1.洒金东瀛珊瑚
【学名】Aucuba japonica CV.variegata D^Om—Brain
【别名】花叶青木、金沙树,
【科属】山茱萸科、桃叶珊瑚属
【识别特征】常绿灌木,高约l~3m,丛生,树冠球形。树皮初时绿色平滑,后转为灰绿色。小枝绿色,粗壮无毛。叶对生,草质,椭圆状卵形至椭圆状披针形,长8~20cm,叶端尖而钝头,叶基阔楔形,叶缘疏生粗齿,叶两面油绿而富光泽,具许多黄色斑点,酷似洒金,故得名。叶柄长1~5cm。花单性,雌雄异株,为顶生圆锥花序,密生刚毛,花小,紫色,花期3~4月份。核果长圆形,鲜红色,12月份成熟。
【分布习性】原产日本,中国长江中下游地区广泛栽培。适应性强,性喜温暖阴湿环境,不甚耐寒,可短期忍耐10。C以下低温。有一定的耐湿性。略具耐旱力,喜肥沃、湿润、排水良好的沙壤土。在林下疏松肥沃的微酸性土或中性壤土中生长繁茂,阳光直射而无庇荫之处,则生长缓慢,发育不良。有一定的抗烟尘能力。
【繁殖栽培】可用种子繁殖和扦插繁殖。于3月上、中旬果实充分呈现红色时采种,可随采随播带果肉种子,也可除去果肉,用湿沙贮藏种子,待开始发芽时播种。条播,行距8~10cm,株距3~4cm,覆土3cm,盖草保湿,秋末冬初出苗。扦插繁殖在春、夏季进行,剪取木质化枝条,长10~25cm,带叶4~10片,实行全枝带叶插,插后注意遮阴,生根率可达90%以上。
生长势强,耐修剪,病虫害极少。
【观赏应用】洒金东瀛珊瑚树型圆整,枝叶青翠光亮,叶面的金黄色斑块碧黄相间,果实成熟时夹在绿叶丛中鲜红明亮,非常美丽,是园林绿化中叶果双茂的优良树种。又极耐阴,可配植于林缘及溪流林下、池畔湖边、立交桥下、庭院墙隅、建筑物荫蔽处。若与lIJ茱萸、茶梅、杜鹃等配植存一起,景观效果极佳。若配植于假山上,作花灌木的陪衬,或作树丛林缘的下层基调树种,亦甚协调得体。也可盆栽观叶,枝叶还常用于瓶插。
Aucuba japonica, commonly called spotted laurel, Japanese laurel, Japanese aucuba or gold dust plant (U.S.), is a shrub (1–5 m, 3.3–16.4 ft) native to rich forest soils of moist valleys, thickets, by streams and near shaded moist rocks in China, Korea, and Japan. This is the species of Aucuba commonly seen in gardens - often in variegated form. The leaves are opposite, broad lanceolate, 5–8 cm (2.0–3.1 in) long and 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) wide. Aucuba japonica are dioecious. The flowers are small, 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) diameter, each with four purplish-brown petals; they are produced in clusters of 10-30 in a loose cyme. The fruit is a red drupe approximately 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter, which is avoided by birds.
【学名】Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.)Ait.
【别名】海桐花、山矾花、七里香,
【科属】海桐科、海桐属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木,高2~6m。树冠近球形,干灰褐色,枝条近轮生,嫩枝绿色。单叶互生,有时在枝顶簇生,倒卵形或椭圆形,先端圆钝,基部楔形,全
缘,边缘反卷,厚革质,表面浓绿有光泽,新叶黄嫩。顶生伞房花序,小花白色或带绿色,芳香,花期5月份。蒴果近球形,有棱角,初为绿色,后变黄色,成熟时3瓣裂,果瓣木质,有毛,果熟期10月份。
栽培弯种如下.
斑叶海桐‘Variegata’,叶面有不规则白斑。
矮海桐‘Nana’,枝叶密生,株高40~60cm,适合栽作绿篱。
【分布与习性】产中国东南沿海各省,朝鲜、日本也有分布。喜温暖湿润气候,不耐寒。喜光,稍耐阴。对土壤要求不严,黏土、沙土、轻碱性土及中性土均能适应。抗海潮风及S02,等有毒气体。萌芽力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖与裁培】采用播种或扦插繁殖。播种可于10~11为份采收成熟果实,因种子外有黏汁,需用草木灰拌搓脱粒,随即播种,播后盖草,翌春即可发芽。亦可净种沙藏,次年春播。扦插用嫩枝于雨季进行,成活率较高。
苗木移植一般在春季3月问进行,需带土球,栽于半阴处;球形苗木起苗时需用绳收捆,枝条硬脆,严防损折枝条。日常管理注意保持树形,干旱适当浇水,秋冬施一次基肥。海桐易受多种介壳虫危害,需及早防治。
【观赏与应用】海桐四季常青,树冠圆整;枝叶茂密丛生,叶色浓绿光亮。初夏花香袭人,秋季蒴果开裂露出鲜红种子,晶莹可爱。季相多变,是城市园林中重要的绿化观叶树种。可孤植于草坪、花坛中,或列植成绿篱,或丛植于草坪、丛林之间,或修剪成圆球形,植于建筑物入口两侧或四周,也可作为海岸防风防潮林和工厂矿区绿化树种。盆栽可装饰内室或客厅,也可作为会场主席台上的背景材料。对SO2,等有毒气体有较强的抗性。
海桐木材可作器具。其叶可代矾染色,故有“山矾”之称。根、叶和种子均可入药,根能祛风活络、散瘀止痛;叶能解毒、止血;种子可涩肠、固精。
Pittosporum tobira is a species of flowering plant in the Pittosporum family known by several common names, including Australian laurel, Japanese pittosporum,[1]mock orange and Japanese cheesewood.[citation needed] It is native to Japan, China, and Korea, but it is used throughout the world as an ornamental plant in landscaping and as cut foliage.
