毛,叶背淡绿色。花单生于叶腋,4~5月开花,花乳黄色,瓣缘常具紫色,有香蕉型芳香。
【分布】:原产华南广东、福建等亚热带地区。现在从华南至长江流域各省均有栽培。
【习性】:喜阴,喜温暖、湿润环境,不甚耐寒。不耐干燥贫瘠,喜排水良好、肥沃深厚的微酸性土壤,在碱性土中生长不良,易发生黄化病。
【繁殖】:以扦插为主,也可用播种、分株、压条等方法繁殖。
【用途】:自然长成圆形,枝密叶茂,四季常青。本种为名贵芳香花木,可陈设于室内或阳台、庭院等较大空间内。亦可适于在小游园、花园、公园或街道上成丛种植,可配植于草坪边缘或稀疏林丛之下,使游人在休息之中常得芳香气味的享受。
Magnolia figo (also called banana shrub, port wine magnolia, Michelia figo) is an evergreen tree growing to 3–4 m tall. It is native to China.
Initially described as by Portuguese missionary and naturalist João de Loureiro as Liriodendron figo, it was reclassified as Michelia figo by German botanist Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel. In 2006, a cladistic analysis of the genus Michelia found them to lie within the genus Magnolia, with the name now being Magnolia figo.
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens for its fragrant flowers, which are cream-white, purple rounded, or light-purple, and strongly scented with isoamyl alcohol.[1] The leaves are leathery, dark glossy-green, up to 10 cm long. This plant is used in Shanghai, China, as a tall evergreen hedge. It grows to a large evergreen compact tree. It grows in acid and alkaline soil very well. Susceptible to black soot.
二、樟科
月桂属
【形态】:常绿小乔木,高可达72m,树冠卵形。小枝绿色。叶长椭圆形至广披针形,长4~cm,先端渐尖,基部楔形,全缘,常呈波状,表面暗绿色,有光泽,背面淡绿色,革质,揉碎有醇香;叶柄带紫色。花小,黄色,成聚伞状花序簇生于叶腋,4月开放。核果椭圆形,9~10月成熟,黑色或暗紫色。
【分布】:为亚热带树种,原产地中海一带,我国长江流域以南多有栽培。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润气候,喜光耐阴,稍耐寒,可耐短时一8~一6℃低温。耐干旱,怕水涝。适生于土层深厚、排水良好、肥沃湿润的砂质壤土,不耐盐碱。萌生力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖】:以扦插、播种繁殖为主。
【用途】:月桂四季常青,树姿优美,有浓郁香气,适于在庭院、建筑物前栽植,其斑叶者,尤为美观。住宅前院用作绿墙分隔空间,隐蔽遮挡,效果也好。
Laurus nobilis is an aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub with green, glabrous leaves, in the flowering plant family Lauraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region and is used as bay leaf for seasoning in cooking. It's common names include bay laurel, sweet bay, bay (esp. United Kingdom),:84 true laurel, Grecian laurel,laurel tree or simply laurel. Laurus nobilis figures prominently in classical Greek, Roman, and Biblical culture.
Worldwide, many other kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel", generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to Laurus nobilis, and the full name is used for the California bay laurel (Umbellularia), also in the family Lauraceae.
三、蔷薇科
(一)山楂属
【形态】:小乔木,高达6m。植株多分枝,树皮暗棕色,枝条无刺或少刺,小枝紫褐色。叶片三角状卵形或菱状卵形,4~9羽状深裂,裂片卵状披针形,叶面浓绿色有光泽,边缘有稀疏不规则的锯齿;托叶不规则半圆形或卵形,边缘有粗齿。花白色,伞房花序顶生或腋生。梨果近球形,深红色或橘红色、黄色,有较多的浅色小斑点。花期5~6月,果期9~10月。
【变种】:山里红(大山楂)var.majorN.E.Br.,小枝无毛,叶较大而厚,3~5羽状浅裂;托叶大,有锯齿。伞房花序,花白色或稍带红晕。梨果较大,球形,深亮红色,有浅色斑点。
【分布】:中国特产,主产山东,分布东北牡丹江中南部地区、西北、华北、华东、云南、广西等地。朝鲜半岛及西伯利亚地区也有分布。
【习性】:喜光稍耐阴;耐一48.1℃的低温;耐旱,耐涝,耐瘠薄;抗病,抗风。在排水良好、湿润的砂质壤土上生长最好。在低洼和碱性地生长不良。根系发达,萌蘖性强,生长旺盛。
【繁殖】:播种、分株、扦插、嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:树冠整齐,初夏白花点点,秋日红果累累,是观花、观果和园林结合生产的良好绿化树种,可作庭荫树和园路树。宜在公园、坡地孤植或群植,用作城市观果树,也可作绿篱栽培。还可作为山区绿化造林和水土保持林树种。果、根可入药。
(二)枇杷属
【形态】:因叶片似琵琶而得名。常绿小乔木,高达10m。小枝、叶背及花序均密被锈色绒毛。叶粗大革质,具短柄或无柄,常为倒卵状长椭圆形,先端尖,基部楔形,锯齿粗钝,侧脉11~21对,表面多皱有光泽。花小,5瓣,基部有爪,白色芳香;圆锥花序顶生。梨果球形或长椭圆形,外面有锈色茸毛,黄色或橙黄色。10~12月开花,翌年5~6月果熟。
【分布】:分布于甘肃、陕西、河南及长江流域,南方各地多作果树栽培,浙江塘栖、江苏太湖及福建莆田都是枇杷的有名产地。
【习性】:喜光稍耐侧阴。喜温暖、湿润的环境,较耐寒,冬季花期不低于一5C。对土壤的适应性很强,但喜排水良好、表土富含腐殖质、地下水位低的微酸性或中性土壤。花期忌风,幼果期畏霜冻。抗二氧化硫及烟尘。深根性,生长慢,寿命长。
【繁殖】:播种、嫁接(实生苗或石楠做砧木)繁殖为主,亦可高枝压条。
【用途】:树形宽大整齐,叶大荫浓,特别是冬日白花盛开,初夏硕果累累,可呈“树繁碧玉簪,柯叠黄金丸”之景。在庭院中常作绿篱及基础种植材料,也可丛植或孤植于池畔、亭隅、草地边缘或园路转角处。果枝还是瓶插的好材料,橙红果可经久不落。叶、果可药用。
The loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) (Chinese:枇杷; pinyin: pi pa) is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, a native to the cooler hill regions of China to south-central China. It is also quite common in Japan, Korea, and some can be found in some Northern part of the Philippines, and hill country in Sri Lanka.
It is a large evergreen shrub or tree, grown commercially for its yellow fruit, and also cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Eriobotrya japonica was formerly thought to be closely related to the genus Mespilus, and is still sometimes known as the Japanese medlar. It is also known as Japanese plum[4] and Chinese plum, also known as pipa in China.
(三)花楸属
【形态】:乔木,高达20m。树皮灰色光滑,小枝具灰白色皮孔,幼时微被柔毛,2年生枝暗红褐色,老枝暗灰褐色;鳞芽卵形红褐色。叶卵形至椭圆状卵形,基部广楔形或微心形,先端短渐尖,缘具不规则重锯齿,有时微浅裂;幼叶两面具疏柔毛,侧脉直达叶缘齿端;托叶披针形细长有齿,早落。复伞房花序有小花6~25朵;花瓣卵形白色;雄蕊短于花瓣;花柱2,比雄蕊短。果实椭圆形,红或黄色,有白粉;残留萼痕圆,明显。花期5月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:分布于长江流域、黄河流域及东北中南部。朝鲜、日本也有分布。
【习性】:耐阴,耐寒。喜湿润排水良好的微酸性或中性土壤。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。
【用途】:树体高大,干直光滑,树冠圆锥形,叶形美观,春季开花雪白,秋季叶片变黄后转红,果实累累,红黄相问,为优良观赏树种。宜群植于山岭形成风景林,也可作公园及庭院的风景树。果实可食,味酸甜。木材坚韧,可作各种器具、刨床、车辆;树皮可作染料。
【形态】:乔木或大灌木,高可达5m。干皮紫灰褐色,光滑,小枝粗壮,灰褐色,具灰白色细小皮孔,幼时被绒毛;鳞芽形大,红褐色,被绒毛。奇数羽状复叶互生,小叶5~7对,卵状披针形,先端急尖,基部圆钝略偏斜,叶缘中部以上具细锐锯齿,两面多少有毛;托叶纸质,宽卵形,宿存。白色两性花呈顶生复伞房花序,花部有毛;雄蕊20枚,与花瓣近等长。梨果近球形,径6~Smm,红色,直立闭合萼片宿存。花期6月,果熟9~10月。
【分布】:东北、西北、华北地区均有野生或栽培分布。
【习性】:喜光稍耐阴,抗寒力强。根系发达,对土壤要求不严,适应性强。但在高温强光之处生长不良,栽种时应予注意。
【繁殖】:以播种为主。
【用途】:枝叶秀丽,冠形多姿,初夏白花。
(四)石楠属
【形态】:常绿灌木或小乔木,高达4~6m,干皮块状剥落,树冠圆球形。枝叶无毛,枝灰褐色。叶长椭圆至倒卵状椭圆形,表面绿色,幼叶红色;边缘疏生具腺细锯齿,近基部全缘。复伞房花序顶生,小花径6~200px,花瓣白色,近圆形。果实球形,红色,后呈褐紫色,光亮,萼宿存,种皮会自裂。花期4~5月,果期月。。
【品种】:红叶石楠(photinia×fraseri)是蔷薇科石楠属杂交种的统称,也被称为蔷薇科石楠属的栽培品种群,因新梢及新叶鲜红色而得名。在夏季高温时节,红叶石楠的叶片转为亮绿色,在炎炎夏日中给人以清新凉爽的感觉。是全球绿化树种中最为时尚的红叶系列树种,被誉为“红叶绿篱之王”。其栽培变种很多,目前我国花木界常见的红叶石楠有三个品种。红罗宾(RedRobin)、红唇(RedTip)由石楠(P.serrulata)与光叶石楠(P.glabra)杂交而成,是当今世界上主要流行品种,分布于华北大部、华东、华南及西南各省区。鲁宾斯(Rubens)从光叶石楠中选育而成,株型较小,一般高3m左右。叶片相对较小,一般为225px左右,叶片表面的角质层较薄,叶色亮红但亮度程度不如“红罗宾”。耐寒能力强,最低可达一18℃,适合在黄河流域以南的地区栽植。
【分布】:产中国秦岭以南各省,分布于我国淮河以南的平原、丘陵地区,华北地区有少量栽培,多呈灌木状,生长良好。日本、菲律宾、印度尼西亚也有分布。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润及阳光充足的环境,能耐短期一10℃低温,山东等地区能越冬;较耐阴,要求土层深厚、肥沃、排水良好的砂质土壤,也耐干旱瘠薄,能在石缝中生长;不耐水湿。萌芽力强,耐修剪,生长较慢。对烟尘和有毒气体有一定的抗性,且具隔音功能。
【繁殖】:以播种为主,也可扦插、压条、组织培养繁殖。
【用途】:石楠树冠球形,枝叶深密,春季新叶鲜红,人夏满树白花,秋冬又现红果红
叶,为美丽的观赏树种。适于孤植、丛植或作基础种植。低矮的灌木丛可与金叶女贞、红叶小檗、扶芳藤等组成美丽的图案。叶根可入药。南方地区常用作嫁接枇杷的砧木。
(五)木瓜属
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高10m。树皮灰色,片状剥落,新皮光滑,黄褐色。小枝紫红有棘刺状小枝;冬芽半圆形,先端圆钝无毛,紫褐色。叶长圆状卵形,先端急尖,有刺芒状锐锯齿,齿尖有腺点;嫩叶背面被绒毛;托叶具腺齿。花单生于有叶嫩枝的叶腋,淡红、白色或白色带有红彩,芳香,果实如瓜,长椭圆形,长10~375px,暗黄色;果皮木质,芳香。果皮干燥后仍光滑,不皱缩故有光皮木瓜之称。花期4月,果熟期9~10月。
【分布】:主要分布在我国华东及湖北、江西等地,河南、河北也有栽培。
【习性】:喜光照充足,耐旱,耐瘠。要求土壤排水良好,不耐盐碱和低湿地。适于山区坡地栽培,常被选为优良的退耕还林树种。生长较慢。
【繁殖】:以播种繁殖为主,也可压条、扦插或嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:树冠开阔,树皮斑驳可爱,春花烂漫,人秋后金果满树,芳香袭人。宜孤植于庭院前后,对植于门厅人口处,丛植于草坪角隅,或与其他花木相配植。也可矮化盆栽。果香味独特,持久,既可泡酒,又是疗效显著的药材。近年来,木瓜树已成为国内许多高品位的别墅区与私家花园的首选景观树种,相继成为一些名园的镇园之宝。
Chaenomeles is a genus of three species of deciduous spiny shrubs, usually 1–3 m tall, in the family Rosaceae. They are native to Japan, Korea, China, Bhutan, and Burma. (Burmese: ချဉ်စော်ကား) These plants are related to the quince (Cydonia oblonga) and the Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis), differing in the serratedleaves that lack fuzz, and in the flowers, borne in clusters, having deciduous sepals and styles that are connate at the base.
