1)含义
岩生花卉(Rock Plant,Rock Flower),指直接生长于岩石表面或生长于岩石表面的薄层土壤上,或生长于岩石之间的植物:在园林应用上是指具有较强抗逆性,尤其是抗干旱和耐瘠土能力,植株低矮或匍匐,可与岩石搭配用于造园的植物。
2)类型
(1)按自然分类系统分为苔藓植物、蕨类植物、裸子植物、被子植物。
(2)按光照要求分为喜光类、耐阴类、喜阴湿类。
(3)按在园林中的应用分类,分为草本类、藤本类、灌木及矮乔类、蕨类、苔藓地衣类。
3)园林应用特点
(1)岩生植物色泽艳丽,五彩缤纷,具有很高的观赏价值,如细小风铃草、点地梅、丛生福禄考、香石竹等,是布置花卉专类园——岩石园的主要材料,呈现与岩石相伴的植物生长景观。
(2)岩生植物也可以在园林中的挡土墙、铺装的石路边等与岩石园生态条件相似∞局部区域使用,如在碎石小路边上镶嵌费菜、岩生石竹、大花岩芥菜等。
4)生态习性
(1)对温度的要求
岩石园主要是室外布置,因此大多数花卉有一定的耐寒性,在当地可以露地过冬。室内岩石园花卉,对耐寒性要求不高。
(2)对光照的要求
岩石园的形式有多种,不同的形式有不同的光照条件,依具体设计,从喜光到耐阴的种类都可以使用。
(3)对土壤的要求
‘岩石园中供花卉生长的土壤厚度有限,同时为避免植物过度生长,一般比较贫瘠,因此使用的花卉耐痞薄。
(4)对水分的要求
水分要求依岩石园的形式而定,一般为耐干旱的花卉,但是有小溪等设计时,也需要耐水湿的种类。
1)繁殖要点
岩生花卉有一二年生和多年生花卉,与前述的各类花卉繁殖要点相同。
2)管理要点
管理粗放,但过度干旱时要浇水;过度生长时要适时分株;管理中注意摘心和修剪,控制生长并保持株形;根据具体情况也可以适当追肥,补充营养:多年生长后,生长不良要重新栽植。
虎耳草 Saxifraga stolonifera(www.daowen.com)
虎耳草出自《履巉岩本草》《本草纲目》:虎耳,生阴湿处,人亦栽于石山上。茎高五、六寸,有细毛。一茎一叶,如荷叶盖状,人呼为石荷叶,叶大如钱,状似初生小葵叶及虎之耳形。夏开小花,淡红色。 华中虎耳草Saxifraga fortunei Hook.F.近本种,但无匍匐茎,花瓣有齿;分布于四川和湖北。全草治中耳炎,捣汁滴入耳中。
虎耳草 多年生小草本,冬不枯萎。根纤细;匍匐茎细长,紫红色,有时生出叶与不定根。叶基生,通常数片;叶柄长3-10cm;叶片肉质,圆形或肾形,直径4-6cm,有时较大,基部心形或平截,边缘有浅裂片和不规则细锯齿,上面绿色,常有白色斑纹,下面紫红色,两面被柔毛。花茎高达25cm,直立或稍倾斜,有分枝;圆锥状花序,轴与分枝、花梗被腺毛及绒毛;苞片披针形,被柔毛;萼片卵形,先端尖,向外伸展;花多数,花瓣5,白色或粉红色下方2瓣特长,椭圆状披针形,长1-1.5cm,宽2-3mm,上方3瓣较小,卵形,基部有黄色斑点;雄蕊10,花丝棒状,比萼片长约1倍,花药紫红色;子房球形,花柱纤细,柱头细小。蒴果卵圆形,先端2深裂,呈喙状。花期5-8月,果期7-11月
Saxifraga stolonifera is a perennial flowering plant known by several common names, including creeping saxifrage, strawberry saxifrage, creeping rockfoil, as well as the quite ambiguous "Aaron's beard", mother of thousands,[2] roving sailor, wandering Jew,[2] and strawberry begonia or strawberry geranium[2] (it is neither a begonia nor a geranium). It is native to Asia but has been introduced to other continents, mainly for use as an ornamental. A popular garden flower, it has attractive white blossoms with distinctive pointed petals and bright yellow ovary. S. stolonifera also sees use as a houseplant. Its creeping green foliage makes a good groundcover. The plant spreads via threadlike stolon (runners), with plantlets taking root in the vicinity of the mother plant. It is hardy to USDA zone 5.