It is an evergreen shrub which can reach 10 m (33 ft) tall by 3 m (10 ft) broad, and can become treelike. It can also be trimmed into a hedge. The leaves are oval in shape with edges that curl under and measure up to 10 cm (4 in) in length. They are leathery, hairless, and darker and shinier on the upper surfaces. Theinflorescence is a cluster of fragrant flowers occurring at the ends of branches. The flower has five white petals each about a centimetre long. The fruit is a hairy, woody capsule about 1 cm wide divided into three valves. Inside are black seeds in a bed of resinous pulp.
3.南天竹
【学名】Nandina domestica
【别名】天竺、南天竺、竺竹、南烛、南竹叶、红杷子、蓝天竹,
【科属】小檗科、南天竹属
【识别特征】常绿灌木,植丛高50~lOOcm。茎直立,少分枝,老茎浅褐色,幼枝常为红色。二至三回羽状复叶对生,小叶椭圆状披针形,全缘,两面无毛,秋冬叶色变红。花小,成顶生圆锥花序,花白色,花期为5~7月份。浆果球形,鲜红色,偶有黄色,9~10月份成熟,经霜不落,为赏叶观果佳品。
其栽培变种如下。
玉果南天竹‘Leucocarpa’,又名白南天、玉珊瑚,浆果成熟后呈黄白色;叶子冬天不变红。
橙果南天竹‘Aurentiaca’,果熟时橙色。
细叶南天竹‘Capillaris’,又名琴丝南天竹,植株较矮小;叶形狭窄如丝。
五彩南天竹‘Porphyrocarpa’,植株较矮小;叶狭长而密,叶色多变,常呈紫色;果熟时淡紫色。
小叶南天竹‘Parvifolia’,小叶形小;果红色。
【分布与习性】原产中国和日本,野生于疏林、沟谷旁及灌木丛中,现中国各地广为栽培。喜温暖多湿及通风良好的环境。较耐寒,冬天气温降到零下3~4。C不会受冻,不耐酷暑,生长适温为20~30℃。喜阳光,也相当耐阴,在全部荫蔽环境下叶片翠绿,在烈日下叶片常出现焦边并比较粗糙。对土壤要求不严,在微酸性的腐殖土中生长特别良好,为石灰岩钙质土壤指示植物,能耐微碱性土壤,也耐干旱和贫瘠。
【繁殖与栽培】繁殖以播种、分株为主,也可扦插。可于果实成熟时随采随播,也可春播。分株宜在春季萌芽前或秋季进行。扦插以新芽萌动前或夏季新梢停止生长时进行。
管理比较粗放。栽后第一年内在春、夏、冬三季各中耕除草、追肥1次,同时还要补栽缺苗。以后每年只在春季或冬季中耕除草、追肥1次。
【观赏与应用】南天竹树姿秀丽,翠绿扶疏。入秋红果累累,圆润光洁,是优美的观叶、观果地被,!宜栽植于庭院房前、草地边缘、假山石边或园路转角处。由于南天竹耐阴,还可配植在疏林下及建筑物阴面。
根、叶、果均可入药,根、茎可清热除湿,通经活络;果为镇咳药。
Nandina domestica (/nænˈdiːnə dəˈmɛstᵻkə/ nan-dee-nuh) commonly known as nandina, heavenly bamboo or sacred bamboo, is a species of flowering plant in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia from the Himalayas to Japan. It is the only member of the monotypic genus Nandina.
4.石楠
【学名】Photinia serrulata Lindl
【别名】扇骨木、千年红
【科属】蔷薇科、石楠属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木,树形端正。干皮块状剥落。小枝褐灰色,无毛。单叶互生,叶厚革质,长椭圆形或倒卵状椭圆形,先端尖,边缘有疏生带腺细锯齿,近基部全缘,无毛。幼叶带红色。复伞房花序顶生,总花梗和花梗无毛,花白色,花期4~5月份。梨果球形,直径5~6mm,红色或褐紫色,光亮,果熟期10月份。
同属常见种如下。
光叶石楠P.glabra(Thunb.)Maxim, 又名椤木,常绿小乔木,枝黑灰色具散生皮孔。叶互生,革质,叶片小,椭圆形至椭圆状倒卵形,两面光滑无毛,螺旋状着生,缘具疏生浅钝锯齿,叶柄短。花白色,复伞状花序,花瓣基部具爪,花期4~5月份。果卵状,红色光亮.果熟期9~10月份。
毛叶石楠P.villosa(Thunb.)DC,又名鸡丁子,落叶小灌木,枝灰褐色,幼枝被白色长柔毛。叶片薄纸质,小犁,叶两面多少有毛,叶缘上半部具尖细锯齿,叶柄短,具毛,花序梗及果梗上常有疣点,小果红色经冬不落,山东山地有野生。
红叶石楠Photinia×Fraseri,是蔷薇科石楠属杂交种的统称,全世界约有60种,主要产于亚洲东南部、东部和北美洲的皿热带和温带地区。为常绿小乔木或多枝丛生灌木,株形紧凑。单叶轮生,叶披针形到长披针形,新梢及嫩叶鲜红色,老叶革质,叶表深绿具光泽,叶背绿色,光滑无毛。顶生伞房圆锥花序,小花白色,花期4--5月份。梨果红色,夏末成熟,可持续挂果到翌年春。