The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, and have a serrated margin. The flowers are 3–4.5 cm diameter, with five petals, and are usually bright orange-red, but can be white or pink; flowering is in late winter or early spring. The fruit is a pome with five carpels; it ripens in late autumn.
Chaenomeles is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Brown-tail and the leaf-miner Bucculatrix pomifoliella.
(六)苹果属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达15m。于陛较弱,侧枝粗大,小枝幼时密生绒毛,紫褐色。叶椭圆形至卵形,先端尖,缘有圆钝锯齿,幼时两面有毛,后表面光滑。伞房花序,花3~7朵,花白色,未开放时呈粉红至紫红色,开时带红晕;花梗与萼均具灰白色绒毛,萼片长尖,宿存。果实近球形,果梗粗短,成熟时红色、黄色或绿色。花期4~5月,果期6~11月。
【分布】:原产欧洲东南部、小亚细亚及南高加索一带。现我国东北南部及华北、西北广为栽培。
【习性】:喜光照充足。喜夏季空气干燥、冬季气温冷凉的气候,耐一30℃的低温。对土壤要求不严,在富含有机质、土层深厚而排水良好的砂壤土中生长最好,树龄可达百年以上。对氯气及氯化氢气体抗性较差。
【繁殖】:嫁接繁殖,北方常用山荆子为砧木,华东则以湖北海棠为砧木。
【用途】:春季观花,白润晕红;秋时赏果,丰富色艳。可植于公园、绿地、庭园或列植于道路两侧,赏花食果。在适宜栽培的地区可配置成“苹果村”式的观赏果园。在街头绿地、居民区、宅院栽植一两株,使人们更多一种回归自然的情趣。
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高8m。小枝粗壮,幼时密被短柔毛,老枝灰褐色。叶长卵形或椭圆形,先端弯尖,基部广楔形,有细锐锯齿,幼时两面中脉及侧脉有柔毛。近伞形花序,花4~10朵;萼筒外面被柔毛,萼裂片三角状披针形;花瓣倒卵形或椭圆形,白色,未开放时粉红色;雄蕊20,花丝长短不齐,约为花瓣1/3;花柱4(5),基部有长绒毛,比雄蕊长。果梗细长;果实卵形红色,萼片宿存肥厚。花期4~5月,果期8~9月。
【分布】:主产我国华北,东北南部、内蒙古及西北也有。
【习性】:适应性强,喜光,抗寒抗旱,耐湿耐碱,对土壤要求不严。深根性,生长快,寿命长。
【繁殖】:播种或嫁接繁殖。‘
【用途】:花、果均很美丽,是优良庭院绿化树种。果味甘甜微酸,可鲜食或加工成蜜饯、果干等食用。此外,海棠果还可作苹果的优良耐寒、耐湿的砧木。
Malus prunifolia is a species of crabapple tree known by the common names plumleaf crab apple, plum-leaved apple, pear-leaf crabapple, Chinese apple and Chinese crabapple.[5] It is native to China, and is grown elsewhere for use as an ornamental tree or as rootstock. It reaches from between 3 and 8 meters tall and bears white flowers and yellow or red fruit.
It was described botanically by Willd. in the genus Pyrus, and transferred to Malus in 1803 to produce the nomenclatural treatment used here.
【形态】:乔木,高达10~14m;树冠阔圆形。小枝细弱。叶、叶柄、叶脉、花梗与萼筒均无毛。叶椭圆形或卵形,顶端渐尖,基部楔形或圆形,叶缘有细锐锯齿。花白色,伞形花序,集生于小枝顶端。果近球形,红色或黄色。花期4~6月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:产于我国华北、东北及内蒙古。
【习性】:适应性强,耐寒、耐旱力均强。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插、压条繁殖。 生于山坡杂木林中及山谷灌丛中。深根性。
【用途】:春天白花满树,秋季红果累累,经久不凋,甚为美观,可作为庭园观赏树种。果实可酿酒。在东北、华北可做苹果、花红、海棠等的砧木,还可做苹果的抗寒育种材料。
【形态】:落叶灌木或小乔木,是山荆子和海棠花的杂交种。树姿峭立,枝干平滑,紫褐色或暗褐色。小枝紫色,幼枝有细毛。锐,质薄。花3~7朵生于小枝顶端,叶互生,长椭圆形,基部楔形,先端渐尖,缘齿尖花梗略短而不下垂;花初放色浓。
【品种】:红花西府海棠CV.Plena,花深粉红色,重瓣。
【分布】:原产于我国华东、华北部地区,各地有栽培。
【习性】:喜阳稍耐阴,耐寒性强。较耐干旱,但忌水涝。对土壤要求不严,以疏松、富含腐殖质、排水良好的砂质壤土为宜。萌芽力强。
【繁殖】:播种、嫁接、分株、压条、根插繁殖。
【用途】:树姿优美,春天花朵艳丽多彩,秋天红果缀满枝头,是著名的观赏树种。孤植、丛植、对植均相宜。
Malus × micromalus (also known as midget crabapple or Kaido crabapple), is a species in the genus Malus, in the family Rosaceae.
【形态】:落叶小乔木。树皮灰褐色,光滑。单叶互生,椭圆形至长椭圆形,先端略为渐尖,基部楔形,边缘有平钝齿,表面深绿色而有光泽,背面灰绿色并有短柔毛,叶柄细长;托叶披针形。花5~7朵簇生,伞形总状花序,未开时红色,开后渐变粉红;多为半重瓣,花瓣椭圆形或倒卵形,基部具短爪。梨果球形,黄绿色。花期4~5月,果期8~9月。
【变种】:我国海棠资源比较丰富,常见栽培的有两个变种:
(1)红海棠var.riversii,花型较大,粉红色,重瓣,叶较宽大。
(2)白海棠var.albi—Plena,花白色或微有红晕,重瓣。
【分布】:原产中国,分布于河北、河南、陕西、甘肃、山东、江苏、浙江、云南及四川等省区。
【习性】:喜阳,耐寒耐旱,但不耐水涝。喜深厚、肥沃及疏松土壤,也适沙滩地栽培,具有抗盐碱耐水湿的特性。在园林庭院栽植中应用较多,一株海棠的花期在10天以上。海棠花对二氧化硫有较强的抗性。
【繁殖】:以嫁接为主,砧木多用楸子和山荆子。也可压条或分株繁殖,播种法仅用于育种。
【用途】:春可观花,冬可观果;花团锦簇,是十分悦目的上等花木。在皇家园林中常与玉兰、牡丹、桂花相配植,形成“玉棠富贵”的意境。宜植于庭前、道旁、池畔,也可作盆景置于客厅,丛植、片植于绿地、风景区,或用多数种类、品种布置成专类海棠园、海棠大道。 明代《群芳谱》记载:海棠有四品。这里所说的四品指的是西府海棠、垂丝海棠、木瓜海棠和贴梗海棠。海棠花开娇艳动人,但一般的海棠花无香味,只有名贵的西府海棠香气怡人,艳冠群芳,是海棠中的上品。
Malus spectabilis (Chinese: 海棠, p hǎitáng) is a species of crabapple known by the common names Asiatic apple, Chinese crab, and Chinese flowering apple.
It is endemic to China, and native within the Provinces of Hebei, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高达5m。树冠疏散,开展,厚,缘齿细而钝,表面暗绿常带紫晕。花4~7朵簇生于小枝顶端,鲜玫瑰红色,花柱4~5;萼片紫色,先端钝;花梗细长下垂,紫色。果倒卵形,稍带紫色。花期3~4月,果熟期9~10月。
【变种】:
(1)重瓣垂丝海棠var.rarkmanii,花重瓣,色红艳。
(2)白花垂丝海棠var.spontanea,花朵较小,略近白色。
【分布】:原产于中国,山东、四川I、浙江、陕西等省均有分布,尤以四川最盛。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润气候,喜光;耐寒性不强,在北京地区加以围护可露地栽植;耐旱、忌水涝。
【繁殖】:嫁接或分株繁殖。
【用途】:花色艳丽,秋季红黄果实高悬枝间,恰似红灯点点,别具风姿。宜植于小径两旁,或孤植、丛植于草坪上,最宜植于水边,犹。
Malus halliana is an East Asian crabapple species of Malus, known by the common name Hall crabapple. Its Chinese name is chui si hai tang.
It is generally considered to be a native tree of China, although some authors maintain that it is native to Japan, and was introduced into China.
(七)梨属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高6~8m。树皮褐灰色,粗块状裂。小枝粗壮,灰褐色,幼时有绒毛。叶宽卵形或卵形,顶端渐尖,基部宽楔形,质地略厚,缘有圆钝锯齿,两面无毛;托叶条状披针形无毛。花瓣卵圆形,基部有短爪,白色,6~12朵呈伞形总状花序,无毛;披针形萼片外面无毛,内有绒毛;花柱2,少数3,无毛。梨果近球形,直径l~1.125px,无萼凹,萼片脱落,熟时黑褐色,密生白色斑点,有细长果梗。花期4月,果期8~9月。
【分布】:分布山东、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、河南、湖北、湖南、广东、广西等省区。
【习性】:耐涝抗旱,并抗腐烂病,在黏重土上生长良好,南方各省多用作砧木,惟幼苗期生长较慢。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。
【用途】:早春盛花时节,豆梨满树雪白;秋季叶片渐由绿色变为鲜黄色、橘红色,直至红色亮丽,属于典型的早春观花兼秋相树种。本种抗腐烂病能力较强,对生长条件要求不高,故常用作砧木,与西洋梨亲和力强。根、叶、果实均可入药,果实还可酿酒。木材坚硬,供制粗细家具及雕刻图章用。
Pyrus calleryana, the Callery pear, is a species of pear native to China and Vietnam,[2] in the family Rosaceae. It is a deciduous tree growing to 5 to 8 m (16 to 26 ft) tall,[3] often with a conic to rounded crown. The leaves are oval, 4 to 8 cm (1.6 to 3.1 in) long, glossy dark green above, and slightly paler below. The white, five-petaled flowers are about 2 to 2.5 cm (0.79 to 0.98 in) in diameter. They are produced abundantly in early spring, before the leaves expand fully.
The fruits of the Callery pear are small (less than one cm in diameter), and hard, almost woody, until softened by frost, after which they are readily taken by birds, which disperse the seeds in their droppings. In summer, the foliage is dark green and very smooth, and in autumn the leaves commonly turn brilliant colors, ranging from yellow and orange to more commonly red, pink, purple, and bronze. Sometimes, several of these fall colors may be present on an individual leaf. However, since the color often develops very late in fall, the leaves may be killed by a hard frost before full color can develop.
Callery pears are remarkably resistant to disease or blight though they are regularly killed by strong winds, ice storms, heavy snow, or limb loss due to their naturally excessive growth rates. Some cultivars, such as 'Bradford', are particularly susceptible to storm damage.
The species is named after the Italian-French sinologue Joseph-Marie Callery (1810–1862) who sent specimens of the tree to Europe from China.
【形态】:落叶乔木,高10m。枝上多棘刺。小枝紫褐色,幼枝、幼叶密生灰白色绒毛。叶菱状卵形至长卵圆形,先端渐尖,基部宽楔形,边缘有粗锐锯齿,幼叶两面具灰白绒毛,老叶则仅背面有毛。花白色,伞形总状花序,总轴和花梗密被灰白色绒毛;萼片三角状卵形,白色。梨果卵形,直径约25px,褐色,有淡色斑点。花期3~4月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:分布于亚洲、欧洲东部至非洲北部。在我国分布较广,黄河流域分布较多。
【习性】:喜光,耐寒,耐旱,耐涝,耐瘠薄,虫害能力强。对二氧化硫有较强的抗性。在中性土及盐碱土中均能正常生长。抗病生长较慢,寿命长。
【繁殖】:深根性,播种、压条、分株繁殖均可。
【用途】:树形优美,春季花色洁白,是值得推广的用于街道庭院及公园绿化的好树种。果无食用价值。在北方盐碱地区应用较广,是华北、西北防护林及砂荒造林树种和栽培梨的砧木。木材坚硬,纹理通直,致密,可供雕刻等用;树皮可提制栲胶及作黄色染料,供纸、绢、棉的染色及食品着色用。
【形态】:落叶乔木,高5~8m。小枝粗壮,幼时有毛。叶卵形或卵状椭圆形,缘有刺芒状尖锯齿,齿端微向内曲,幼时有毛,后变光滑。花朵大,白色。果卵形或近球形,黄色或黄白色,有细密斑点。花期4~5月,果熟8~9月。北方栽培梨为白梨育成的品系,果肉石细胞较少。
【分布】:原产于中国北部,分布于黄河以北地区。栽培遍及华北、东北南部、西北及江苏北部、四川等地。
【习性】:喜光,喜干冷气候,耐寒,对土壤要求不严,耐干旱瘠薄,花期忌寒冷阴雨。
【繁殖】:嫁接繁殖为主。
【用途】:白梨春季“千树万树梨花开”,一片雪白,是园林结合生产的好树种。可列植于道路两侧、池畔、篱边,也可丛植于居民区、街头绿地,成丛成片栽成观果园。木材为优良的家具和雕刻用材。
Pyrus × bretschneideri (or Pyrus ×bretschneideri), the ya pear or pearple or Chinese white pear (Chinese: 白梨; pinyin: báilí), is an interspecific hybrid speciesof pear native to North China, where it is widely grown for its edible fruit.