The foliage is occasionally used fresh or cooked in Japanese cuisine. It was also used as an herbal remedy in Classical Japan. It contains Quercetin which has been shown to have anti-cancer activity in vitro.
2.点地梅 Androsace umbellata
点地梅(拉汉种子植物名称)喉咙草(江苏、浙江),佛顶珠、白花草、清明花(贵州),天星花(云南)。一年生或二年生草本,全株被细柔毛。须根纤细。基生叶丛生,柄长1-2厘米;叶近圆形或卵圆形,径3-15毫米,基部微凹或呈不明显截形,先端钝圆,边缘有多数三角状钝牙齿,叶质稍厚。 喜湿润、温暖、向阳环境和肥沃土壤,常生于山野草地或路旁。但是不论是在高山草原,还是在河谷滩地,只要有一丁点瘠薄的土壤它就能生根发芽。它的种子能自播繁殖。也可在冰天雪地中生存。
Androsace is a genus in the family Primulaceae, second only to Primula in number of species.[2] It is a predominantly Arctic–alpine genus with many species in the Himalayas (where the genus originated), the mountains of central Asia, the Caucasus, and the southern and central European mountain systems, particularly the Alps and the Pyrenees.
Plants of this genus are sometimes known as rock jasmines or fairy candelabras and are widely cultivated for their dense cushions covered in white or pink flowers. There are about 110 species.
3.垂盆草 Sedum sarmentosum
垂盆草为景天科、景天属的多年生草本植物。高9—18cm,茎平卧或上部直立,葡匐状延伸,整株光滑无毛,长达70cm,并于每个茎节上发出3—5个不定根,根长12cm左右,根系颇发达,幅宽20cm左右。三叶轮生,矩圆形,全缘、无柄。初夏开五星状黄色小花,径3-8mm.蝎尾状花序组成聚伞花序,每花序有花可达50朵以上。花期5-6月。用于草坪、地被和立体花坛。全草入药,有清热解毒、杀菌消炎之效。
Sedum sarmentosum is a perennial flowering plant in the family Crassulaceae, native to East Asia(China, Korea) and Southeast Asia(Thailand). Its common names include stringy stonecrop, gold moss stonecrop,[citation needed] and graveyard moss.
Sedum sarmentosum has succulent, evergreen leaves atop arching, low-lying stems. Yellow flowers consisting of 5 petals arise on an inflorescence during summer. The plant is native to China.
4.龙胆
龙胆,(拉丁学名:Gentiana scabra Bunge),为龙胆科植物。多年生草本,高30-60厘米;根黄白色,绳索状,长20厘米以上。茎直立,粗壮,常带紫褐色,粗糙。叶对生,卵形或卵状披针形,长3-7厘米,宽1-2厘米,有3-5条脉,急尖或渐尖,无柄,边缘及下面主脉粗糙。花簇生茎端或叶腋;苞片披针形,与花萼近等长;花萼钟状,长2.5-3厘米,裂片条状披针形,与萼筒近等长;花冠筒状钟形,蓝紫色,长4-5厘米,裂片卵形,尖,褶三角形,稀二齿裂;雄蕊5,花丝基部有宽翅;花柱短,柱头2裂。蒴果矩圆形,有柄;种子条形,边缘有翅。 分布于朝鲜,苏联,日本,及我国黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、浙江等地。生草甸、灌丛或林缘。根入药,能去肝胆火。
Gentiana scabra, also called Korean gentian, (or Japanese gentian) is a species of flowering plant in the Gentian family (Gentianaceae), found in much of the United States and Japan. The flowers bloom in mid-summer, autumn and are blue or dark blue in color.
Gentiana scabra roots are used as a bitter tonic in Chinese herbalism where it is said to promote digestive secretions and treats a range of illnesses associated with the liver.
四、常见岩生花卉
1.井栏边草
2.卷柏
3.野棉花
4.香堇
5.雪莲
6.马先蒿
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