园林中常用的有红罗宾‘RED Robin’和红唇‘RED Tip’两个品种,其中红罗宾的叶色更加持久鲜艳,观赏性更强。另外还有火艳‘Camelvy’、鲁宾斯‘Rubens’、强健rRubusta’等品种。
【分布与习性】原产于中国秦岭以南各省区。日本、菲律宾、印尼有分布。生于海拔700 1400m的沟谷、山坡疏林中或灌木丛中。
石楠为皿热带树种,喜温暖湿润及阳光充足的环境,耐寒,能耐短期一15℃低温。也较耐阴。对土壤要求不严,深根性,以深厚、肥沃、排水良好的沙壤中为好,黏土中往往生长不良。也耐干旱瘠薄,能在石缝中生长,但不耐水湿。抗污染。
喜温暖湿润的气候,抗寒力不强,喜光也耐阴,对土壤要求不严,以肥沃湿润的沙质土壤最为适宜,萌芽力强,耐修剪,对烟尘和有毒气体有一定的抗性。
【繁殖与栽培】以播种繁殖为主,也可用扦插、压条繁殖。播种在11月份采种,层积后来年春季播种;扦插可在雨季进行,选当年生粗壮半成熟枝条,剪成10~12cm长,带叶,上部留叶2~3枚,扦插深度为插条的2/3,插后及时庇荫,浇透水,保持床土湿润,极易生根。
栽植在春季进行,小苗栽植多带宿土,大苗栽植须带土球,并剪去部分枝叶,以减少水分蒸发。石楠树型端正,但栽植时要注意保护下部枝条,使树型圆满美观。
【观赏与应用】石楠树冠圆球形,枝繁叶茂。早春嫩叶绛红,初夏白花点点,艳丽可爱,秋冬红果红叶,是极美的园林绿化树种。可作庭荫树,整形后列植或对植点缀建筑的门庭两侧,草坪、庭园墙边、路角都可应用,也可作绿墙、绿屏栽种。还可丛栽,使其形成低矮的灌木丛,可与金叶女贞、红叶小檗、扶芳藤等组成美丽的图案,可获得优良的绿化美化效果。石楠还能抗烟尘和有毒气体,且具隔声功能。南方地区常用作嫁接枇杷的砧木。
石楠木材坚硬致密,可作器具柄,种子可榨油,叶、根入药,有强壮、利尿、解热、镇痛之效。
Photinia serratifolia (syn. Photinia serrulata), commonly called Taiwanese photinia or Chinese photinia is a flowering shrub or tree in the Rosaceae family offlowering plants, found in mixed forests of China, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India. It grows typically 4–6 m (13–20 ft), sometimes up to 12 m (39 ft), tall. Its leaves are toxic due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides.
5.十大功劳
【学名】Mahonia fortunei
【别名】狭叶十大功劳、猫儿刺、黄天竹,
【科属】小檗科、十大功劳属
【识别特征】常绿灌木,奇数羽状复叶,小叶5~9枚,狭披针形,边缘有刺针锯齿,叶革质而有光泽,暗绿色,秋后转红,鲜艳夺目。总状花序,小花黄色,花期9~10月份。浆果近球形,蓝黑色,被白粉,果期11~12月份。
同属种有阔叶十大功劳Mahonia bealei和湖北十大功劳Mahonia confusa等。
【分布与习性】原产于我国四川、湖北、浙江等省。喜光,耐半阴,耐寒、耐旱,对土壤要求不严,但喜肥沃湿润、排水良好的土壤。
【繁殖与栽培】播种、扦插或分株繁殖。种子采后即可播种。2~3月份硬枝扦插,梅雨季节嫩枝扦插,插后要及时庇荫,适量浇水。夏季扦插可采用全光照喷雾育苗。春秋雨季均可移植,植株需留宿土或带土球。密植时注意修剪枯枝,适当短截,保持群体整齐美观。
【观赏与应用】十大功劳枝干挺直,终年绿叶,叶形奇特秀丽,黄花芳香,宜点缀于假山、岩隙、溪边及栽作花篱,作为林缘下木或为绿篱及基础种植,也可用于厂矿绿化。也可在北门口、窗下种植及林荫F配植。全株入药,有清热解毒、强壮之效。
Mahonia fortunei is a species of shrubs in the family Berberidaceae, the barberry family, described as a species in 1846. It is endemic to China, found in the Provinces of Chongqing, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, and Zhejiang. It is grown as an ornamental in many lands, with common names including Chinese mahonia, Fortune's mahonia, and holly grape.
Some authorities place the genus Mahonia in Berberis because there is no definite morphological distinction between the two genera. The subject awaits in-depth genetic analysis.
6.山茶花
【学名】Camellia japonica L.