Recent molecular genetic evidence confirms some relationship to the Siberian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), but it can also be classified as a subspecies of the Chinese pearPyrus pyrifolia.
Along with cultivars of P. pyrifolia and P. ussuriensis, the fruit is also called the nashi pear. These very juicy, white to light yellow pears, unlike the round Nashi pears (P. pyrifolia) that are also grown in eastern Asia, are shaped more like the European pear (Pyrus communis), narrow towards the stem end. The “Ya Li” (Chinese: 鸭梨; pinyin: yālí), literally "duck pear" due to its mallard-like shape, is one cultivar widely grown in China and exported around the world. Ya pears taste similar to a mild Bosc pear, but are crisp, with a higher water content and lower sugar content.
【形态】:落叶乔木,高15m。小枝幼时被黄褐色长柔毛和绒毛,老枝暗褐色,有稀疏浅黄色皮孔。叶卵状椭圆形或长卵形,边缘有短刺芒状锯齿,顶端幼叶鲜紫红色;托叶早落。花白色,6~10朵呈伞房花序,总花梗和花梗被柔毛;萼裂片三角状卵形,先端渐尖,边缘有腺齿;花瓣卵形;雄蕊长约为花瓣1/2;花柱5,稀4,无毛,约与雄蕊等长。果实近球形,浅褐色,有斑点,顶端下陷,萼片脱落;果肉石细胞较多。花期4~5月,果期8月。
【分布】:原产我国,主要分布于我国长江流域至华南、西南。朝鲜、日本均有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,喜温暖湿润气候,耐旱又耐湿,耐热,抗寒力稍弱。幼苗前期生长快,是南方温暖多雨地区的常用砧木。
【繁殖】:嫁接、组培繁殖。
【用途】:庭院观赏、果树。
Pyrus pyrifolia is a species of pear tree native to East Asia.
The tree's edible fruit is known by many names, including: Asian pear, Chinese pear, Korean pear, Japanese pear, Taiwanese pear, and sand pear. Along with cultivars of P. × bretschneideri and P. ussuriensis, the fruit is also called the nashi pear. Cultivars derived from Pyrus pyrifolia are grown throughout East Asia, and in other countries such as India, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (e.g., California). Traditionally in East Asia the tree's flowers are a popular symbol of early spring, and it is a common sight in gardens and the countryside.
The fruits are not generally baked in pies or made into jams because they have a high water content and a crisp, grainy texture, very different from the European varieties. They are commonly served raw and peeled. The fruit tends to be quite large and fragrant, and when carefully wrapped (it has a tendency to bruise because of its juiciness), it can last for several weeks or more in a cold, dry place.
(八)梅属
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高达10m。树皮灰黑色粗糙。小枝灰褐色,无毛,稍有光泽。叶长倒卵形或倒披针形,基部楔形,先端短渐尖,具细钝重锯齿,两面无毛或两面沿中脉有柔毛,背面脉腋有簇柔毛;托叶线形无毛,早落;叶柄无毛,稀无腺体。花白色,2~4朵簇生,花瓣基部具短爪,先端圆钝。果实卵球形至球形,直径2~100px,栽培品种可达175px,基部梗洼下陷,先端微尖,腹缝明显,外被白粉,无毛,黄色至红色,有时绿色或紫色;果肉多汁,肥厚,果核微具皱纹。花期3~4月,果期7~8月。
【分布】:原产我国西北,现国内外均有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,耐半阴,耐寒,不耐干旱,对土壤要求不严。适应性较强,生长迅速,结果期早,果实耐贮藏。耐修剪。但花期早,在寒冷地区易受早霜侵害。对二氧化硫的抵抗性差。
【繁殖】:嫁接、分株或播种繁殖。
【用途】:宜植于庭园、窗前、崖旁、村旁或风景区。果实可鲜食、造酒或制蜜饯、果干等。核仁药用,有活血去痰的功效。亦为较好的蜜源植物。
Prunus salicina (syn. Prunus triflora or Prunus thibetica), commonly called the plum, is a small deciduous tree native to China. It is now also grown in fruit orchards in Korea, Japan, the United States, and Australia.
Prunus salicina should not be confused with the Prunus mume, a related species of plum also grown in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam. Another tree, Prunus japonica, is also a separate species despite having a Latin name similar to Prunus salicina's common name. Plant breeder Luther Burbank devoted a lot of work to hybridizing this species with the Japanese plum (Prunus salicina) and developed a number of cultivars from the hybrid.
【形态】:落叶小乔木。干皮紫灰色,小枝带紫绿色,幼枝、叶片、花柄、花萼、雌蕊及果实都呈暗红色。单叶互生,叶卵形至倒卯形,基部圆形,边缘有重锯齿,两面无毛或背面脉腋有毛,色暗绿或紫红;叶柄光滑多无腺体。花单生或2~3朵聚生,粉红色。果近球形,暗酒红色。花期3~4月,果期6~7月。
【分布】:樱桃李(P.cerasifera Ehrh.)的观赏变型。原产亚洲西南部,我国园林中常见栽培。
【习性】:暖温带阳性树,喜温暖湿润的气候;抗旱,较耐湿,怕盐碱和涝洼;对土壤要求不严,以排水良好的砂质壤土最为有利。浅根|生,萌蘖性强,对有害气体有一定的抵抗性。
【繁殖】:华北多以杏或山桃作砧木嫁接,也可插条繁殖。
【用途】:叶自春至秋呈红色,尤以春季最为鲜艳,花小,白色或粉红色,是良好的观叶园林植物。可丛植、孤植于草坪角隅和建筑物前,或以浅色叶树为背景树,更能烘托出叶色美的特性;与常绿树植,则绿树红叶相映成趣。
Prunus cerasifera is a species of plum known by the common names cherry plum and myrobalan plum. It is native to the British Isles, Southeast Europe andWestern Asia and naturalized in scattered locations in North America.
Wild types are large shrubs or small trees reaching 8–(12) m (25–40 feet) tall, sometimes spiny, with glabrous, ovate deciduous leaves 3–7 cm (1.5–2.5 inches) long.:196 It is one of the first European trees to flower in spring,[3] often starting in mid-February before the leaves have opened. The flowers are white or pale pink and about 2 cm (0.8 inches) across, with five petals and many stamens. The fruit is an edible drupe, 2–3 cm in diameter, ripening to yellow or red from early July to mid-September. They are self-fertile but can also be pollinated by other Prunus varieties such as the Victoria plum. The plant propagates by seed or by suckering, and is often used as the rootstock for other Prunus species and cultivars.
The cherry plum is a popular ornamental tree for garden and landscaping use, grown for its very early flowering. Numerous cultivars have been developed, many of them selected for purple foliage, such as P. pissardii (Carrière) L.H. Bailey (P. 'Atropurpurea'). The variety 'Nigra' with black foliage and pink flowers, has gained theRoyal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. These purple-foliage forms (often called 'purple-leaf plum'), also have dark purple fruit, which make an attractive, intensely coloured jam. They can have white or pink flowers. The cultivar 'Thundercloud' has bright red foliage which darkens purple. Others, such as 'Lindsayae', have green foliage. Some kinds of purple-leaf plums are used for bonsai and other forms of living sculpture.
Cultivated cherry plums can have fruits, foliage, and flowers in any of several colors. Some varieties have sweet fruits that can be eaten fresh, while others are sour and better for making jam. Cherry plums are a key ingredient in Georgian cuisine where they are used to produce tkemali sauce, as well as a number of popular dishes, such as kharcho soup and chakapuli stew.
The cherry plum has been listed as one of the 38 plants that are used to prepare Bach flower remedies, a kind of alternative medicine promoted for its supposed effect on health. However, according to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to prove that flower remedies can control, cure or prevent any type of disease, including cancer".
【形态】:落叶乔木,树冠圆整。树皮黑褐色,不规则纵裂。小枝红褐色。单叶互生,叶176杏宽卵形或卵状椭圆形,先端突渐尖,基部近圆或微心形,钝锯齿,背面中脉基部两侧疏生柔毛或簇生毛;叶柄带红色,无毛。花两性,单生,白色至淡粉红色,径约62.5px,萼紫红色,先叶开放;花梗极短。核果黄白色或黄红色,密被柔毛,核平滑。花期3~4月,果期6月。
【分布】:原产我国新疆,主产于秦岭一淮河以北、东北各省,是北方常见的果树。其栽培历史长达2500年以上,黄河流域各省为其分布中心。
【习性】:喜光,喜干燥气候,能抗一40℃的低温,亦耐高温。耐旱,抗盐性较强,不耐涝,喜深厚、排水良好的砂壤土、砾壤土。对氟化物污染敏感。深根性,根系发达,寿命长达300年。成枝能力较差,不耐修剪。为低山丘陵地带的主要栽培果树。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。优良品种要用实生苗或李、桃等作砧木嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:早春开花,先花后叶,宛若烟霞,是我国北方主要的早春花木。可与苍松、翠柏配植于池旁湖畔或植于山石崖边、庭院堂前,极具观赏性。宜群植或片植于山坡,可作北方大面积荒山造林树种。
【形态】:落叶小乔木,常具枝刺。干褐紫色,多纵驳纹。小枝呈绿色或以绿为底色,无毛。单叶互生,卵圆形,有细锯齿。花1~2朵簇生,有香气,无梗或具短梗,淡粉、红色或白色,径2~75px,有芳香,早春先叶而开,萼片5枚,多呈绛紫色;花瓣5枚,常近圆形;雄蕊多数,心皮1,子房密被柔毛,罕为2~5(离心皮)或缺。
【品种与变种】:梅花按种性分为3系5类18型。
(1)真梅系,梅之嫡系,品种最多,而香气好,适应最低温度一10℃,在黄河以南可露地越冬。枝直上或斜生,花、果、枝、叶均较典型,又分3类:
①直枝梅类,有江梅型、宫粉型、玉蝶型、绿萼型、朱砂型、洒金型、黄香型等;②垂枝梅类,枝自然下垂或斜垂,俗称垂枝梅,有单粉垂枝型、残雪垂枝型、白碧垂枝型、骨红垂枝型等;③龙游梅类,枝天然扭曲。
(2)杏梅系,品种次于真梅系,香气淡或无,但最耐寒。梅与杏的种间杂种,种性介乎二者之问,而枝、叶较似杏,花型也类杏,花托肿大,花期甚晚,单瓣至重瓣,多数几无香味。又可分为单杏型、丰后型和送春型。
(3)樱李梅系,品种最少,但紫叶红花,重瓣大朵,可观叶,也较耐寒。杏梅系及樱李梅系可耐一30~一25℃的低温。
【分布】:原产中国,野梅首先演化成果梅,是观赏梅系果梅的一个分支。主要以长江流域及西南地区栽培为盛。
【习性】:喜温暖而稍湿润的气候,宜在阳光充足、通风凉爽处生长。稍耐寒、耐碱,畏涝,能耐旱。对土壤要求不严,以排水良好、肥沃的壤土为最好。在年降雨量1000mm或稍多地区可生长良好。抗性较强,为长寿树种。
【繁殖】:常用嫁接法繁殖,砧木多用梅、桃、杏、山杏和山桃。
【用途】:世界著名的观赏花木,尤以风韵美著称。每当冬末春初,疏花点点,清香远溢,在园林、绿地、庭园、风景区可孤植、丛植、群植等;也可在屋前、坡上、石际、路边自然配植。若用常绿乔木或深色建筑作背景,更可衬托出梅花玉洁冰清之美。在中国与松、竹并称为“岁寒三友”,苍松是背景,修竹是客景,梅花是主景。古代强调“梅花绕屋”、“登楼观梅”等,均是为了获取最佳的观赏效果。另外,梅花可布置成梅岭、梅峰、梅园、梅溪、梅径、梅坞等。
Prunus mume is an Asian tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunus subgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum and Japanese apricot. The flower is usually called plum blossom. This distinct tree species is related to both the plum and apricot trees. Although generally referred to as a plum in English, it is more closely related to the apricot. In Chinese, Japanese and Korean cooking, the fruit of the tree is used in juices, as a flavouring for alcohol, as a pickle and in sauces. It is also used in traditional medicine.
The tree's flowering in late winter and early spring is highly regarded as a seasonal symbol.