【别名】 山茶、茶花,
【科属】山茶科、山茶属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木,高达2~15m。枝条黄褐色,小枝呈绿色或绿紫色至紫色至紫褐色。叶片互生,厚革质,椭圆形,先渐尖或急尖,基部楔形至近半圆形,边缘有锯齿,叶片正面为深绿色,多数有光泽,北面较淡,叶片光滑无毛,叶柄粗短,有柔毛或无毛。花大型,单生或常2~3朵着生于枝条的顶端或叶腋问,花单瓣、复瓣和重瓣都有,直径5~6cm或更大,花色有白色、粉红、紫红及部分过渡色,花期2~4月份。蒴果近球形,果熟期9~10月份。
园艺品种很多,目前全世界山茶花的品种已发展到5000个以上,中国约在300个以上。
常见变种如下。
白山茶var.Alba Lodd.,花白色。
白洋茶var.alba-plena Lodd.,花白色,重瓣,通常6~10轮,外瓣大,内瓣小,呈规则的覆瓦状排列。
红山茶var.Lilifolia Curtis,花红色,花型似秋牡丹,有5枚大花瓣,雄蕊有变成狭小花瓣者。
紫山茶var.Lilifolia Mak.,花紫色;叶呈狭披针形,有似百合的叶形。
玫瑰山茶var.magnoliaeflora Hort.,花玫瑰色,近于重瓣。
重瓣花【_L|茶var.polypetala Mak.,花白色而有条纹,重瓣;枝密生,叶圆形,扦插易生根。
金鱼茶 (鱼尾山茶)var.spontanea f trifida Mak.,花红色,单瓣或半重瓣;叶端3裂如鱼尾状,又常有斑纹,为观赏珍品,可扦插繁殖。
“朱顶红”var.chutinghung Yu,花型似红山茶,但呈朱红色,雄蕊仅余2~3枚。
鱼血红varyuxiehung Yu,花色深红,花形整齐,花瓣覆瓦状排列,有时外轮的1~2瓣带白斑。
什样锦var.shiyangchin Yu,花色粉红,常有白色或红色条纹与斑点,花形整齐,花瓣覆瓦状排列。
【分布与习性】原产中国、朝鲜及日本。喜温暖湿润的气候,略耐寒。喜侧方遮阴的环境,忌烈日,喜肥沃湿润而排水良好的微酸性土壤,pH以5.5~6.5为佳。整个生育期需较多水分,水分不足会引起落花、落蕾和萎蔫现象。对海潮风有一定抗性。
【繁殖与栽培】常用扦插、嫁接和播种繁殖。扦插以6月中旬和8月底左右最为适宜。嫁接繁殖常用于扦插生根困难或繁殖材料少的品种,于5~6月份新梢已半质化时进行,砧木以油茶为主,采用嫩枝劈接法。播种繁殖可于10月份采种,经沙藏后于次年春季播种。此外,还可采用压条及组培繁殖。
山茶移栽以春季3~4月份带土球为好,注意保持土壤湿润,以利新芽生长。秋末施基肥,生长期结合浇水追稀薄液肥,可使花繁叶茂。此外,不管是盆栽还是地栽,都要注意树形的培养和维护,修剪通常在花谢后进行。在栽培管理过程中,还应注意病虫害防治。
【观赏与应用】山茶花为我国的传统园林花木,枝叶繁茂,四季长青,花大色艳,花期较长,且开花于冬末春初万花凋谢之时,尤为难得,北宋八大家之一曾巩有诗云“山茶花开春未归,春归正值花盛时”。郭沫若先生也曾用“茶花一树早桃红,白朵彤云啸做中”的诗句赞美山茶花盛开的景况。因其耐阴,可配置于疏林边缘,亭台一隅,或在假山旁构成山石小景;也可作专类园。山茶花也适于瓮栽窜内装饰。
Camellia japonica, known as common camellia or Japanese camellia, is one of the best known species of the genus Camellia. Sometimes called the Rose of winter, it belongs to the Theaceae family. It is the official state flower of Alabama. There are thousands of cultivars of C. japonica in cultivation, with many different colors and forms of flowers.
In the wild, it is found in mainland China (Shandong, east Zhejiang), Taiwan, southern Korea and southern Japan. It grows in forests, at altitudes of around 300–1,100 metres (980–3,610 ft).
7.铺地柏 Juniperus procumbens
【学名】Sabina procumbens (Sieb.ex Endl.) Iwata etKusaka
【别名】爬地柏、匍地柏、偃柏,
【科属】柏科、圆柏属
【识别特征】常绿匍匐小灌木,高75cm左右,冠幅约2m。树皮赤褐色,呈鳞片状剥落;枝茂密柔软,贴近地面伏生。叶全为刺叶,3叶交叉轮生,叶上面有2条白色气孔线,下面基部有2白色斑点,叶背蓝绿色,叶基下延生长,叶长6~8mm。球果球形,带蓝色。内含种子2~3粒。
【分布与习性】原产日本,现各地园林绿地中广为栽培。喜阳光充足,但亦耐阴。有很强的耐寒、耐旱能力,忌低湿。适应性强,耐瘠薄,对土壤要求不严,但喜富含石灰质、排水良好的肥沃土壤。
【繁殖与栽培】常用扦插繁殖.
【观赏与应用】铺地柏枝叶紧密,卧地而生,是点缀岩石园和装饰庭园的良好材料,也可片植于林缘或草坪一隅,又是缓坡的良好地被植物.还可用来作盆景。
Juniperus procumbens is a low-growing shrubby juniper native to the southern Japan. Its status as a wild plant is disputed; some authorities treat it as endemic on high mountains on Kyūshū and a few other islands off southern Japan, while others consider it native to the coasts of southern Japan (north to Chiba Prefecture) and also the southern and western coasts of Korea. It is closely related to Juniperus chinensis, and is sometimes treated as a variety of it, as J. chinensis var.procumbens.
It is a prostrate plant, which usually grows between 20–30 cm tall, although sometimes as high as 50 cm; while it does not get very tall it can get quite wide, 2–4 m across or more, with long prostrate branches. The branches tend to intertwine and form a dense mat. The leaves are arranged in decussate whorls of three; all the leaves are juvenile form, needle-like, 6–8 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad, with two white stomatal bands on the inner face. It is dioecious with separate male and female plants. The cones are berry-like, globose, 8–9 mm in diameter, dark blackish-brown with a pale blue-white waxy bloom, and contain two or three seeds (rarely one); they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 3–4 mm long, and shed their pollen in early spring. It is dioecious, producing cones of only one sex on each plant.
8.红花檵木 Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum
【学名】Loropetalum chinense(R.Br.)Oliv.var.rubrulllYieh
【别名】红檵木、红檵花,
【科属】金缕梅科、檵木属
【识别特征】为檵木的变种。常绿灌木或小乔木。树皮暗灰或浅灰褐色,多分枝。嫩枝红褐色,密被星状毛。叶互生,革质,卵圆形或椭圆形,先端短尖,基部圆而偏斜,不对称,两面均有星状毛,全缘,嫩枝淡红色,越冬老叶暗红色。花3~8朵簇生于总状花梗上,呈顶生头状或短穗状花序;花瓣4枚,淡紫红色,带状线形;花期4~5月份。蒴果褐色,倒卵圆形,果熟期8~10月份。
【分布习性】主要分布于长江中下游及以南地区,印度北部也有分布。喜光,稍耐阴,光照过弱叶色易变绿。喜温暖,耐寒。适应性强,耐旱耐瘠薄,在肥沃、湿润的微酸性土壤中生长好。萌芽力和发枝力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖与栽培】播种、扦插、嫁接或高空压条法繁殖。移栽苗木宜带土球。养护管理一般,耐修剪,肥料以基肥为主,秋季至翌春生育期,每l~2月追磷、钾肥1次,能促进开花。花期过后应修剪整枝1次,8月份以后,花芽开始分化,应避免修剪,以免影响翌年开花。病虫较少,主要是蚜虫,注意及时防治。
【观赏与应用】红花檵木常年叶色鲜艳,枝盛叶茂,特别是开花时瑰丽奇美,婀娜多姿,是花叶俱美的观赏树木,用于美化公园、庭院。常与杜鹃搭配用于色块布置绿篱,或修剪成球形。因其木质柔韧,耐修剪盘扎,是制作树桩盆景的好材料。
红花檵木木材坚实,枝叶可提制栲胶。花、叶、果、根均可入药,有解热、止血、通经活络之效。
Loropetalum chinense is commonly known as the Chinese fringe flower. Two forms of L. chinense exist; a white- (to pale-yellow-) flowering green-leafed variety and a pink-flowering variety with leaves varying from bronze-red when new to olive-green or burgundy when mature, depending on selection and growing conditions.
They are evergreen with branches forming horizontal layers. The leaves are alternately arranged, ovate up to 5 cm long by 3.5 cm wide, and have a slightly abrasive feel.
9.火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana(www.daowen.com)
【学名】Pyracalltha fortuncana
【别名】 火把果、救军粮,
【科属】蔷薇科、火棘属
【识别特征】常绿或半常绿灌木,枝拱形下垂,侧枝短刺状,小枝暗褐色。叶互生,倒卵形。复伞房花序,有花10~22朵,白色;花期4~5月份。果近球形,橘红色至深红色,果熟期9~10月份,经久不落。
【分布与习性】产中国华东、华中及西南地区。喜强光,稍耐阴。喜温暖湿润,略耐寒。喜疏松、肥沃的壤土,耐贫瘠,抗干旱。萌芽力强,生长快,耐修剪。
【繁殖与栽培】常用扦插和播种法繁殖。播种于果熟后采收,随采随播,亦可将种子阴干沙藏至次年春季再播。扦插可于早春2~3月份硬枝扦插,或在梅雨季节嫩枝扦插。
火棘根浅,需带土移栽,以免伤根影响成活。管理粗放,果
后追肥,可促进果实鲜红不落;重剪主枝及骨干枝条,可控制树高度。
【观赏应用】火棘枝叶茂盛,初夏白花繁密,入秋红果累累,具有较高的观赏价值。适宜配植于草坪、路隅、岩坡、池畔,或在庭院中作绿篱及基础种植材料。因其喜光耐阴,又可在林缘、林下片植、丛植。也可作刺篱,即能观赏,又防人为破坏。还可作盆景和插花的材料。果实可鲜食或酿酒。
Large evergreen shrub reportedly hardy to zone 6. Reaches 10 feet tall with a spread of 8 feet. Growth habit is multi-stemmed, stiff and upright, needing pruning to be kept tidy. Foliage is dark green and lustrous. Late spring flowering, white, tiny, flowers on rounded racemes. The decorative fruit are large (3/8 inch), round and deep red, and persist through the winter. Prefers well drained soil, full sun, and tolerates hot, dry areas. Can be subject to lacebug, scab, blight, scale and leaf rollers.
10.八角金盘
【学名】Fatsia japonica
【别名】八手、手树,
【科属】五加科、八角金盘属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木。高1~2m,根基分干丛生。叶掌状5~9裂,边缘有锯齿或呈波状,有光泽,且有时边缘呈金黄色而得名。叶柄长20~30cm。顶生圆锥状聚伞花序,花白色,花期10~11月份。浆果翌年5月份成熟,熟时黑色,外被白粉。
常见栽培变种有:银边‘A1bO—marginata’、金斑‘Aureo—variegata’、银斑‘Variegata’、金网‘Aureo.reticulata’ (叶脉黄色)等。
【分布与习性】原产中国台湾省和日本。现全世界温暖地区已广泛栽培。喜温暖湿润环境,也较耐寒。耐阴性强,适应林下环境和室内散射光条件。喜湿怕旱,忌酷热和强光曝晒。宜生长在肥沃疏松而排水良好的土壤中。
【繁殖与栽培】以扦插繁殖为主,也可播种或分株繁殖。扦插可在2~3月份用硬枝扦插,或在梅雨季节用嫩枝扦插。播种于5月份果熟后随采随播。分株可于春季进行。
当年生小苗,冬天需防寒。在春天气候转暖后带土球移栽。也可盆栽。
【观赏与心用】八角金盘叶形奇特,姿态壮丽,叶色浓绿,覆盖率高,是良好的常绿观叶耐阴地被植物,被称为“下木之王”。适宜3~5株丛植,栽种于林下、路边、庭前、门旁、篱下、栏下、水边、桥畔、建筑物的背阴面及草坪一隅等。还适宜室内光线较弱的环境,盆栽美化宾馆、饭店及会场布置和家庭装饰。对SO,抗性较强,适于厂矿区、街坊种植。叶、根、皮均可入药。
Fatsia japonica(syn. Aralia japonica Thunb., A. sieboldii Hort. ex K.Koch), also glossy-leaf paper plant, fatsi, paperplant or Japanese aralia, is a species offlowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to southern Japan, southern Korea, and Taiwan.