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高3~8m。小枝红褐色或褐绿色,无毛,芽密生灰白色绒毛。叶椭圆状披针形,叶缘细钝锯齿,先端渐尖,基部宽楔形,叶柄顶端有腺体;托叶线形,有腺齿。花单生,先叶开放,粉红色,罕为白色,近无柄,花萼密生绒毛。核果卵球形,表面密生绒毛,果肉白色或黄色,离核或粘核;种子扁卵状心形。花期3~4月,果期8~9月。
【变种】:
(1)碧桃var.duplex Rehd.,花淡红,重瓣。
(2)白花碧桃f.alba-plend Schneid.,花白色,重瓣。
(3)红花碧桃f.camelliaenora Dipp.,花深红色,重瓣。
(4)洒金碧桃f.versico10r Voss,花复瓣或近复瓣,
花为白色或微带红丝,间有一枝或数枝花为粉红色,也有l花或1花瓣白色与粉红色各半。长圆形花瓣,花枝红褐色。
(5)紫叶桃f.atropurpurea Schneid.,叶为紫红色,花单瓣或重瓣,淡红色。
(6)垂枝碧桃var.pendula Dipp.,枝下垂,花重瓣,花色有深红、洒金、淡红、纯白多种。
(7)寿星桃var.densa Mak.,树形矮小紧密,节间极短,花大,多重瓣,花期较晚。有红花寿星桃和白花寿星桃等品种,适宜盆栽。
【分布】:原产于中国甘肃、陕西高原地带,全国都有栽培。
【习性】:适应性强,喜光,不耐阴,喜排水良好的砂质壤土。耐干旱,耐贫瘠、盐碱,须排水良好,不耐积水及地下水位过高,有一定的耐寒力。
【繁殖】:嫁接、播种为主,亦可压条繁殖。
【用途】:“桃之天天,灼灼其华”,桃花烂漫芳菲,妩媚可爱,是园林中重要的春季花木。孤植、丛植、列植、群植于山坡、池畔、山石旁、墙标、草坪、林缘,构成三月桃花满树红的春景。最宜与柳树配置于池边、湖畔,“绿丝遇碧波,桃枝更妖艳”,形成“桃红柳绿”之动人春景。桃花还宜作盆栽和桩景。
The
The peach (Prunus persica) is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Shan mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated. It bears an edible juicy fruit called a peach or a nectarine.
The specific epithet persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia, whence it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes thecherry, apricot, almond and plum, in the rose family. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell.
Peach and nectarines are the same species, even though they are regarded commercially as different fruits. In contrast to peaches, whose fruits present the characteristic fuzz on the skin, nectarines are characterized by the absence of fruit-skin trichomes (fuzz-less fruit); genetic studies suggest nectarines are produced due to a recessive allele, whereas peaches are produced from a dominant allele for fuzzy skin.
The People's Republic of China is the world's largest producer of peaches.
【形态】:落叶小乔木,高达10m。干皮紫褐色,有光泽,常具横向环纹,老时纸质剥落。冬芽无毛。叶狭卵状披针形,长6~250px;锯齿细尖,稀有腺体。花淡粉红色或白色,果球形,径75px,肉薄而干燥,淡黄色,密被短柔毛,核表面具纵横沟纹和孔穴。花期3~4月,果期7月。
【品种】:
(1)白花山桃CV.Alba,花白色或淡绿色,单瓣,开花较早,花叶同时开放。
(2)红花山桃CV.Rubra,花深粉红色,单瓣。
(3)曲枝山桃CV.Tortuosa,枝近直立,自然扭曲。花粉红色,单瓣。
(4)白花山碧桃CV.Albo plena,花白色,重瓣。
【分布】:主要分布于我国黄河流域、内蒙古及东北南部,西北也有,多生于向阳的碳岩山地。
【习性】:喜光,稍耐阴。耐寒,耐干旱、瘠薄,怕涝,较耐盐碱。对土壤适应性强。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。
【用途】:花期早,花繁茂,并有曲枝、白花、柱180山桃形等变异类型,园林中宜成片植于山坡并以苍松翠柏为背景,方可充分显示其娇艳之美。常植于庭院、墙际、草坪、山坡、岸边,与柳树配置效果极佳。果实可食,种子、根、茎、皮、叶、树胶均可药用,桃仁可榨油。也常为嫁接桃树良种的砧木。
Prunus davidiana (syn. Amygdalus davidiana, Persica davidiana, Prunus persica var. davidiana) is a species in the genus Prunus in the family Rosaceae. It is also known by the common names David's peach and Chinese wild peach. It is native to China.
【形态】:乔木,高达10m。树皮亮红褐色至亮黄色,片状剥落。小枝灰褐色。叶互生,叶椭圆形、菱状卵形,先端渐尖,基部圆形或宽楔形,叶缘具细锐锯齿,基部有一对腺点,下面散生暗褐色腺点。花白色,清香,总状花序基部无叶。核果小,近球形,熟时亮紫褐色,质干。花期4~5月,果期7~8月。
【分布】:分布于我国东北三省。朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区也有分布。
【习性】:喜光,较耐阴,耐寒性强,喜湿润肥沃土壤。常生于林内、林缘或河岸等处。
【繁殖】:种子繁殖。
。【用途】:枝繁叶茂,花白芳香,树皮光亮美观,为良好的庭园绿化观赏树种,又是蜜源植物。在园路和墙边可列植,庭园和公园内可孤植和丛植,也可植于林缘、坡地等处。
Prunus maackii, commonly called the Manchurian cherry or Amur chokecherry, is a species of cherry native to Korea and both banks of the Amur River, in Manchuria in northeastern China, and Amur Oblast and Primorye in southeastern Russia.
It is a deciduous tree growing to 4–10 m tall. The bark on young trees is very distinct, smooth, glossy bronze-yellow, but becoming fissured and dull dark grey-brown with age. The leaves are alternate, ovate, 4–8 cm long and 2.8–5 cm broad, with a pubescent 1–1.5 cm petiole, and an entire or very finely serrated margin; they are dark green above, slightly paler and pubescent on the veins below. The flowers produced on erect spikes 5–7 cm long, each flower 8–10 mm diameter, with five white petals. The fruit is a small cherry-like drupe 5–7 mm diameter, green at first, turning first red then dark purple or black at maturity. Flowering is in mid spring, with the fruit ripe in early summer to early autumn.[2][4]
It was named after Richard Karlovich Maack (1825-1886) who discovered it, and described by Ruprecht in Bull. Cl. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg 15: 361 (1857).
【形态】:落叶灌木,高2m。小枝纤细。叶卵状长椭圆形至椭圆状披针形,长3~200px,宽l~75px,先端急尖,边缘有细圆钝细锯齿,齿端具腺;叶柄长6 8mm,无毛,不具腺体。花多重瓣,白色或粉红色,单生或两朵并生,花径约50px,花梗长6~8mm。核果近球形,径1~32.5px,红色或紫红色,有的腹缝具沟槽。花期4月,常与郁李在山坡地混生。
【分布】:产中国陕西秦岭、淮河及其以南地区。
【习性】:喜光,有一定耐寒性,适应性强,忌低洼积水、土壤黏重,喜生于湿润疏松排水良好的砂壤中。
【繁殖】:常用分株或嫁接法繁殖,砧木用山桃。
【用途】:甚为美观,各地庭园常见栽培观赏。宜于草坪、路边、假山旁及林缘丛栽,也可作基础栽植、盆栽或切花材料。
Prunus glandulosa, called Chinese bush cherry, Chinese plum, and dwarf flowering almond, is a species of shrub tree native to China and long present in Japan. It is commonly used as an ornamental tree and for cut flowers.
It has white or pink flowers - single or double varies with cultivar - that bloom in April. Fruits are dark red. Its height is about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) and prefers rocky slopes with plenty of sun. Leaves are alternating, pointy, and light green. It is drought tolerant.It is susceptible to mice as well as these diseases: fire blight, leaf spot, die back, leaf curl, powdery mildew, root rot, and honey fungus.
Cultivars include: 'Alba' - (single white flowers), 'Alba Plena' (also 'Alboplena') - (double white flowers), 'Lawrence' - (single white-pink flowers), 'Rosea Plena' (also 'Sinensis') - (double pink flowers).
【形态】:落叶灌木,高约2m。干皮褐色,老枝有剥裂。小枝纤细而柔;冬芽极小,灰褐色,3枚并生。叶卵形或宽卵形,长4~175px,宽2~100px,先端长尾状,基部圆形,边缘有缺刻状锐重锯齿,无毛或下面沿叶脉生短柔毛,人秋叶转紫红色;托叶条形具腺齿,早落。花粉红色或近白色,单瓣或复瓣,花叶同放,单生或2~3朵簇生;萼筒裂片卵形,花后反折;雄蕊比仡瓣短;花柱约与雄蕊等长或稍长。核果近球形,无沟,直径1CM,暗红色,光滑而有光泽。花期3~4月,果期5~6月。
【分布】:原产我国南方。中国的华北、东北、华中、华南均有分布。
【习性】:喜光,耐旱,耐寒,耐水湿,耐烟尘。生长适应性强,对土壤要求不严,但在石灰性土中生长最旺。根系发达,萌蘖性强。
【繁殖】:播种、分株、扦插法繁殖。
【用途】:花时繁英压树,灿若云霞;果熟时丹实满枝;秋叶红艳。适于群植,宜配植在阶前、屋旁、山坡上,或点缀于林缘、草坪周围,也植为花境、花篱。鲜果可食,核仁称郁李仁,可药用。
【形态】:落叶乔木,高8m。树皮淡褐色,具横展皮孔。叶椭圆状卵形,边缘有大小不等的重锯齿,齿尖有腺,下面有稀疏柔毛,基部常具1~2腺体;托叶条形有腺齿。花先叶开放,3~6朵簇生,伞状花序或有梗的总状花序;花瓣白色,卵圆形至近圆形,先端微凹;萼筒钟状,有短柔毛,萼片花后反卷。核果近球形,红色。花期3~4月,果5~6月成熟。
【分布】:原产于中国中部黄河流域至长江流域。
【习性】:喜光,耐寒,耐旱。对土壤要求不严。萌蘖性强,生长迅速。
【繁殖】:分株、扦插或嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:花如彩霞,新叶妖艳,果若珊瑚,秋叶丹红,是常见的观花、观果树木。“红了樱桃,绿了芭蕉”,极具诗情画意,宜孤植、丛植,配置在山坡、
建筑物前及园路旁,亦可作樱桃专类园。果可生食或制罐头。叶、根和花可供药用。木材致密坚实,可制各种器材。
Until it first flowered here in 1917 this beautiful small flowering cherry, from northern China, was thought to be the common form of Prunus pseudocerasus. However its pink fragrant blossom differed from the white blossom seen on the common form. This alerted the Garden’s curator at the time, R I Lynch, to the fact that this was something quite different from the tree originally described by John Lindley.
It went on to be named as Prunus cantabrigiensis in 1928. Today it is commonly treated as a cultivar and is usually referred to as Prunus pseudocerasus ‘Cantabrigiensis’.
There are two locations in the Garden where they can be seen smothered with fragrant, pink blossom, sometimes as early as February. One can be found just off the South Walk near the herbaceous beds and two further examples can be seen just the other side of a group of Chamaecyparisopposite the entrance to the Schools Garden on Lynch Walk. It received an RHS Award of Merit in 1925.