It is an evergreen shrub growing to 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in–9 ft 10 in) tall, with stout, sparsely branched stems. The leaves are spirally-arranged, large, 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) in width and on a petiole up to 50 cm (20 in) long, leathery, palmately lobed, with 7–9 broad lobes, divided to half or two-thirds of the way to the base of the leaf; the lobes are edged with coarse, blunt teeth. The flowers are small, white, borne in dense terminal compound umbels in late autumn or early winter, followed by small black fruit in spring.
The name "fatsi" is an approximation of the old Japanese word for 'eight' (hachi in modern Japanese), referring to the eight lobes. In Japan it is known as yatsude, meaning "eight fingers". The name "Japanese aralia" is due to the genus formerly being classified within a broader interpretation of the related genus Aralia in the past. It has been interbred with Hedera helix (common ivy) to produce the intergeneric hybrid × Fatshedera lizei.
11.大叶黄杨
【学名】Euonymus japonicaus Thunb.
【别名】正木、冬青卫矛,
【科属】卫矛科、卫矛属
【识别特征】 常绿灌木或小乔木。树冠球形,枝叶密生,小枝略呈四棱形。单叶对生,倒卵形或椭圆形,边缘具钝齿,表面深绿色,革质有光泽。聚伞花序腋生,具长梗,花绿白色,花期6~7月份。蒴果球形,淡红色,假种皮橘红色,果熟期9~10月份。
常见栽培变种如下。
金边大叶黄杨‘Aureo—marginatus’,叶缘金黄色。
银边大叶黄杨‘Albo—marginatus’,叶有狭白边。
金心大叶黄杨‘Aureo。pictus’,叶中脉附近金黄色,有时叶柄及枝端也呈黄色。
金斑大叶黄杨‘Aureo.varietatus’,叶较大,卵形,有奶油黄色边及斑。
银斑大叶黄杨‘Augenteo—varietatus’,叶有白斑及白边。
杂斑大叶黄杨‘Virdl.varietatus’,叶较大,鲜绿色,并有深绿色和黄色斑。
金叶大叶黄杨‘Aureus’,叶黄色。
宽叶银边大叶黄杨‘LatifoliusAlbo.marginatus’,叶较宽大,有不规则白色宽边。
狭叶大叶黄杨‘Microphyllus’,叶较狭小,长1.2~2.5cm,并有金斑、银边等品种。
【分布与习性】产中国中部及北部各省,栽培普遍,日本也有分布。喜光,较耐阴。喜温暖湿润气候,较耐寒。喜肥沃疏松的土壤。萌芽力强,生长快,极耐修剪整形。对SO,抗性较强。
【繁殖与栽培】以扦插为主,亦可播种繁殖。扦插于春、夏进行均可,以6月份梅雨季节扦插半成熟嫩枝生根较快,生长较好。
苗木移植多在春季3~4月份进行,大苗需带土移栽。日常管理中注意修剪整形,一年需多次修剪,以维持一定树形。同时需加强病虫害防治。
【观赏与应用】大叶黄杨枝叶浓密,叶色光亮,极耐修剪,为园林中常见绿篱树种,用以装饰门旁、道边及草地边缘,或作花坛中心栽植。亦可瓮栽观赏。
Euonymus japonicus (evergreen spindle or Japanese spindle) is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae, native to Japan, Korea and China. It is anevergreen shrub or small tree growing to 2–8 m (6 ft 7 in–26 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite, oval leaves 3–7 cm long with finely serrated margins. The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-white, 5 mm diameter. In autumn, orange fruit hangs below the flaring pink seed coverings.
12.雀舌黄杨 Buxus bodinieri
【学名】Buxus bodinieri Levi.
【别名】匙叶黄杨、细叶黄杨,
【科属】黄杨科、黄杨属
【识别特征】常绿矮小灌木,高通常不到1M。分枝多而密集,成丛。叶形较长,倒披针形或倒卵状椭圆形,顶端钝圆而微凹,表面绿色光亮,革质,两面中脉明显突起,侧脉与中脉约呈45。夹角,背面中脉密被白色钟乳体,叶柄极短。花小,黄绿色,呈密集短穗状花序,顶部着生一雌花,其余为雄花;花期4月份。蒴果卵圆形,果熟期7月份,熟时黄绿色。
【分布与习性】产于华南。喜光,耐半阴。喜温暖湿润环境,较耐寒。喜疏松、肥沃和排水良好的沙壤土,耐干旱。浅根性,萌蘖力强.耐修剪.生长极慢.抗污染.
【繁殖与栽培】主要用扦插和压条繁殖。扦插可于雨季嫩枝扦插,易生根。压条于3~4月份进行,用二年生枝条压入土中,翌春与母株分离移栽。
移栽宜在春秋两季进行。栽植前先施足基肥,生长期保持土壤湿润,每月施肥1次,经常修剪以保持一定高度和树姿。
【观赏与应用】雀舌黄杨四季常青,枝叶繁茂,叶形别致,且耐修剪,是优良的矮绿篱材料,最适宜布置模纹花坛。可修剪成各种形状,点缀庭院入口、草地、山石或与花木配植。也可盆栽,或制作盆景。
Growth
The shrubs reach heights of 3 to 4 metres.
Wood and Bark
Leaves
Buxus bodinieri is evergreen. The simple leaves are opposite. They are obovate, entire and petiolate.
Flowers and Fruits
Buxus bodinieri produces cluster of light-green flowers.
13.珊瑚树 Viburnum odoratissimum
【学名】Viburnum awabuki K.Koch
【别名】法国冬青、珊瑚枝,
【科属】忍冬科、荚莲属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木,高2~10m。全株无毛;树皮灰色;枝有小瘤状凸起的皮孔。叶革质,椭圆形至椭圆状矩圆形,顶端尖至近圆形,边全缘或不规则浅波状钝齿,在下面隆起。圆锥花序广金字塔形,长2~1Om;花芳香,萼筒钟状,5小裂;花冠辐状,5裂,白色芳香;花期5~6月份。核果卵状矩圆形,先红后黑,核有一深腹沟,果熟期9~11月份。
【分布与习性】产华东、华南、西南,日本至印度也有。喜光,耐半阴。喜温暖干燥环境,较耐寒,耐干旱。喜湿润肥沃、排水良好的中性沙壤土。对有毒Cl2、SO2抗性强,对汞和氟有一定吸收能力。抗火力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖与栽培】主要用扦插繁殖,以春、秋季为最好,生根快,成活率高。也可播种,8月份采种,秋播或冬季沙藏,翌年春播,播后30~40天发芽。幼苗移栽需带土球,一般在3~4月份进行。生长期施肥1~2次。幼苗期遇特别干旱时,需及时灌水。作绿篱栽培时,因生长较快,应每年春、秋季各修剪1次,保持一定高度和树姿。病虫害少。
【观赏应用】珊瑚树枝叶繁茂,四季常青。变态茎生长细密,形似绿色珊瑚;春季白花串串,夏季红果累累,异常美观。可作基础栽植或丛植,整修成绿墙、绿篱和绿门。因其耐火力、隔声和抗污染能力强,是作工厂绿化及防火隔离树带的好材料。
Viburnum odoratissimum, commonly known as sweet viburnum, is a shrub or small tree in the family Adoxaceae. It is native to Asia, and commonly cultivated as a garden ornamental elsewhere.
14.枸骨 Ilex cornuta
【学名】llex cornuta Lindl.et Paxt
【别名】鸟不宿,
【科属】冬青科、冬青属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木。树高3~4m,因木质灰白如狗骨故名。叶硬革质,四方形,有尖硬刺齿5枚如猫形,也称猫儿刺;叶端向后弯,绿色光亮,背面淡绿。聚伞花序,黄绿色,簇生于2年生小枝叶腋内,花期4~5月份。核果球形,熟时鲜红,果期10~11月份。
其变种和栽培变种如下。
无刺枸骨var.fortunei S.Y.Hu,叶缘无刺齿。
黄果枸骨‘Luteocarpa’,果暗黄色。
【分布与习性】产中国长江中下游地区各省及朝鲜。喜光,也耐阴。喜温暖气候,较耐寒,能耐一5℃的短暂低温。喜肥沃湿润且排水良好的酸性土壤,不耐盐碱和干旱。抗有害气体。生长缓慢,萌蘖力强,耐修剪。
【繁殖与栽培】可用播种和扦插繁殖。因枸骨种子有隔年发芽习性,故当年秋季采种后采用低温湿沙层积至翌年秋播,第三年春出苗。扦插一般在雨季嫩枝带踵扦插,成活率较高。移栽多在春季进行,大苗需带土球。果期多施磷肥,可使果密色鲜。
【观赏应用】枸骨枝叶繁茂,叶形奇特,红果累累,鲜艳美丽,是优良的观叶观果树种。宜作基础种植及岩石园材料,也可孤植于花坛中心,或对植于前庭、路口,或丛植于草坪边缘,又是很好的果篱、刺篱及盆栽材料,老桩还可做盆景;果枝可插花,经久不凋。
种子榨油可制肥皂,叶、果是滋补强壮药。
Ilex cornuta, commonly known as Chinese holly or horned holly, is a slow-growing, densely foliaged evergreen shrub in the Aquifoliaceae plant family. It is native to eastern China and Korea and attains a height of about 3 metres (9.8 ft). The leaves are usually 5-spined (sometimes 4), between 3.5 cm and 10 cm long, oblong and entire. The fruits are red berries, which are larger than those of the European Holly (Ilex aquifolium).
Ilex cornuta is valued horticulturally for its attractive and distinctive rectangular foliage and for its large red berries. Several cultivars and hybrids have been introduced by the horticultural trade, including 'Burfordii' (compact and free-fruiting), 'Dazzler' (large fruits), 'Dwarf Burfordii' (particularly compact), and 'Nellie R. Stevens' (a hybrid with I. aquifolium, very free-fruiting).
Ilex cornuta and its cultivars will tolerate a wide variety of soils and will grow in sun or shade.
1 5.桂花 Osmanthus fragrans
【学名】Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.