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达16m。树皮暗灰色,小枝幼时有毛。叶卵状椭圆形至倒卵形,叶端急渐尖,叶缘有细尖重锯齿,多少带刺芒状,叶背脉上及叶柄有柔毛。花3~6朵成伞房状总状花序,花序梗短;花先叶开放,初放时淡红色,后白色,常为单瓣,微香;萼筒管状,带紫红色,外有短柔毛,萼片边缘有细齿;花瓣顶端内凹;花柱近基部有柔毛。核果近球形,熟时由红色变黑色,直径约lcm。花期3月,果期5月。
【分布】:原产日本,中国引种栽培。
【习性】:喜光,耐寒。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。
【用途】:花期早,着花繁密,绚丽多彩。宜群植、列植或孤植于草坪、湖边或庭院、公园里,或片植作专类园。
【形态】:乔木,高20m。树皮暗栗褐色,光滑。小枝无毛或有短柔毛,赤褐色,有锈色。唇形皮孔;鳞芽黑褐色,有光泽。叶卵形、卵状披针形至倒卵状披针形,基部圆形,广楔形或浅心形,先端尾尖,边缘通常为单锯齿或微重锯齿,缘具芒齿,两面无毛或近无毛。花白色或粉红色,单瓣或重瓣,3~5朵成总状花序,先于叶开放或与叶同时开放。花期4月。
【品种】:
(1)垂枝樱花f.pendula Bean.,枝开展而下垂;花重瓣,粉红色。
(2)瑰丽樱花f.superba Wils.,花很大,重瓣,淡红色,有长梗。
(3)重瓣白樱花f.albo plena Schneid.,花重瓣,白色。
(4)重瓣红樱花f.rosea W№,花重瓣,粉红色。
(5)红白樱花f.atbc—rosea W№,花重瓣,花蕾淡红色,开后变白色。
【分布】:原产我国长江流域和日本。中国东北南部也有。
【习性】:喜阳光,亦喜湿润,喜深厚肥沃而排水良好的土壤;有一定耐寒能力,根系较浅。对烟尘、有害气体及海潮风的抵抗力均较弱。
【繁殖】:用播种、嫁接、扦插等法繁殖。
【用途】:花朵极其美丽,盛开时节,满树烂漫,如云似霞,是早春开花的著名观赏花木,也可作小径行道树用,还可大片栽植造成“花海”景观。三五成丛点缀于绿地形成锦团,也可孤植形成“万绿丛中一点红”之画意。
【形态】:乔木,高达10米。干皮淡灰色。叶常为倒卵形,先端渐尖,长尾状,具渐尖重锯齿,齿端有长芒;叶柄上部有一对腺体;新叶略带红褐色。花大,1~5朵排成伞房花序,单瓣或重瓣,常下垂,花白色或粉红,芳香;小苞片叶状;花的总梗短或无。果卵形,黑色,有光泽。花期4~5月,果期6~7月。
【变种】:关山P.1annesiana Sekiyama,在我国广泛栽种。嫩叶茶褐色,小枝多而向上弯曲。花浓红色,花径150px左右,瓣约30枚,2枚雌蕊叶化,因此不能结实,花梗粗且长。花期3月底或4月初,花叶同放。
【分布】:原产日本,中国引种栽培,分布于华北至长江流域。(www.daowen.com)
【习性】:喜温暖气候,较耐寒,不耐盐碱,对有害气体抗性差。
【繁殖】:嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:新叶红色,花叶同放,花期长,花大而芳香,盛开时繁花似锦,是春季观花树种。适宜丛植、群植、列植等,作庭院观赏、风景林、行道树。
Prunus serrulata is a small deciduous tree with a short single trunk, with a dense crown reaching a height of 26–39 feet (7.9–11.9 m). The smooth bark is chestnut-brown, with prominent horizontal lenticels. The leaves are arranged alternately, simple, ovate-lanceolate, 5–13 cm long and 2.5–6.5 cm broad, with a short petiole and a serrate or doubly serrate margin. At the end of autumn, the green leaves turn yellow, red or crimson.
四、云实科(苏木科)
(一)紫荆属
【形态】:乔木,栽培常呈灌木。单叶互生,近圆形,叶端急尖,叶基心形,全缘。花紫191紫荆红色,4~10朵簇生于老枝上。荚果,沿腹线有翅。花期4月,叶前放开;果期10月。
【变种】:白花紫荆f.alba P.S.Hsu,花纯白色。
【分布】:分布于湖北西部、辽宁南部、河北、陕西、河南、甘肃、广东、云南、四川等地区。
【习性】:性喜光,有一定耐寒性。萌蘖力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖】:播种、分株、扦插、压条等法繁殖,而以播种为主。
【用途】:先花后叶,紫花满枝干,艳丽可爱。叶片心形,园整而有光泽,光影相互掩映。可丛植庭院、建筑物前及草坪边缘,适宜与常绿之松柏配植为前景或植于墙前或岩石旁。
Cercis chinensis, the Chinese redbud (simplified Chinese: 紫荆; traditional Chinese: 紫荊; pinyin: Zĭjīng) is a plant of the Fabaceae family native to China and Japan that grows between 150 to 1,400 metres (490 to 4,590 ft) above sea level.
(二)羊蹄甲属
1.紫羊蹄甲
【形态】:常绿乔木。叶近革质,近圆形,先端两裂,掌状脉9~13条。伞房花序顶生;花玫瑰红色,有时白色,花萼裂为几乎相等的2裂片;花瓣倒披针形。荚果扁条形,花期10月。
【分布】:分布于福建、广东、广西、云南等地区。
【习性】:喜光,喜暖热湿润气候,喜肥沃而排水良好的砂壤土。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插法繁殖。
【用途】:树冠开展,枝条下垂,花大而美丽,秋冬时节开放,叶片形。
【用途】:树冠开展,枝条下垂,花大而美丽,秋冬时节开放,叶片形如牛羊的蹄甲,是个很有特色的树种。广州常作行道树及庭园风景树。嫩叶治咳嗽。
【形态】:常绿中等乔木,树高可达8~10m。树皮灰棕色平滑,树冠开阔,枝条低垂。叶片阔心形,叶宽略大于长,顶端2裂,形状好似羊蹄,故名“羊蹄甲”。树干挺直,枝叶稠密。总状花序,花大,直径10~375px,花瓣5枚,倒披针形,紫红色;雄蕊紫红色,花药黄色;雌蕊棒状,柱头已退化。
【分布】:原产亚热带地区,我国福建、广东、广西、云南等省有分布。
【习性】:性喜温暖湿润、阳光充足的环境,喜土层深厚、肥沃、排水良好的偏酸性砂质壤土。生长迅速,萌芽力和成枝力强,极耐修剪。每年由10月底始花,至翌年5月终花,花期长达半年以上。
【繁殖】:扦插繁殖为主,也可嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:终年繁茂常绿,是我国华南地区优良的园林绿化树种。红花羊蹄甲作为行道树和庭院观赏树,遮阳面大,花朵色泽艳丽,十分悦目,香气扑鼻,深受人们喜爱。
Bauhinia × blakeana commonly called the Hong Kong Orchid Tree is a legume tree of the genus Bauhinia, with large thick leaves and striking purplish red flowers. The fragrant, orchid-like flowers are usually 10 to 15 centimetres (3.9 to 5.9 in) across, and bloom from early November to the end of March. Although now cultivated in many areas, it originated in Hong Kong in 1880 and apparently all of the cultivated trees derive from one cultivated at the Hong Kong Botanical Gardens and widely planted in Hong Kong starting in 1914. It is referred to as bauhinia in non-scientific literature though this is the name of the genus. It is sometimes called the Hong Kong orchid (香港蘭). In Hong Kong, it is most commonly referred to by its Chinese name of "洋紫荊".
(三)凤凰木属
园林用途:1.热带优良观花园景树,树冠伞形浓密。夏开花,全树红艳似火,景观非常优美。在公园、居住区、工矿企业、庭园、高速公路等绿地,孤植、丛植、群植观赏。为闽东南城市绿化骨干树种。2.列檀做行道树。为南方城市行道树绿化主要树种。厦门在1962年将其选做行道树,1993年将其选为市树,有18条道路将其选做行道树,种有凤凰木树32 l 2株。3.孤植、树阵群植做庭荫树。4.片植做风景林。
形态:落叶乔木,高20m,树干灰白色。伞房状总状花序,花萼绿色,肉质,深5裂,裂片倒披针形。荚果带状木质,熟暗褐色,长30~50cm。种子扁平长椭圆形。夏5一10月开花,果I I—12月熟。
识别要点:大树有板根。2回偶数羽状复叶互生,羽片10~20对。小叶20~40对,长椭圆形,长5~8mm,宽2.5~3mm,端钝圆,基歪斜,两面有毛。花冠鲜红色至橙红色,径7~10cm。花瓣5片,4个等大成排,红色,美丽,余一瓣较大,呈黄色,上有红色斑点。
习性:强阳性,喜暖热气候,不耐寒,耐高温高湿;对土壤要求不严,喜排水好肥沃酸性土壤,耐瘠薄,速生。根系发达,抗风,抗污染。春初落叶,夏初发芽。生育适温23~30℃。
繁育:播种繁殖。休眠期带土球移植,修剪枝叶,威活率较高。做行道树间距4—6m。
Delonix regia is a species of flowering plant in the bean family Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. It is noted for its fern-like leaves and flamboyant display of flowers. In many tropical parts of the world it is grown as an ornamental tree and in English it is given the name royal poinciana or flamboyant. It is also one of several trees known as "flame tree".
This species was previously placed in the genus Poinciana, named for Phillippe de Longvilliers de Poincy, the 17th century governor of Saint Christophe (Saint Kitts). It is a non nodulating legume.
(四)决明属
1.腊肠树
2.铁刀木
【形态】:灌木或小乔木。偶数羽状复叶,叶柄及最下部2~3对小叶的叶轴上有2~3枚棒状腺体,小叶7~9对,长椭圆形,先端圆或微凹,叶基部常偏斜,叶背粉绿色,有短毛。伞房状总状花序,生于枝条上部的叶腋;花鲜黄色;雄蕊10,全发育。荚果条形,扁平,有柄。花期全年络绎不绝。
【分布】:原产南亚及澳大利亚,现广植于热带地区。中国南部有栽培。
【用途】:是美丽的观花树种。适宜作行道树、绿篱或庭院观赏树。
(五)无忧花属
中国无忧花
五、含羞草科
(一)金合欢属
【形态】:常绿乔木。幼苗具羽状复叶,长大后小叶退化,仅存一枚叶柄,狭披针形,具3~5平行脉,革质,全缘。头状花序;黄色。荚果扁带状。花期4~6月,果7~8月成熟。
【分布】:我国台湾、福建、广东、广西、云南等省均有栽培。
【习性】:极喜光,强阳性,性强健,喜温暖气候,能耐干旱瘠薄土壤,喜酸性土壤。生长迅速,萌芽力强,耐修剪,根系发达,常有根瘤。
【繁殖】:种子繁殖。
【用途】:生长迅速,抗逆性强,适作行道树、荒山绿化先锋树种、防风林带、水土保持及防火林带用,因具根瘤是很好的水土保持树种。此外,是很好的用材树种。
Acacia confusa is a perennial tree native to South-East Asia. Some common names for it are acacia petit feuille, small Philippine acacia, Formosa acacia (Taiwan acacia) and Formosan koa. It grows to a height of 15m. The tree has become very common in many tropical Pacific areas, including Hawaii, where the species is considered invasive.
(二)海红豆属
海红豆
(三)合欢属
【形态】:乔木,树冠扁圆形,常呈伞状。树皮褐灰色,主枝较低。2回偶数羽状复叶,羽片4~12对,小叶10~30对,镰刀状,中脉偏斜。花序头状,多数,细长的总柄排成伞房状,萼片和花瓣均黄绿色;雄蕊多数,像绒缨状,花丝粉红色。荚果扁条形。花期6~7月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:自黄河流域至珠江流域的广大地区。
【习性】:喜光,但树皮薄,曝晒易开裂;耐寒性略差;能耐干旱、瘠薄,但怕水涝。生长迅速,枝条开展,分枝点较低。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。
【用途】:树姿优美,叶形雅致,盛夏绒花满树,有色有香,宜作庭荫树、行道树,或植于林缘、房前、草坪、山坡等地。树皮及花可人药,能安神、活血;嫩叶可食。
Albizia julibrissin (Persian silk tree, pink silk tree) is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae, native to southwestern and eastern Asia.
The genus is named after the Italian nobleman Filippo degli Albizzi, who introduced it to Europe in the mid-18th century, and it is sometimes incorrectly spelled Albizzia. The specific epithet julibrissin is a corruption of the Persian word gul-i abrisham (گل ابریشم) which means "silk flower" (from gul گل "flower" + abrisham ابریشم "silk").
2.南洋楹
六、蝶形花科
(一)刺桐属
【形态】:落叶大乔木,干皮灰色,有圆锥形刺。叶大,柄长,通常无刺,小叶3枚,阔卵形至菱形;小托叶变为宿存腺体。总状花序顶生,花冠蝶形,花色鲜红。荚果厚,念珠状;种子暗红色。花期3~5月。
【分布】:产于我国台湾、福建、广东、广西等地,印度、马来西亚、越南亦有分布。
【习性】:生性强健,耐旱,耐热,不耐寒,对土壤要求不严。
【繁殖】:多采用扦插繁殖,也可播种繁殖,其成株可锯大型树干直接栽植于田问,形成“速成大树”。
【用途】:刺桐花大美丽,为庭园绿荫树、行道树的优良树种。其树皮及根皮可人药。
(二)刺槐属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高10~25m,树冠椭圆状倒卵形。树皮灰褐色,纵裂。枝条具托叶刺,冬芽小。奇数羽状复叶,小叶7~19,椭圆形至卵状矩圆形,长2~125px,先端钝或微凹,有小尖头。花冠蝶形,白色,有芳香,成腋生总状花序。荚果扁平,长4~250px,种子扁肾形,黑色。花期4~5月,果7~11月成熟。
【变种】:
(1)无刺洋槐f.inermis(Mirbel)ReM.,无托叶刺。
(2)红花洋槐f.decaisneana.,花红色,一年开花一次,供观赏。
(3)香花槐£idaho,花红色,一年开花两次,供观赏。
【分布】:原产于美国,现欧、亚各国广泛栽培。中国引种后现已遍布全国各地。
【习性】:强阳性,喜较干燥而凉爽的气候,较耐寒,
耐干旱瘠薄。为浅根性速生树种,萌蘖性较强,但抗风能力较弱,寿命较短。
【繁殖】:可采用播种、分蘖、根插等法繁殖,但以播种为主。
【用途】:刺槐树冠高大,枝叶繁茂,花香宜人,可作庭荫树及行道树,也可用作蜜源植物。因其抗性强、生长194刺槐迅速,尤其适宜作四旁绿化、工矿区绿化及荒山、荒地的绿化先锋树种,其根瘤可提高土壤肥力、改良土壤。其木材坚实而有弹性,耐湿、耐腐,但易挠曲开裂;花可提取香料;树皮富195毛刺槐含纤维及单宁;种子可榨油供抽皂业和油漆业原料。
(三)槐属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高25m,树冠圆形。干皮灰黑色,小块状裂。小枝绿色,皮孔明显;柄下芽,且芽被青紫色毛。小叶7~17,卵形至卵状披针形,长2.5~125px,叶端尖,基部圆形至广楔形,背面有白粉及柔毛。圆锥花序顶生,花浅黄绿色。荚果串珠状,果皮肉质,长2~200px,成熟后不开裂,且经冬不落。花期7~8月,果8~10月成熟。
【变种】:
(1)龙爪槐vat.pendula 10ud.小枝弯曲下垂,形似龙爪,树冠呈伞状。
(2)蝴蝶槐f.oligophylla Franch.小叶3~5,集生于叶轴先端成为掌状,或仅为规则的掌状分裂,顶生小叶常3裂,侧生小叶下部常有大裂片,形似蝴蝶,叶背有毛。
【分布】:原产中国北部,现中国南北各地均有栽培。朝鲜、日本及越南也产。
【习性】:喜光略耐阴,喜干冷气候,但在高温高湿的华南也能生长。对土壤要求不严,忌干燥、贫瘠的山地及低洼积水地。耐烟尘,对二氧化硫、氯气、氯化氢均有较强的抗性,能适应城市街道环境。为深根性树种,生长速度中等,萌芽力强,寿命极长。
【繁殖】:多采用播种法繁殖。
【用途】:国槐枝叶繁茂,树冠宽广,寿命长,是良好的庭荫树和行道树,也可作为优良的蜜源树种,且其耐烟毒能力强,更被广泛应用于厂矿区的绿化。其木材坚韧、耐水湿且富有弹性,可供建筑、车船、家具和雕刻等用。花蕾、果实、根皮和枝叶等也均可药用。
Styphnolobium japonicum (L.) Schott, the Japanese pagoda tree (Chinese scholar tree, pagoda tree; syn. Sophora japonica) is a species of tree in the subfamilyFaboideae of the pea family Fabaceae.
It was formerly included within a broader interpretation of the genus Sophora. The species of Styphnolobium differ from Sophora in lacking the ability to form symbioseswith rhizobia (nitrogen fixing bacteria) on their roots. It also differs from the related genus Calia (mescalbeans) in having deciduous leaves and flowers in axillary, not terminal, racemes. The leaves are alternate, pinnate, with 9-21 leaflets, and the flowers in pendulous racemes similar to those of the Black locust.
七、山茱萸科
(一)梾木属
【形态】落叶乔木;树皮暗灰色,老时浅纵裂,枝条紫红色,大侧枝呈层状生长,形成圆锥状树冠。叶互生,常集生于枝梢,卵状椭圆形至广椭圆形。伞房状聚伞花序顶生,花小,白色。核果球形,熟时由紫红变成紫黑色。花期5~6月,果9~10月成熟。
【分布】主产于长江流域及西南各地,北达东北南部,朝鲜、日本亦有分布。
【习性】喜光稍耐阴,喜温暖湿润气候,耐寒性强,喜肥沃、湿润且排水良好的土壤。
【繁殖】多用播种繁殖,也可扦插繁殖。
【用途】灯台树树形整齐,宜孤植于庭园草坪观赏,也可植为庭阴树及行道树,其种子可榨油.供制肥皂及作润滑油用,树皮含鞣质,木材可供建筑、雕刻、文具等用。
Cornus controversa (wedding cake tree), syn. Swida controversa, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Cornus of the dogwood family Cornaceae, native to China, the Himalayas and Japan. It is a deciduous tree growing to 50 ft (15 m), with multiple tiered branches. Flat panicles of white flowers appear in summer, followed by globose black fruit. The leaves turn a rich red-purple in autumn. It is cultivated in gardens and parks in temperate regions.
It is also sometimes referred to as Bothrocaryum contraversa (Hemsl.) Pojark when seeds are offered for online sale.
The variety C. controversa 'Variegata' has leaves with cream margins, which turn yellow in autumn, and grows to a lesser size than its parent - typically 25 ft (8 m). It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
【形态】落叶乔木;树皮暗灰色,常纵裂成长条。叶对生,卵形 至椭圆形。伞房状聚伞花序顶生,花白色。核果近球形,熟时黑色。花期5~6月,果9~10月成熟。
【分布】分布于河北、甘肃、江苏、浙江、湖南、云南、贵州、 四川等地,常散生于向阳山坡及岩石缝间。
【习性】喜光,耐干旱,耐寒,栽培管理粗放。
【繁殖】多用播种繁殖。
【用途】毛株枝叶繁茂,白花美丽,宜植于庭园观赏,也可栽作行道树,其木材坚重,供作车辆、家具等用,花为 蜜源,种子榨油可供食用或作润滑油,树皮及叶可提 制栲胶。
Cornus walteri, also called Walter's dogwood, is a deciduous shrub or small tree 8–16 m tall, native to eastern Asia in Korea and much of China from Liaoning toYunnan.
Cornus walteri has opposite, simple leaves, 5–12 cm long. The flowers are produced in inflorescences 6–8 cm diameter, each flower individually small and whitish. The flowering is in spring, after it leafs out. The fruit is a round, reddish-purple "drupaceous berry", 2.5-3.5 cm diameter.
It is closely related to the European common dogwood (C. sanguinea).
(二)四照花属
四照花(山荔枝)Dendrobenthamiajaponica var.chinens&Fang【形态】落叶灌木至小乔木;枝条水平生长,极具伸展性,树皮色彩斑斓,呈竖锯裂片状。叶对生,卵状椭圆形或卵形。头状花序近球形,具四个大型白色苞片,每朵花有4个花瓣。聚花果球形,熟时紫红色。花期5~6月,果9~10月成熟:
【分布】产于中国长江流域及西南、湖南、陕西、甘肃等地。
【习性】喜光稍耐阴,喜温暖湿润气候,较耐寒,喜排水性良好的湿润沙质土壤。浅根性.忌风。【繁殖】多用分蘖及扦插法繁殖,也可播种繁殖。
【用途】四照花树形整齐,白花美丽,可种植在庭院内、建筑物前,也可丛植于草坪、路边、林缘、池畔等,其果实可生食或酿酒。
八、蓝果树科(珙桐科)
珙桐属
【形态】落叶乔木;树冠圆锥形,树皮深灰褐色,呈不规则薄片状脱落。单叶互生,纸质,广卵形。花杂性同株,由多数雄花和1朵两性花组成顶生头状花序,花序下有2片大型白色苞片,苞片卵状椭圆形,常下垂,花后脱落,花瓣退化或无,雄蕊1~7。核果椭圆形,紫绿色,锈色皮孔显著。花期4~5月,果9~10月成熟。
【分布】产于中国湖北西部、四川、贵州及云南北部等地。
【习性】喜半阴及凉爽湿润气候,略耐寒,喜深厚、肥沃且排水良好的酸性或中性土壤,忌碱性和干燥土壤,不耐炎热和阳光暴晒。
【繁殖】可采用种子、扦插及压条繁殖。
【用途】珙桐为世界著名的珍贵观赏树种,树形高大端正,开花时白色苞片似白鸽飞栖树端,宜植于高山之庭院、宾馆及疗养所作庭阴树,其材质沉重,是建筑的上等用材,也可制作家具或作雕刻材料。
九、柽柳科
柽柳属
【形态】:小乔木高10m,树冠圆球形。老枝红褐色,幼枝红褐或淡棕色。叶小,钻形,长1~75px。总状花序集生成圆锥状复花序,多柔弱下垂;花粉红至紫红色,苞片线状披针形;雄蕊5枚;花柱3枚。蒴果长3mm。花期4~9月。。
【分布】:分布广,主产于黄河中下游地区。
【习性】:耐寒,喜光,耐干旱和盐碱瘠土,亦耐水湿。萌芽力强,极耐修剪。
【繁殖】:种子繁殖,亦可扦插、分株、压条。
【用途】:柽柳古干柔枝,婀娜多姿,紫穗红英,花期甚长,秋叶尽红,是优良的园林树种,尤其耐盐碱适应荒漠环境更为可贵。亦适宜制作盆景。
Tamarix chinensis is a species of tamarisk known by the common names five-stamen tamarisk and Chinese tamarisk or saltcedar. It is native to China and Korea, and it is known in many other parts of the world as an introduced species and sometimes an invasive noxious weed. It easily inhabits moist habitat with saline soils. It may grow as a tree with a single trunk or as a shrub with several spreading erect branches reaching 6 metres or more in maximum height. It has been known to reach 12 metres. It has reddish, brown, or black bark. The small, multibranched twigs are covered in small lance-shaped, scale-like leaves which are no more than about 3 mm long. The inflorescence is a dense raceme of flowers a few cm long. Each fragrant flower has five petals which are usually pink but range from white to red.
This tamarisk can hybridize with Tamarix parviflora. T. ramosissima may be treated in synonymy or as a separate species.
It has become an aggressive invader of wildlands in the southwestern United States, where it was once planted as an ornamental plant. It reproducesvegetatively from its roots and also from its foliage if it happens to be covered by soil, as in sediment-rich flooding. It also reproduces by its seed, which are tiny and tufted with hairs, easily dispersing on the wind. Despite its reputation as a noxious weed, the tree can be useful for wood, in honey production, and as a nesting site for various birds.
In its native habitat in China the plant forms thickets that act as useful barriers on the margins of waterways, including saline ocean shores.
十、木棉科
木棉属
【形态】:树高达40m。干粗大端直,大枝轮生,平展;皮刺圆锥形。小叶5~7枚,卵状长椭圆形,长7~450px,先端近尾尖,基部楔形;小叶柄长1.5~87.5px。花红色,径约cm,簇生枝端;花萼杯状,长3~112.5px,5浅裂;花瓣5;雄蕊排成3轮。蒴果长椭球形,长~375px,木质;种子倒卵形,光滑。花期2~3月,先叶开放;果6~7月成熟。
【分布】:云南、贵州、广西、广东等省区。产亚洲南部至大洋洲。
【习性】:喜光,喜暖热,较耐干旱,不耐寒。深根性,萌芽性强。树皮厚,耐火烧。
【繁殖】:可用播种、分蘖、扦插法繁殖。
【用途】:树形高大雄伟,树冠整齐,早春先叶开花,如火如荼,十分红艳美丽。在华南常作行道树、庭荫树及庭园观赏树栽培。杨万里有“即是南中春色别,满城都是木棉花”的诗句,陈恭尹云“粤江二月三月天,千树万树朱花开”。广州市市花。
Bombax ceiba, like other trees of the genus Bombax, is commonly known as cotton tree. More specifically, it is sometimes known as red silk-cotton;red cotton tree; or ambiguously as silk-cotton or kapok, both of which may also refer to Ceiba pentandra.
This Asian tropical tree has a straight tall tree and its leaves are deciduous in winter. Red flowers with 5 petals appear in the spring before the new foliage. It produces a capsule which, when ripe, contains white fibres like cotton. Its trunk bears spikes to deter attacks by animals. Although its stout trunk suggests that it is useful for timber, its wood is too soft to be very useful.
The dry cores of the Bombax ceiba flower (Thai: งิ้ว) are an essential ingredient of the nam ngiao spicy noodle soup of the cuisine of Shan State andNorthern Thailand, as well as the kaeng khae curry.