【别名】木犀、丹桂、金桂、岩桂,
【科属】木犀科、木犀属
【识别特征】常绿灌木或小乔木,高达12m。树皮粗糙,灰褐色或灰白色。叶对生,椭圆或长椭圆形,全缘或上半部疏生细锯齿:叶面光滑,革质。花簇生,3~5朵着生于当年生春梢的叶腋间,2~3年生枝上亦有着生;花冠分裂至基部有乳白、黄、橙红等色,香气极浓;花期9~10月份。果实为紫黑色核果,俗称桂子;果熟期翌年4~5月份。
常见的变种如下。
金桂var.thunbergii Makino,秋季开花,花朵金黄,气味较淡;叶片较厚。
银桂var.1atifolius Makino,秋季开花,花色较白,稍带微黄;叶片较薄。
丹桂var.aurantiacus Makino,秋季开花,花色橙红,气味浓郁,叶片厚,色深。
四季桂vat.semperflorens Hort.,又称月月桂。长年开花,花朵颜色稍白,或淡黄,香气较淡,叶片薄。
【分布习性】原产中国西南部,现各地广泛栽种,印度、尼泊尔、柬埔寨也有分布。喜光,也耐半阴。喜温暖湿润气候,耐高温,不耐寒。对土壤要求不太严,除碱件十、低洼地或过于黏重、排水不畅的土壤外,一般均可生长,但以土层深厚疏松、排水良好、富含腐殖质的微酸性沙壤土最为适宜。
【繁殖栽培】可用播种、压条、嫁接和扦插法繁殖。以扦插和嫁接繁殖为主。嫁接多用女贞、小叶女贞、小蜡等树种作砧木,进行靠接或切接。扦插繁殖多在春、秋两季进行。移栽常在秋季花后或春季进行,也可在梅雨季节移栽,大苗需带土球。种植穴多施基肥,以腐熟的农家肥为好,生长期尤其花芽形成前要重视追肥,全年施肥3~4次,并勤浇水。生长中还应注意整形修剪,去除无用的、徒长的芽和枝条,以保持良好的树姿和树高。
【观赏与应用】桂花四季常青,枝繁叶茂,花开中秋,香飘数里,是我国特产的观赏花木和芳香树。常作园景树,可孤植、对植、丛植于草坪、空地,也可作行道树或绿篱。对SO2,、HF等有害气体有一定的抗性,也是工矿区绿化的好树种。
花芳香,可提取芳香油。花入药有散寒破结、化痰生津的功效。果榨油,可食用。
Osmanthus fragrans (lit. "fragrant osmanthus"; Chinese: 桂花, guìhuā, and 木樨, mùxī; Cantonese Yale: gwai fā; Japanese: 木犀, mokusei; Hindi: सिलंग, silang), variously known as sweet osmanthus, sweet olive, tea olive, and fragrant olive, is a species native to Asia from the Himalayas through southern China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan) to Taiwan and southern Japan and southeast Asia as far south as Cambodia and Thailand.
It is the "city flower" of the cities of Hangzhou, Suzhou, Guilin in China and is the "town tree" of the town of Yoshitomi, Fukuoka Prefecture in Japan.
1 6.夹竹桃
【学名】Nerium indicum Mill
【别名】柳叶桃、半年红,
【科属】夹竹桃科、夹竹桃属
【识别特征】常绿大灌木,高达5m。茎直立、光滑。三叶轮生,少为四叶轮生和二叶对生,窄披针形,全缘而略翻卷,革质;侧脉扁平,密生而平行。花冠深红色,漏斗形,副花冠鳞片状,顶端撕裂;花桃红色或白色,成顶生的聚伞花序,单瓣、半重瓣或重瓣,芳香:花期6~10月份。瞢荚果矩圆形,种子顶端具黄褐色种毛。果期12月份至翌年1月份。
常见栽培变种有白花‘Album’、粉花‘Roseum’、紫花‘Atropurpureum’、橙红‘Carneum’、粉花重瓣‘Plenum’、橙红重瓣‘Carneum Flore—pleno’、斑叶‘Variegatum’等。
【分布与习性】原产伊朗、印度、尼泊尔,现广植于世界热带地区。喜光,喜温暖湿润气候,不耐寒。抗烟尘和有毒气体能力强。适应性强,对土壤要求不严,萌蘖性强,病虫害少。
繁殖与栽培】常用扦插、压条繁殖。扦插于春、夏季进行,插前将插穗基部浸入清水中7~10d,要换水数次,保持浸水新鲜,插后町提前生根,提高成活率。压条可于雨季进行,先将压埋部分刻伤或作环割,埋入土中,2个月左右即可剪离母体,来年带土移栽。
夹竹桃适应性强,管理粗放。地栽时,移栽需在春季进行,栽时进行重剪。盆栽时要加强肥水管理,注意整形修剪,使枝条分布均匀,树形丰满。枝叶易遭蚜虫、介壳虫为害,需注意防治。
【观赏与应用】夹竹桃的叶片如柳似竹,花色艳丽,有特殊香气,是有名的观赏花卉。常植于工厂、庭院、街头、绿地等处作绿化装饰。夹竹桃的叶片对SO2、CO2、HF、CL:等有害气体有较强抗性,被人们称为“环保卫士”。
种子可榨制润滑油。茎皮纤维为优良混纺原料。茎、叶有毒,可制杀虫剂。叶入药,具有显著的强心、利尿、发汗、催吐和镇痛作用。
Nerium oleander /ˈnɪəriəm ˈoʊliː.ændər/ is shrub or small tree in the dogbane family Apocynaceae, toxic in all its parts. It is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium. It is most commonly known as nerium or oleander, from its superficial resemblance to the unrelated olive Olea. It is so widely cultivated that no precise region of origin has been identified, though southwest Asia has been suggested. The ancient city of Volubilis in Morocco may have taken its name from theBerber name oualilt for the flower. Oleander is one of the most poisonous commonly grown garden plants.
思考题
1.你所在的地区有哪些常见常绿花灌木?如何应用?
2.你所在的地区有哪些常见落叶花灌木?如何应用?
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