十一、大戟科
油桐属
【形态】:落叶小乔木,树高4~10m。因树似梧桐i种子可榨油(称桐油)而得名。小枝粗壮,无毛。单叶互生,心脏形或阔卵形,全缘,叶柄圆形,顶端与叶片连接处有2个紫色腺体。单性花,雌雄同株,问有异株,白色,基部有淡红色斑纹。核果球形或扁球形,果皮光滑。
【分布】:产长江流域及其以南地区,而以四川、湖南、湖北为集中产区;越南有分布。
【习性】:喜光,在充分光照的阳坡才能开花结果良好;喜温暖湿润气候,不耐寒。喜土壤深厚、肥沃而排水良好,不耐水湿和干瘠。对二氧化硫污染极为敏感,可作大气中二氧化硫污染的检测植物。
【繁殖】:用播种法繁殖,移栽不宜成活,生产上多采用直播造林。
【用途】:油桐是我国重要特产经济树种。种子榨油,是优质干性油,是我国传统的出口物资。此外,油桐树冠圆整,叶大荫浓,花大而美丽,故也可植为庭荫树及行道树,是园林结合生产的树种之一。
十二、山茶科
(一)山茶属
【形态】:常绿灌木或小乔木,高3~15m。嫩枝淡褐色,全株无毛。叶厚革质,卵形、椭圆形或倒卵形,长5~11C1T1,宽3~125px,先端渐尖或钝,基部楔形,上面深绿色具光泽。花单生或对生于叶腋或枝顶,无柄,红色,径6~300px;苞片与萼片7~10枚,花瓣5~7枚;柱头3裂。果近球形,径2~75px;种子有光泽。花期2~4月,果期9~10月。。
【分布】:原产于我国东部、日本、朝鲜。现我国各地均有栽培。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润、排水良好的酸性土壤。深根性。忌强光直射,不耐酷热严寒。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插、压条、嫁接等法繁殖。
【用途】:株形优美,叶光亮浓绿;花色艳丽,花期较长,为我国栽培历史悠久的名贵观
赏植物,园艺品种多达3000个。
【形态】:常绿灌木或小乔木,高3~13m。树皮粗糙,条状剥落。幼枝有毛。叶椭圆形、卵圆形至倒卵形,长3~200px,先端渐尖或急尖,叶缘有齿,基部楔形或钝圆,上面绿色有光泽。花白色,直径3~7crn,顶生或腋生,无柄,萼片内部有毛,脱落,花瓣6~8枚,有香气;子房密生白色丝状毛。蒴果球形,直径50px。花期10月至翌年1月。
【分布】:分布于我国东南各省,日本有栽培。
【习性】:性强健,喜温暖湿润、富腐殖质的酸性土,喜光稍耐阴,有一定的抗旱性。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插或嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:花小但繁,且有香气,宜作花篱或基础种植。
【形态】:灌木至小乔木。嫩枝略有长毛。叶革质,椭圆形或倒卵形,长4~250px,宽2~100px,先端尖,基部楔形,叶面光亮,上面中脉和下面常有毛,边缘有细锯齿。花白色顶生,无柄;苞片与萼片8~12枚,宽卵形,被绢毛,脱落;花瓣5~7枚,先端凹,近离生;子房有毛。蒴果球形,木质。因栽培,花、果形态常有很多变化。
【分布】:分布于我国秦岭、淮河以南。印度、越南也有。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润的气候环境和肥沃疏松、微酸性的壤土或腐殖土,喜半阴、亦耐寒。深根性,生长慢,寿命长。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插、嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:油茶枝叶密茂,繁花洁白,观赏与经济具备,也常作盆栽,是防火优良树种。
【形态】:乔木,常呈丛生灌木状。嫩枝无毛或微有毛。叶革质,长圆形或椭圆形,长5~300px,宽2~100px,上面有光泽,叶缘有锯齿;叶柄2~5mm。花常1~3朵腋生,白色,直径2~100px,花梗长6~250px,下弯;苞片2,早落;萼片5~7,宿存;花瓣5~9,长l~50px;子房有毛,花柱3裂。蒴果三角状球形。花期10至翌年2月。
【分布】:我国长江流域及其以南各省区有栽培。
【习性】:喜温暖气候和肥沃疏松的酸性黄壤土,
【繁殖】:播种、扦插或嫁接繁殖。
日本、印度、越南等国均有栽培。
喜光。深根性,生长慢,寿命长。
【用途】:枝叶茂密,终年常绿,作绿化观赏,也可盆栽。嫩叶制茶,为世界著名饮料。
【形态】:常绿小乔木或大灌木,高15m。树皮灰褐色。嫩枝棕褐色无毛。叶革质,椭圆状卵形或卵状披针形,长7~300px,宽2~125px,上面深绿色无光泽,网脉显著,背面淡绿色。花2~3朵生于叶腋,无柄,径8~475px;花淡红至深紫色,花瓣15~20枚;子房密被柔毛。蒴果扁球形木质,无宿萼,熟时褐色。花期12~翌年4月。
【分布】:原产于我国云南。现江浙、华南等地有栽培。
【习性】:喜温暖湿润、排水良好的酸性土壤。深根性。
【繁殖】:播种、嫁接、压条、扦插等法繁殖。
【用途】:四季常绿,花色艳丽,繁密如锦,花期较长,子可榨油。忌强光直射,不耐酷热严寒。为我国特有的名贵观赏植物。种
【形态】:常绿灌木至小乔木,高2~6m。叶长圆形至长圆状披针形,长11~400px,宽2~125px,先端尾状渐尖或急尖,基部楔形至宽楔形,表面侧脉显著下陷。花单生叶腋或近顶生,径6~200px;花瓣8~10,肉质,金黄色,带有蜡质光彩;花柱3,完全分离,无毛。蒴果扁球形,径4~125px,每室有种子1~2粒。
【分布】:特产于我国广西,近年各地有引种。
【习性】:性喜温暖湿润、排水良好的肥沃酸性土壤,耐半阴。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插或嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:金花茶是我国最早发现开黄花的茶花,特别稀有名贵,被誉为“茶族皇后”。目前所知20多种黄色茶花中,金花茶最富有观赏及育种价值。
(二)木荷属
【形态】:常绿乔木,高20~30m。枝无毛。叶薄革质或革质,椭圆形,长6~375px,宽4~150px,先端尖,基部楔形,侧脉7~9对,叶缘有钝齿;叶柄1~50px。花生于枝顶叶腋,直径75px,花梗l~62.5px;子房有毛。蒴果直径1~50px。花期5月,果期9~11月。
【分布】:分布于我国浙江、福建、江西、湖南及贵州等地。
【习性】:喜湿润暖热气候,喜光,稍耐阴,较耐寒耐旱。深根性,寿命长。
【繁殖】:播种繁殖。幼苗极需庇荫且忌水湿。
【用途】:木荷树干端直,树冠宽广,树姿雄伟,秋日白花芳香,入冬叶色渐红,十分可爱。对有害气体有一定抗性,耐火烧可作防火树种。
十三、桃金娘科
白千层属
白千层
十四、楝科
(一)楝属
楝树
(二)米兰属
【形态】:常绿灌木或小乔木,树冠圆球形。多分枝,顶芽、小枝顶端常被星状锈色鳞片。羽状复叶,小叶3~5,倒卵形至椭圆形,叶轴与小叶柄具狭翅。圆锥花序腋生,花小而密,极芳香,黄色;浆果卵形或近球形。花期自夏至秋。
【分布】:原产东南亚,现广植于世界热带及亚热带地区。华南庭园习见栽培观赏,也有野生;长江流域及其以北各大城市常盆栽观赏,温室越冬。
【习性】:喜光,略耐阴;喜暖,怕冷;喜深厚肥沃土壤,不耐旱。
【繁殖】:可用嫩枝扦插、高压等法繁殖。
【用途】:米兰枝叶繁密常青,花香馥郁,花期特长。是南方优秀的庭院观赏香花树种,也可植于庭前,置于室内。
十五、无患子科
(一)栾树属
【形态】:落叶乔木,树冠近球形。树皮灰褐色,复叶,有时部分小叶深裂而为不完全2回羽状复叶,齿,近基部常有深裂片,背面沿脉有毛。花金黄色;顶生圆锥花序宽而疏散。蒴果三角状卵形,前端尖,成熟时红褐色或橘红色;种子黑褐色。花期6~7月,果9~10月成熟。
【分布】:主产华北,北至东北南部南至长江流域及福建,西到甘肃、四川I均有分布。
【习性】:喜光,耐寒,耐旱,耐瘠薄,适应性强。深根性,萌蘖力强,有较强抗烟尘能力。
【繁殖】:以播种繁殖为主,分蘖、根插亦可。
【用途】:树形端正,树冠整齐,枝叶茂密而秀丽,春季嫩叶多为红色,人秋叶色变黄;夏季开花,满树金黄,十分美丽,是理想的绿化、观赏树种。宜作庭荫树、行道树及园景树,也可用作防护林、水土保持、荒山绿化及厂矿绿化树种。叶可提制栲胶;花可作黄色染料;种子榨油可供制肥皂及润滑油。
Koelreuteria paniculata is a species of flowering plant in the family Sapindaceae, native to eastern Asia, in China and Korea. Common names include goldenrain tree,[1][2] pride of India,[3] China tree,[4] or varnish tree.
It is a small to medium-sized
It is a small to medium-sized deciduous tree growing to 7 m (23 ft) tall, with a broad, dome-shaped crown. The leaves are pinnate, 15–40 cm (6–16 in) long, rarely to 50 cm (20 in), with 7-15 leaflets 3–8 cm long, with a deeply serrated margin; the larger leaflets at the midpoint of the leaf are sometimes themselves pinnate but the leaves are not consistently fully bipinnate as in the related Koelreuteria bipinnata.
The flowers are yellow, with four petals, growing in large terminal panicles 20–40 cm (8–16 in) long. The fruit is a three-parted inflated bladderlike pod 3–6 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, green ripening orange to pink in autumn, containing several dark brown to black seeds 5–8 mm diameter.
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达20m以上。2回羽状复叶,羽片5~10对,每羽片具小叶5~15,卵状披针形或椭圆状卵形,先端渐尖,基部圆形,缘有锯齿。花黄色,顶生圆锥花序。蒴果卵形,红色。花期7~9月,果9~10月成熟。
【分布】:原产中国中南及西南部,在云南高原常见。
【习性】:喜光,耐干旱,有一定的耐寒力。根肉质,不耐积水,根颈处易萌蘖。
【繁殖】:以播种繁殖为主,分蘖、根插均可。
【用途】:树形高大,叶片较大,夏日有黄花,秋季有红果,硕果累累,异常美观,宜作庭荫树、园景树及行道树栽培。
【形态】:树冠广卵形。树皮暗灰色,片状剥落。小枝暗棕色,密生皮孔。2回羽状复叶,小叶7~1l,全缘,或偶有锯齿,先端渐尖,基部圆形或广楔形。花金黄色,顶生大型圆锥花序。蒴果椭球形,顶端钝而有短尖;种子红褐色。花期8~9月,果10~11月成熟。
【分布】:原产江苏南部、浙江、安徽、江西、湖南、广东、广西等省区,山东有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,幼年耐阴;喜温暖湿润气候,耐寒性差;对土壤要求不严。深根性,不耐修剪。
【繁殖】:繁殖以播种为主,分根育苗也可。
【用途】:枝叶茂密,冠大荫浓,初秋开花金黄夺目,不久就有淡红色灯笼似的果实挂满树梢,十分美丽。作庭荫树、行道树及园景树栽植,也可用于居民区、工厂区及农村“四旁”绿化。根、花可入药;种子可榨油,供工业用;木材坚重,可供建筑等用。
(二)文冠果属
【形态】:落叶小乔木或灌木。树皮灰褐色,粗糙条裂。奇数羽状复叶,互生;小叶9~
19,长椭圆形至披针形,叶缘有锯齿,表面光滑,背生疏生星状绒毛。花杂性,整齐,顶生
总状花序,白色,基部有由黄变红之斑晕。蒴果球形,果皮木质,熟时3瓣裂;种子球形。花期4~5月;果8~9月成熟。
【分布】:原产中国北部,河南、山东、山西、甘肃、辽宁及内蒙古等省区均有分布。【习性】:喜光,耐寒,耐旱,不耐涝;对土壤要求不严,以深厚、肥沃、湿润而通气良好的土壤生长最好。深根性,主根发达,萌蘖力强。
【繁殖】:繁殖以播种为主,分株、压条和根插也可。
【用途】:树姿秀丽,花序大而花朵繁密,春天白花满树,衬以绿叶,更显美观,是优良的观赏树种。种子含油率为50%~70%,油质好,可供食用或医药、化工用;花为蜜源;嫩叶可代茶。
十六、漆树科
(一)黄连木属
黄连木Pistacia chinensis Dunge.
【形态】:落叶乔木,高达30m,树冠近圆球形。冬芽红色。树皮薄片状剥落。通常为偶数羽状复叶,小叶10~14枚,披针形或卵状披针形,先端渐尖,基部偏斜,全缘,有特殊气味。花叶前开放,雌雄异株,圆锥花序,雄花序淡绿色,雌花序紫红色。核果,初为黄白色,后变红色至蓝紫色。
【分布】:原产中国,分布很广,黄河流域及华南、西南均有分布。
【习性】:喜光,幼时耐阴;不耐严寒;对土壤要求不严,耐干旱瘠薄;抗病性也强。深根性,抗风性强;萌芽力强。对二氧化硫、氯化氢和煤烟的抗性较强。
【繁殖】:繁殖常用播种法,扦插和分蘖法亦可。
【用途】:黄连木树干通直,树冠开阔,枝叶繁茂而秀丽,早春红色嫩梢和雌花序可观赏,秋季叶片变红色,是良好的秋色叶树种。宜作庭荫树、行道树及山林风景树,也常作“四旁”绿化及低山区造林树种。种子可榨油;叶、树皮可供药用。
(二)盐肤木属
【形态】:落叶小乔木。树皮灰褐色,有灰白色茸毛。幼枝浅褐色,被黄色茸毛。奇数羽状复叶互生;小叶11~3l枚,背面有茸毛,长椭圆形至披针形,叶缘有锯齿,叶轴无翅。雌雄异株,圆锥花序顶生直立,密生茸毛,花小而密,呈火炬形。核果,深红色,扁球形,果序密集成火炬形。种子扁圆,黑褐色。花期6~7月;果熟期9月,不易脱落。
【分布】:原产北美,现中国各地都有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,喜温暖;适应性强,耐旱,萌蘖力特强。生长快,但寿命短。耐盐碱,耐瘠薄,较耐寒。水平根系发达,
【繁殖】:通常用播种繁殖。但火炬树根蘖自繁能力强,只需稍加抚育,就可恢复林相。
【用途】:叶形优美,秋季叶色变红,雌花序和果序彤红似火炬,且冬季果序不落,是著名的秋色叶树种。宜植于园林观赏,或用于点缀山林秋色,可作行道树及山林风景树。种子可榨油;树皮可供药用。
(三)黄栌属
【形态】:落叶灌木或小乔木。树皮暗灰褐色,不开裂。小枝暗紫褐色,被蜡粉。单叶互生,宽卵形、圆形,先端圆或微凹,全缘,无毛或仅背面脉上有短柔毛,侧脉顶端常2叉状;叶柄细长。花小,杂性,圆锥花序顶生。核果小,扁肾形,果序上有许多不育花的紫绿色羽毛状细长花梗宿存。花期4~5月,果熟6~7月。
【分布】:产中国西南、华北、西北:浙江、安徽等地。
【习性】:喜光,稍耐阴;耐寒;耐干旱瘠薄和碱性土壤,但不耐水湿。生长快,根系发达。萌蘖力强。对二氧化硫有较强抗性,对氯化物抗性较差。
【繁殖】:以播种为主,压条、根插、分株也可。
【用途】:重要的秋色叶树种,入秋叶子变红,鲜艳夺目,可栽植大面积风景林,或作为荒山造林先锋树种。著名的北京香山红叶即为本种及其变种。树皮及叶可提制栲胶;枝叶可人药。
Cotinus coggygria, syn. Rhus cotinus, the European smoketree, Eurasian smoketree, smoke tree, smoke bush, or dyer's sumach is a species offlowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae, native to a large area from southern Europe, east across central Asia and the Himalayas to northern China.
It is a multiple-branching shrub growing to 5–7 m (16–23 ft) tall with an open, spreading, irregular habit, only rarely forming a small tree. Theleaves are 3-8 cm long rounded ovals, green with a waxy glaucous sheen. The autumn colour can be strikingly varied, from peach and yellow to scarlet. The flowers are numerous, produced in large inflorescences 15–30 cm (5.9–11.8 in) long; each flower 5-10 mm diameter, with five pale yellow petals. Most of the flowers in each inflorescence abort, elongating into yellowish-pink to pinkish-purple feathery plumes (when viewed en masse these have a wispy 'smoke-like' appearance, hence the common name) which surround the small (2-3 mm) drupaceous fruit that do develop.
十七、七叶树科
七叶树属
【形态】:落叶乔木,高25m。树皮灰褐色,片状剥落。小枝光滑粗壮,髓心大。小叶
5~7,长椭圆状披针形至矩圆形,长8~400px,先端渐尖,基部楔形,缘具细锯齿,仅背面脉上疏生柔毛;小叶柄长5~425px。圆锥花序密集圆柱状,花白色。蒴果近球形,黄褐色,无刺,也无尖头;种子形。
【分布】:原产黄河流域,陕西、山西、河北、江苏、浙江等地有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,稍耐阴;喜温暖气候,也耐寒;喜深厚、肥沃而排水良好的土壤。深根性;萌芽力不强;生长速度中等偏慢,寿命长。
【繁殖】:繁殖主要用播种法,扦插、高压法也可。
【用途】:树姿壮丽,枝叶扶疏,冠如华盖,叶大而形美,开花时硕大的花序竖立于绿叶簇中,似一个华丽的大烛台,蔚为奇观,是世界著名的观赏树种之一,五大佛教树种、五大行道树之一。
Aesculus chinensis, the Chinese horse chestnut (Chinese:七叶树 qi ye shu), is a tree species in the genus Aesculus found in eastern Asia.
The seed contains triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids, such as aescuflavoside and aescuflavoside A, which are glycosides of quercetin.
十八、木犀科
(一)丁香属
【形态】:落叶灌木或小乔木。枝上皮孔显著。单叶对生,厚纸质,宽卵形至椭圆状卵形,长5~c-m,端短尾尖至尾状渐尖或锐尖,基通常圆形或截形,叶面网脉明显凹下而在背面隆起;叶柄长1~62.5px,无毛。圆锥花序大而疏散,长~375px;花冠白色,筒短;花丝细长,雄蕊几乎为花冠裂片2倍长。蒴果矩圆形,先端钝。花期5月底至6月。
【习性】:喜光,喜潮湿土壤。
【繁殖】:一般用播种繁殖。可作其他丁香的乔化砧。
【用途】:暴马丁香花期较晚,在丁香专类园中,可起到延长花期作用。花可提取芳香油,也是蜜源植物。青海省乐都县瞿昙寺内的一棵暴马丁香,相传是明洪武年间栽植,距今已有600多年的历史,被当地人称为“西海菩提树”,是佛门吉祥光盛的象征。
(二)流苏树属
流苏树
(三)木犀属
【形态】:乔木常呈灌木状,分枝性强,尤幼年明显,树冠圆球形。树皮粗糙,灰色不裂。芽叠生。叶革质对生,多长椭圆形,长5~300px,端尖,基楔形,全缘或上半部有细锯齿。花小,簇生叶腋或聚伞状;多着生于当年枝,2、3年生枝上亦有,花冠裂至基部,有乳白、黄、橙红等色,香气极浓。核果椭圆形,紫黑色。花期9~10月,翌年4~5月果熟。
【分布】:产河北、甘肃及陕西,南至云南、福建、广东等地。日本、朝鲜也有。
【习性】:喜光;喜温暖,耐寒;抗旱;花期怕干旱风。生长较慢。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插、嫁接繁殖。
【用途】:流苏树花密优美、花形奇特、秀丽可爱,花期可达20天左右,是优美的观赏树种。栽植于安静休息区,或以常绿树衬托列植,都十分相宜。嫩叶
代茶。
(四)女贞属
【形态】:常绿乔木,高]0m。树皮灰色平滑,枝开展,具皮孔,全株无毛。单叶对生,革质而脆,宽卵形至卵状披针形,长6~300px,宽4~150px,全缘,表面深绿有光泽,侧脉5~8对;叶柄长1.5~50px。圆锥花序顶生,花白色,几无柄,花萼钟形,花冠裂片与花冠筒近等长,4裂;雄蕊2枚,着生于花冠喉部,花丝与冠檐裂片等长;子房上位,2室,柱头2裂。浆果状核果长圆形,长6~8mm,蓝黑色。花期6~7月,果期10~11月。
【分布】:产长江流域及以南各省区。甘肃南部及华北南部多有栽培。
【习性】:喜光,稍耐阴;喜温暖湿润气候,稍耐寒;不耐干旱瘠薄,适应性强。根系发达,生长快,萌芽力强,耐修剪。抗氯气、二氧化硫和氟化氢。
【繁殖】:播种、扦插繁殖。
【用途】:女贞枝叶清秀,终年常绿,夏日满树白花,又适应城市气候环境,是长江流域常见的绿化树种。常栽于庭园观赏,广泛栽植于街坊、宅院,或作园路树,或修剪作绿篱用;可作为工矿区的抗污染树种。果、树皮、根、叶人药;木材可为细木工用材。
十九、玄参科
泡桐属
【形态】:树干耸直。树皮褐灰色。幼枝常具黏质短腺毛。叶宽卵形或卵形,长20~725px,宽15~700px,全缘或3~5裂,表面被长柔毛、腺毛及分枝毛,背面密被具长柄的白色树枝状毛。花蕾近圆形,密被黄色毛;花萼盘状钟形,深裂至1/2或更深,外被绒毛;花冠紫色或蓝紫色。蒴果卵圆形,长3~100px,果皮薄而脆,宿萼反卷。花期4~5月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:主要分布于长江以北,西部有野生,各地栽培。
【习性】:喜光,不耐阴;较耐寒,-25。C时易受冻;较耐干旱,不耐积水,不耐盐碱;喜深厚、肥沃、湿润、疏松土壤。根系发达,生长快,寿命短,萌芽、萌蘖性强。对二氧化硫、氯气、氟化氢等气体抗性较强。
【繁殖】:埋根繁殖为主,也可播种、埋干、留根繁殖。
【用途】:树冠宽阔,树干端直,叶大荫浓,花大艳丽。可作庭荫树、行道树、独赏树及“四旁”绿化树种。是重要的速生用材树种。也是良好的饲料和肥料树种。
【形态】:高达20m,树冠宽卵形或圆形。树皮灰褐色。小枝幼时有毛。叶长卵形,长
10~625px,宽6~375px,先端渐尖,基部心形,全缘,稀浅裂,背面被白色星状毛。花蕾倒卵状椭圆形;花萼倒圆锥状钟形,浅裂至1/4~1/3,无毛;花冠乳白色至微带紫色,内具紫色斑点及黄色条纹。蒴果椭圆形,长6~275px。花期3~4月,果期9~10月。
【分布】:主产长江流域以南各省,现辽宁以南广泛栽培。
【习性】:喜光稍耐阴,耐寒性稍差。深根性,生长快,萌蘖性强。
【繁殖】:埋根繁殖为主,也可播种、埋干、留根繁殖。
【用途】:早春繁花似锦,夏日绿树成荫,甚为美观,可作庭荫树、行道树、独赏树及“四旁”绿化树种。是重要的速生用材树种。也是良好的饲料和肥料树种。花、果均可人药。
二十、紫葳科
(一)梓树属
【形态】高10~20m;树冠宽阔,树皮灰褐色,纵裂。叶宽卵形或近圆形,长10~30cm,先端急尖,基部心形或近圆形,全缘或3~5掌状浅裂,微有毛.基部脉腋有3~6紫斑。圆锥花序长10~500px;花冠淡黄色,内有黄色条纹及紫色斑纹;花萼绿色或紫色。蒴果细长蓇葖
【分布】原产于我国,分布于东北、华北,南至华南北部,以黄河中下游为分布中心。
【习性】喜光,稍耐阴,耐寒,耐轻盐碱,不耐干旱瘠薄,喜深厚、肥沃、湿润土壤。生长较快。对二氧化硫、氯气及烟尘抗性强。
【繁殖】播种繁殖为主,也可扦插、分蘖繁殖。
【用途】树冠宽大,叶大阴浓,夏季花大鲜艳,秋冬蒴果垂挂。可作庭阴树、行道树、独赏树及“四旁”绿化树种。果人药。
【形态】高达20n,;树冠倒卵形,树干端直;树皮灰褐色浅纵裂,老树干具瘤状突起。叶三角状卵形至卵状椭圆形,长6~400px,先端渐尖,基部截形或宽楔形,3出脉,全缘,无毛,基部脉腋有2个紫斑。总状花序伞房状,具花5~20朵;花冠粉色,内有紫斑;萼片顶端2尖裂。蒴果长25~50em,径约125px。花期4~5月,果期9~10月。
【分布】主产于黄河流域,长江流域也有分布。
【习性】喜光,幼树耐阴,喜温暖、湿润气候,耐轻盐碱,不耐严寒,不耐干旱瘠薄,不耐水湿。深根性,根蘖性、萌芽性强。对二氧化硫及氯气有抗性,吸附灰尘、粉尘能力强。
【繁殖】分蘖、埋根繁殖为主,也可播种、扦插、嫁接(梓树为砧)繁殖。
【用途】树姿挺拔,干直阴浓,花色艳丽,宜作庭阴树、行道树、独赏树及“四旁”绿化树种。可孤植、列植、丛植,与建筑配植更能显示古朴、苍劲的树势。树皮、叶、种子人药:花提取芳香油。叶作饲料÷
【形态】高15m;树冠开展,树皮灰色,厚鳞片状开裂。叶宽卵形至卵状椭圆形,长15~30em,先端渐尖,基部截形或网形,全缘或偶有1~2浅裂,背面被柔毛,基部脉腋有绿色腺斑。圆锥花序顶生,长约15am,具花余朵;花冠白色,内有淡紫斑和黄色条纹。蒴果较粗,长20~1125px,径l~I.Sam。花期5~6月,果期月。
【分布】原产于美国中部及东部。我国各地城市均有栽培。
【习性】喜光,耐寒性较差,喜温凉湿润气候,不耐干旱瘠薄及积水。
【繁殖】播种繁殖。
【用途】树形优美,宜作庭阴树及行道树.二在原产地为用材树种:
(二)蓝花楹属
蓝花楹
二十一、千屈菜科
紫薇属
紫薇
思考题
实训 观花乔木的观察与识别
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